68-477: [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Race and politics The National Front , officially Barisan Nasional ( BN ), is a political coalition of Malaysia that was founded in 1974 as a coalition of centre-right and right-wing political parties to succeed the Alliance Party . It is the third largest political coalition with 30 seats in the Dewan Rakyat after Pakatan Harapan (PH) with 82 seats and Perikatan Nasional (PN) with 74 seats. The coalition consists of
136-612: A RM 5,000 deposit for cleaning up banners and posters after the election. Political donations are legal in Malaysia . There is no limit, and parties are not obliged to disclose the source of the funding, which makes political donations a vague subject but still entirely legal in the country. All political donations are allowed to be given into accounts of individuals and accounts of the political party. Anonymous donors and foreigners may request to not to reveal their identities. Political parties are funded by contributions from: This
204-473: A functional political party in 2005 after some disagreement on the ideology and direction of the newly merged party, PKR. KIMMA was accepted to become the associate member of UMNO with the obserser status on 27 August 2010. The Punjabi Party of Malaysia was established in 1986 but only registered with the Elections Commission in 2003. Originally registered as
272-1045: A landslide victory in the 2022 Johor state election , allowing it to form the much more stable Johor state government with a two-thirds majority in the Johor State Legislative Assembly , which is 40 out of 56 seats while defeating Pakatan Harapan with 12 seats, Perikatan Nasional with 3 seats and Malaysian United Democratic Alliance with 1 seat. In the 2022 election , BN faced the worst result in its history, winning 30 out of 222 seats, compared to 82 and 74 seats for Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional respectively. Several key figures including Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah , Mahdzir Khalid , Azeez Rahim , Tengku Zafrul Aziz , and Khairy Jamaluddin , lost to either PN or PH candidates in their own constituencies. BN also lost several state elections held in Pahang and Perak and won no seats in Perlis . Ahmad Zahid Hamidi ,
340-532: A new state-based pact GPS ), myPPP (under Kayveas faction) and Gerakan . myPPP experienced a leadership dispute, with Maglin announcing that the party remained within the coalition and Kayveas announcing that the party had left the coalition, resulting in the dissolution of the party on 14 January 2019. Among the remaining four component parties in Barisan National, UMNO's parliamentary seats have reduced from 54 to 38 since 16 members of parliament left
408-407: A part of Semenanjung-based coalition Barisan Nasional (BN), following the defeat of BN in the 2018 general election and in the aftermath of a meeting between all Sarawak-based BN coalition parties on 12 June 2018, PBB left the coalition to form a new Sarawak-based coalition, Sarawak Parties Alliance . Bumiputera is a Malaysian political term and translates to son of earth . Being mentioned in
476-518: A two-thirds supermajority in Parliament since 1969. Five state governments, namely Selangor , Kelantan , Penang , Perak and Kedah fell to Pakatan Rakyat . Perak however was later returned via a court ruling following a constitutional crisis . Since 2008, the coalition has seen its non-Malay component parties greatly diminished in the peninsula. The losses continued in the 2013 general election , and it recorded its worst election result at
544-542: Is a list of political parties in Malaysia , including existing and historical ones. Under the current legislation, all political parties (termed "Political Associations") must be registered under the Societies Act. In Malaysian politics, a frog (Malay: katak politik) (Sabahan: Buhangkut politik) refers to an act where a politician crosses the bench from one party to another (changing support) . This term
612-570: Is a political party in Malaysia . It is currently the largest political party in Sarawak . Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu was formed from the combination of three parties in Sarawak ; Parti Negara Sarawak, Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak and Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak. The formation of the party was for the purpose of the improvement of the livelihood and protect the rights of the Bumiputera in many fields such as politics, economy and social. Formerly
680-439: Is a result of a merger between Parti Bumiputera Sarawak ( Sarawak Bumiputera Party ), itself a merger established in 1968 between Parti Negara Sarawak ( Sarawak National Party or PANAS established in 1960) and Barisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak ( Sarawak Native People's Front or BARJASA established in 1961), and Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak ( Sarawak Native's Heritage Party or PESAKA established in 1961) Originally registered as
748-492: Is in many ways resembles to that of the national party United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) due to the influence exerted by Abdul Rahman Ya'kub . PBB has four levels of bureaucracy namely: The party's general assembly is held every 3 years to assemble all party leaders and grassroot members to discuss party policies, responsibility of Supreme Council, and to elect party leaders into Supreme Council but does not influence party directions and policies. The party constitution
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#1732781159706816-661: Is mostly indirect through one of the constituent parties while direct membership is allowed. The BN defines itself as a " confederation of political parties which subscribe to the objects of the Barisan Nasional". Although in elections, all candidates stand under the BN symbol, and there is a BN manifesto, each individual constituent party also issues its own manifesto, and there is intra-coalition competition for seats prior to nomination day. *denotes defunct parties Barisan Nasional Supreme Council: Barisan Nasional has 30 MPs in
884-436: Is not compulsory and many sources of revenue remain obscure. The deposit was RM 10,000 to contest a parliamentary seat, or RM 5,000 to contest a state assembly seat. The deposit is used to pay for infringements of election laws and is returned after polling day unless the candidate loses and fails to garner more than 12.5 per cent or one-eighth of the votes cast. Additionally it is required that each candidate provide
952-532: Is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS). Originally registered as Parti Demokratik Sabah ( Sabah Democratic Party ) in 1994, the party was renamed as United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation in 1999 and renamed further to its current name in 2019. Originally registered as Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia ( Muslim Community Union of Malaysia ) in 1991,
1020-696: Is the list of coalitions and parties that have representation in the Parliament of Malaysia ( Dewan Rakyat & Dewan Negara ) and/or the state legislative assemblies , sorted by seats held in the Dewan Rakyat , the lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia . Unless noted, numbers exclude independents and loose allies linked to each party Social democracy National conservatism Conservatism Conservatism Nationalism The coalition contested seats in West Malaysia using
1088-543: Is to unite the Malay Muslim communities for electoral purposes. There was however no formal agreement with the other parties of Barisan Nasional, although there were calls for Barisan Nasional to migrate to Muafakat Nasional. Barisan Nasional continued to function as a coalition of four parties comprising UMNO, MCA, MIC and PBRS but aligned themselves with Perikatan Nasional to form a new government in March 2020 after
1156-516: The 1978 general election convincingly, and it continued to dominate Malaysian politics in the 1980s and 1990s despite some losses in state elections, such as the loss of Kelantan to PAS, and Sabah to United Sabah Party which later joined Barisan Nasional. By 2003, Barisan Nasional had grown to a coalition formed of more than a dozen communal parties. It performed particularly well in the 2004 general election , winning 198 out of 219 seats. Although Barisan Nasional never achieved more than 67% of
1224-686: The GE14 . The supposed plan to dissolve TERAS in 2016 was abandoned and never materialised. Political parties registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS) but not with the Election Commission (EC). They are therefore unable or able to contest in elections using their own symbols. These organisations have never been or are no longer registered as political bodies, and can thus no longer contest elections. Parties that were registered in British Malaya but operated solely in
1292-643: The Gagasan Sejahtera . Barisan Nasional was only in power in three states; namely Perlis , Pahang and Sarawak . Many of BN's component parties left the coalition following its humiliating defeat at the 2018 general election, reducing its number to 4 compared to 13 before the election. These parties either aligned themselves with the new Pakatan Harapan federal government, formed a new state-based pact or remained independent. They include three Sabah-based parties ( UPKO , PBS and LDP ), four Sarawak-based parties ( PBB , SUPP , PRS and PDP , which formed
1360-553: The House of Representatives , with 26 MPs (or 92.5%) of them from UMNO. Constituency Constituency Barisan Nasional also forms the state governments of Negeri Sembilan , Penang and Selangor in coalition with Pakatan Harapan , following the formation of the federal unity government (Kerajaan Perpaduan) in the aftermath of the 15th general election of November 2022. List of political parties in Malaysia [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Race and politics This
1428-604: The Malaysian Chinese Association and Malaysian Indian Congress have played major roles in Barisan Nasional, but their representation in Parliament and state legislatures has become much more diminished. Nevertheless, each component party purports to represent – and limit membership – to a certain race: UMNO for the Malays, MCA for the Chinese and so on. In the view of some scholars: Since its inception
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#17327811597061496-601: The Parti Demokratik Setiahati Kuasa Rakyat Bersatu Sabah , it was later renamed on 23 March 2011 when it extended its wings to Peninsular Malaysia. Formed by former members of the original United Sabah National Organisation which was dissolved in 1991. The party applied to change its name to Minority Rights Action Party and announced its support for the Pakatan Harapan coalition prior to
1564-613: The Sarawak National Party , which they claimed only catered for Ibans from Saribas . Among the initiators of the party were Penghulu Masam Anak Radin, Pengarah Banyang, Penghulu Chundi Anak Resa and Penghulu Umpau. Temenggong Jugah , Temenggong Oyong Lawai Jau and Jonathan Bangau joined later. While Jugah and Oyong Lawai Jau were incipiently members of PANAS, Bangau was from SUPP. Other Penghulus from other divisions such as Penghulu Tawi Sli (Second Division) and Penghulu Abok Anak Jalin ( Bintulu ) also joined PESAKA. PESAKA
1632-606: The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), and United Sabah People's Party (PBRS). The Barisan Nasional coalition employs the same inter-communal governing model of its predecessor the Alliance Party but on a wider scale, with up to 14 communal political parties involved in the coalition at one point. It dominated Malaysian politics for over thirty years after it
1700-560: The state legislative assemblies , sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS). Parties that are part of a coalition that is represented are not listed here even if the party itself is not represented. This list does not include parties that are active but have yet to be registered with the ROS or EC such as the Green Party of Malaysia . Political parties registered with
1768-521: The 2013 general election, the maximum amount that Barisan Nasional was allowed to spend was only about RM 95 million. Due to the lack of records and regulations, Malaysian politicians may not even know how much they spent on their campaigns or overspending the expenditure than permitted by law. Another related problem was the secrecy surrounding political funds and their use. Although many politicians, including members of newly appointed cabinets, voluntarily disclosed their personal finances, such disclosure
1836-550: The Alliance remained a coalition of communal parties. Each of the component parties operated to all intents and purposes, save that of elections, as a separate party. Their membership was communal, except perhaps Gerakan, and their success was measured in terms of their ability to achieve the essentially parochial demands of their constituents. Although both the Alliance and BN registered themselves as political parties, membership
1904-766: The Alliance won a majority of seats, it gained less than half the popular vote, and the resulting tension between different communities led to the May 13 riots and the declaration of a state of emergency. After the Malaysian Parliament reconvened in 1971, negotiations to form a new alliance began with parties such as Gerakan and People's Progressive Party , both of which joined the Alliance in 1972, quickly followed by Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in 1973. The Barisan Nasional, which included regional parties from Sabah and Sarawak (Sabah Alliance Party, Sarawak United Peoples' Party , Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu ),
1972-487: The Malayan Chinese Association, the name was changed to the current name after the formation of Malaysia in 1963 The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS). The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS). The party
2040-429: The Registrar of Societies (ROS) and with the Election Commission (EC). PRM was originally registered as Partai Ra'ayat. It was renamed Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Socialist Party) in 1970 and then renamed again to its current name in 1989. In 2003 the party officially merged with Parti Keadilan Nasional to form Parti Keadilan Rakyat . Some members of the original PRM re-organised PRM as
2108-536: The Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party, the name was changed to its current form to facilitate the expansion of the party beyond the state of Sarawak The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS). This is the list of active coalitions and parties that do not have representation in the Parliament of Malaysia ( Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara ) and
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2176-460: The Sarawak state. Few weeks later, Temenggong Jugah also announced his retirement as the president of PBB. In October 1975, Taib Mahmud was appointed to the president of PBB to fill the vacancy left by Temenggong Jugah while Leonard Linggi, the son of Temenggong Jugah, was appointed to the secretary-general post, replacing Abdul Rahman. However, Abdul Rahman remained as the executive member of PBB and
2244-416: The aftermath of the 2020 Malaysian political crisis , together with four other parties, the Barisan Nasional coalition returned to power under a Perikatan Nasional -led government. However, it suffered its worst result in the 2022 election , falling to third behind Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional, but it stayed in government by supporting Pakatan Harapan . Barisan Nasional is the direct successor to
2312-664: The collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government. Barisan Nasional form a new government on 15 August 2021 with Perikatan Nasional after the collapse of the Perikatan Nasional government. Barisan Nasional also recovered control of the Johor, Malacca and Perak state governments. On 20 November 2021, Barisan Nasional won a two-thirds majority of 21 out of 28 seats in the Malacca State Legislative Assembly . On 12 March 2022, Barisan gained
2380-626: The country, taken together with its predecessor (Alliance), and this paved the way for the first change of government in Malaysian history. The coalition won only 34% of the popular vote amid vote split of Islamic Party . In addition to their failure in regaining the Penang, Selangor and Kelantan state governments, six state governments, namely Johor , Malacca , Negeri Sembilan , Perak , Kedah and Sabah fell to Pakatan Harapan and WARISAN (Sabah). The Terengganu state government also fell but to
2448-473: The formation of PBB, both Parti Bumiputera and PESAKA agreed to elect a PESAKA leader to become the president of the party. The party had 7 vice-presidents instead of the current 9 members. 4 vice-president posts will be given to Bumiputera wing while 3 will be given to PESAKA wing. The secretary-general post will be given to Bumiputera wing while assistant secretary-general posts will be divided among Bumiputera wing (1 person) and PESAKA wing (3 people). The rest of
2516-484: The general election. MCA and MIC made a statement in March 2019 that they want to "move on" and find a new alliance following disputes with the secretary-general, Nazri Abdul Aziz . Mohamad Hasan, the acting BN chairman, chaired a Supreme Council meeting in which all parties showed no consensus on dissolving the coalition. In January 2019, all Sabah UMNO branches including Sabah BN branches were dissolved and officially closed, leaving only one BN branch open. This brings
2584-578: The last election. Four parties that made up Barisan Nasional Sarawak announced their withdrawal from the coalition and formed the new coalition of 12 June 2018. Gabungan Rakyat Sabah Party (GRS) is an official political coalition party founded in September 2020 by Datuk Sri Panglima Hajiji Noor and successfully registered, confirmed on March 11, 2022 by Registry of Societies (RoS) The party contested in an electoral pact with Pakatan Harapan . The list
2652-586: The leader of Sarawak Barisan Nasional (BN). Alfred Jabu moved his rank to the deputy president post while Celestine Ujang fill the youth chief post left vacant by Alfred Jabu. Two months later, Abdul Rahman changed his mind while he announced that he would not retire in the next five years. Abdul Rahman decided to take over the PBB presidency from Taib. For Taib, this was a dilemma but all the other party posts have been occupied. Taib demanded his uncle Abdul Rahman to create another deputy president post for him by changing
2720-517: The maximum expenses allowed for candidates vying for parliamentary seats and for state seats during the campaign period (excluding before the nomination day and after election day). The permissible campaign expenditure set by the Election Offences Act (1954) is RM 100,000 per candidate for state seats and RM 200,000 per candidate for federal seats. According to this guideline, with 505 state seats and 222 parliamentary seats in
2788-520: The members of Sarawak Alliance . During the 1970 Sarawak state election , Parti Bumiputera won 12 seats while SCA won 3 seats out of a total of 48 seats. However, not a single party command a majority in Council Negri (now Sarawak State Legislative Assembly ). Abdul Rahman from Parti Bumiputera was able to convince SUPP to form a state government with him as the chief minister. Parti Bumiputera had already initiated negotiations with PESAKA about
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2856-541: The merger of both parties in 1968. However, PESAKA refused to enter into a merger in fear that Muslim bumiputera members from Parti Bumiputera would dominate the new party, leaving its Iban and Bidayuh members sidelined. PESAKA decided to join Sarawak Alliance without a merger to preserve their interests in Sarawak politics. However, in the 1970 state election, PESAKA won only 8 seats, whereas 12 seats were won by Parti Bumiputera and another 12 seats by SNAP. PESAKA
2924-452: The parliament to PH for the first time in Malaysian history after the 2018 general election . It was also the first time Barisan Nasional became the opposition coalition, with former prime minister and Barisan Nasional chairman Mahathir Mohamad becoming PH's leader. As a result, the Sabah and Sarawak BN component parties left the coalition and formed their own coalitions in 2018 and 2022. In
2992-464: The party constitution. Finally during the 1977 PBB general assembly meeting, another deputy president post was created and given to Taib while Abdul Rahman became the president of the party. Rahman retired from politics on 26 March 1981 and his nephew Taib Mahmud succeeded him as the PBB president for the second time. After holding the post for 33 years, Taib Mahmud retired from politics while allowing his former brother-in-law, Adenan Satem to take over
3060-463: The party posts were given to Bumiputera wing while youth chief post will be given to PESAKA wing. After the formation of PBB, Temenggong Jugah Anak Barieng was appointed as the first president of the PBB while Taib Mahmud was appointed deputy president and Abdul Rahman Ya'kub was appointed the secretary-general of the party. In September 1975, Abdul Rahman suddenly announced his retirement from politics due to criticisms to his administration of
3128-558: The party president, was re-elected with a slim majority of 348, high decrease from 2018 Malaysian general election which he won with majority of 5073 votes. The election produced a hung parliament , but BN decided to support the biggest coalition Pakatan Harapan and was rewarded with cabinet posts in the government. In 2013, the vast majority of Barisan Nasional's seats were held by its two largest Bumiputera -based political parties—the United Malays National Organisation , and Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu . For most of its history, both
3196-474: The party was reorganised with new leadership in 1999 and renamed Parti Keadilan Nasional ( National Justice Party ). In 2003, the party merged with Parti Rakyat Malaysia ( Malaysian People's Party ) and was again renamed to its current name. In 2005, a small left-wing group left the party to reorganise Parti Rakyat Malaysia just prior to its de-registration. Originally registered as Parti Pekerja-Pekerja Malaysia ( Malaysian Worker's Party ) in 1978,
3264-403: The party was reorganised with new leadership in 2015 and renamed to its current name. The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS). The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS). Originally registered in 1946, UMNO
3332-601: The party's name, this directly relates to the ethnic groups that are seen as native to the state of Sarawak . Members of the party are solely of Sarawak Bumiputera ethnicity. In article 161a of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia , 21 ethnic groups are classified as "rakyat peribumi Sarawak" (natives of Sarawak), among these are the Ibans , Bidayuhs , Melanaus , Orang Ulus and several other Dayak people , as well as local Muslim-Malays of Sarawak . PANAS which
3400-439: The party's top posts were not contested at that time. In this general assembly, Abang Abu Bakar and Salleh Jafaruddin (Rahman's nephew) from bumiputera wing were elected to the party's executive committee. Alfred Jabu Numpang, from PESAKA wing was also elected to become youth chief of the party. He would later become deputy chief minister of Sarawak under the chieftainship of Taib Mahmud. The Supreme Council consisted of: During
3468-566: The party, while MCA's parliamentary seat maintains one. MIC's parliamentary seats have reduced from two to one after the Election Court nullified the results of the election for the Cameron Highlands federal constituency due to bribery, but BN regained its seat from a direct member under the 2019 by-election . As a result of these developments, BN's parliamentary seats have reduced to 41, compared with 79 seats that BN won in
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#17327811597063536-448: The popular vote in elections from 1974 to 2008, it maintained the consecutive two-thirds majority of seats in this period in the Dewan Rakyat until the 2008 election, benefitting from Malaysia's first-past-the-post voting system . In the 2008 general election , Barisan Nasional lost more than one-third of the parliamentary seats to Pakatan Rakyat , a loose alliance of opposition parties. This marked Barisan's first failure to secure
3604-520: The secretary-general of the party. According to Sanib Said (former curator of Sarawak State Museum ): The formation of Parti Bumiputera was gratefully accepted by the Muslim-Malays of Sarawak. Except for a few prominent dissenters, especially some of the former members of PANAS, the new party was supported by both the aristocrats and the young intelligentsia, the latter holding the more important posts in it. It may be justifiably said that at last
3672-658: The symbol of the People's Justice Party while seats in East Malaysia were contested using the symbols of the individual coalition parties. Excludes the Malaysian United Indigenous Party, which was part of the coalition in the 2018 election but subsequently left and later joined Perikatan Nasional in 2020. New alliance of parties formed in 2020. Share shown are the total seats and vote share of BERSATU, PAS and GERAKAN in
3740-619: The territory of Singapore are also excluded from this list. Parties that have been renamed but still exist today as registered political parties are also excluded from this list. A number of these may still exist as organisations in some form, but none are recognised as political parties. 2011 Sarawak state election . Various internal power struggles culminated in the de-registration of the party in 2013. Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Race and politics The United Bumiputera Heritage Party ( Malay : Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu ; abbrev : PBB )
3808-453: The three-party Alliance coalition formed by United Malays National Organisation , Malaysian Chinese Association , and Malaysian Indian Congress . It was founded in the aftermath of the 1969 general election and the 13 May riots . The Alliance Party lost ground in the 1969 election to the opposition parties, in particular the two newly formed parties, Democratic Action Party and Gerakan , as well as Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party . Although
3876-474: The time. BN regained Kedah but lost several more seats in Parliament along with the popular vote to Pakatan. Despite winning only 47% of the popular vote, it managed to gain 60% of the 222 parliamentary seats, thereby retaining control of the parliament. And finally, during the 2018 general election , Barisan Nasional lost control of the parliament to Pakatan Harapan , winning a total of only 79 parliamentary seats. The crushing defeat ended their 61-year rule of
3944-573: The total BN seats in Sabah to only 2 seats. Since 2019, Barisan Nasional recovered some ground and won a number of by-elections, such as the 2019 Cameron Highlands by-election , 2019 Semenyih by-election , 2019 Rantau by-election , and 2019 Tanjung Piai by-election , defeating Pakatan Harapan. In September 2019, UMNO decided to form a pact with the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) called Muafakat Nasional . Its main purpose
4012-438: The young intelligentsia had triumphed. But basically the formation of Parti Bumiputera was a final reconciliation between the two groups and it opened the way for a new era of Malay politics in Sarawak. Parti Bumiputera exercised a significant role in the Sarawak cabinet under the leadership of Sarawak chief minister Tawi Sli . Taib Mahmud dominated most of the decision making. Parti Bumiputera and Sarawak Chinese Association were
4080-399: Was amended so that "the party's system of representation of at general assemblies in line with the system used by UMNO". Therefore, a chairman will be in-charge of the general assembly, allowing the party president take an active role during the assembly. The party's first ever general assembly was held from 13 to 14 July 1974, less than a month before the 1974 Malaysian general election . All
4148-549: Was deregistered in 1988 and the then Prime Minister registered a new party, UMNO Baru the same year. UMNO Baru is considered a successor party to the original UMNO. The suffix Baru or New was dropped from the name in July the same year Originally registered as the Malayan Indian Congress, the name was changed to the current name after the formation of Malaysia in 1963 Originally registered as
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#17327811597064216-483: Was first coined in during the 1994 Sabah state elections after United Sabah Party losing its majority even the party won the state elections. Despite its usage nationwide, it is more familiar within the state of Sabah . Since May 25, 2023, nine states of Malaysia has approved the "Anti-Switching Parties Law" or "Anti-Hopping Parties Law" for both states legislative assembly and parliament including Sabah and Sarawak . The Election Offences Act (1954) regulates
4284-552: Was formally registered in June 1974 as a coalition of nine parties. It contested the 1974 general election as a grand coalition under the leadership of the prime minister Tun Abdul Razak , which it won with considerable success. In 1977, PAS was expelled from Barisan Nasional following a revolt by PAS within the Kelantan state legislature against the chief minister appointed by the federal government. Barisan Nasional nevertheless won
4352-604: Was formed on 9 April 1960 by Datu Patinggi Abang Haji Mustapha, was the second political party to be formed after Sarawak United People's Party . BARJASA was formed on 4 December 1961 by Tuanku Bujang Tuanku Othman . Abdul Rahman Ya'kub and Abdul Taib Mahmud were among the earliest members of the party. Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak was formed in Sibu in August 1962 to cater for the Ibans of Batang Rajang. Its promoters refused to join
4420-486: Was founded; however, since 2008, the party has faced stronger challenges from opposition parties, notably the Pakatan Rakyat and later the Pakatan Harapan (PH) alliances. Taken together with its predecessor Alliance, it had a combined period of rule of almost 61 years from 1957 to 2018, and was considered the longest ruling coalition party in the democratic world . The Barisan Nasional coalition lost its hold of
4488-413: Was not able to nominate a new chief minister from their own party unlike in 1966. Ultimately another negotiation was held between PESAKA and Parti Bumiputera in September 1972 and both sides eventually agreed to a merger on 5 January 1973. The new Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu party was then officially registered on 30 April 1973. The party was divided into two wings namely: The party structure of PBB
4556-496: Was not interested in accepting non-Muslim-Malay bumiputeras as members. Therefore, the Malaysian federal government recommended that the two parties combine to form a new separate party. After a series of negotiations, Parti Bumiputera Sarawak was formed on 30 March 1968. On the following day after the merger, Abang Ikhwan Zaini was elected as the president of Parti Bumiputera, Tuanku Haji Bujang as vice-president, and Taib Mahmud as
4624-605: Was therefore known as the Penghulus’ Party. However, the person who actually mooted the idea of forming PESAKA was Thomas Kana, a former dresser at Kuala Belait . He was made the first secretary-general of the party. To ensure the domination of Muslim Bumiputra in Sarawak politics, PANAS and BARJASA initiated a plan of merger a few months after the local council elections of Sarawak in 1963. Initially, both parties were willing to dissolve themselves in order to allow United Malays National Organisation to enter Sarawak. However, UMNO
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