55-652: Duke of Norfolk is a title in the peerage of England , and is the premier non-royal peerage. The seat of the Duke of Norfolk is Arundel Castle in Sussex , although the title refers to the county of Norfolk . The current duke is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk . The dukes have historically been Catholic , a state of affairs known as recusancy in England. All past and present dukes have been descended from Edward I . The son of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk ,
110-593: A Catholic rebellion in England, since he was employed by the Pope, France, and Spain, and had ties to the Catholic contingent in England. He could use banking as an excuse to travel among these groups for the purpose of conspiring. When he travelled to mainland Europe to inform King Phillip and the Pope of the plot, it is believed that he was still working for Elizabeth. The Duke of Alba, the Spanish Viceroy in
165-410: A ciphered letter from Mary Stuart hidden under a doormat. Norfolk's servants were arrested and interrogated, and confessions were extracted from them by threats or application of torture. Sir Thomas Smith and Thomas Wilson were sent to confront Norfolk, who claimed the money was for his own private purposes. The deciphered letter, however, proved that he was lying. Unaware of his servants' confessions or
220-589: A part of the properties of the Earls of Norfolk, but when the title fell from use, the castle was administered by the crown. In 1397, it was given to Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by King Richard II. And when the Mowbray line became extinct, it passed eventually to the Howard family . Major repairs to this castle were carried out in 1485 by John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk (second creation). The castle would remain in
275-452: A plot against her life. By gaining the confidence of Spain's ambassador to England, John Hawkins learned the details of the conspiracy and notified the government so as to arrest the plotters. Elizabeth was also sent a private warning by Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany , who had learned of the plot against her. Charles Baillie , Ridolfi's messenger, was arrested on c.12 April 1571 at Dover for carrying compromising letters, and by
330-758: A single Peerage of Great Britain . There are five peerages in the United Kingdom in total. English Peeresses obtained their first seats in the House of Lords under the Peerage Act 1963 from which date until the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999 all Peers of England could sit in the House of Lords . The ranks of the English peerage are, in descending order, duke , marquess , earl , viscount , and baron . While most newer English peerages descend only in
385-492: A spy for the Pope. Ridolfi's banking connections helped him become acquainted with the Duke of Norfolk, and he became a supporter of a marriage between Norfolk and Mary, Queen of Scots, who would, if the plot succeeded, rule England and reinstate Catholicism there. After Norfolk's release from prison in August 1570, Ridolfi "picked up the broken threads of Catholic intrigue". Ridolfi was in an advantageous position to orchestrate
440-554: Is one of only two hereditary peers automatically admitted to the House of Lords , without being elected by the general body of hereditary peers (the other being the Lord Great Chamberlain ). Additionally, the Duke of Norfolk participates in the ceremony of the State Opening of Parliament . He is among the four individuals who precede the monarch, and one of the two of these who would traditionally walk facing
495-575: Is used as a courtesy title by the eldest son of the Duke's eldest son (the Duke's grandson). The main residences commonly associated with the Dukes of Norfolk are: Framlingham Castle , Bungay Castle , as well as Clun Castle in Shropshire , which are now largely ruins; Worksop Manor , Carlton Towers , Norfolk House in London , and most notably Arundel Castle . Framlingham Castle was originally
550-669: The Northern Rebellion , though he quickly lost his nerve. Norfolk was imprisoned in the Tower of London for nine months and only freed under house arrest when he confessed all and begged for mercy. Pope Pius V , in his 1570 papal bull Regnans in Excelsis , excommunicated the Protestant Elizabeth and permitted all faithful Catholics to do all they could to depose her. The majority of English Catholics ignored
605-531: The Order of the Garter across all creations of the title. Includes dukes of: Albany , Albemarle , Bedford , Cambridge , Clarence , Connaught and Strathearn , Cumberland , Edinburgh , Gloucester , Gloucester and Edinburgh , Hereford , Kent , Kintyre and Lorne , Norfolk , Ross , Somerset , Sussex , Windsor , and York , but only when royally. Non-royal dukes are not included; see Royal dukedoms in
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#1732786664707660-464: The 15th Duke, Henry Granville Fitzalan-Howard, who had interest in the activities of the city. The Glossop estate was sold by the family in 1925. Francesca Herbert ( m. 2022) The heir apparent is the Duke's eldest son, Henry Miles Fitzalan-Howard, styled Earl of Arundel (b. 1987). In 1660, the 23rd Earl of Arundel was restored to the Dukedom of Norfolk with remainder to: In the event all
715-464: The 3-year-old Anne Mowbray . A marriage was arranged between Anne and Richard, Duke of York , the 4-year-old son of Edward IV . She remained Richard's child bride until she died at the age of 8. In accordance with the marriage arrangements, Richard inherited the lands and wealth of the Mowbray family. He was also made Duke of Norfolk. However, upon the death of Edward IV, the throne was offered to Edward's brother, Richard III . After Prince Richard
770-631: The 5th and 6th Dukes. The title then passed to his son in 1842, Henry Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk , who was the father of Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 14th Duke of Norfolk , and Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Glossop . By royal licence dated 26 April 1842, the 13th Duke added "Fitzalan" before his children's surnames (but not his own), so they all became Fitzalan-Howard, which surname their male-line descendants have borne ever since. Their ancestor, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk , married Mary FitzAlan (daughter and heiress of Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel ) in 1555. The title passed through
825-464: The 8th Baron Beaumont . It is the Yorkshire home of the Duke of Norfolk. Though the Duke of Norfolk's family still live in part of the house, it is now largely used for wedding receptions and similar events. Arundel Castle has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Norfolk and their ancestors for more than 850 years. Built in the 11th century by Roger de Montgomery , Earl of Arundel , the castle
880-534: The Duke died the following year aged around 81, and was succeeded by his grandson Thomas as the fourth Duke of Norfolk. Following Mary's death in 1558 and the accession of her sister Elizabeth I, the Duke was imprisoned for scheming to marry Elizabeth's cousin Mary, Queen of Scots. After his release under house arrest in 1570 and subsequent participation in the Ridolfi plot to enthrone Mary and Catholicism in England, he
935-581: The English and Scottish thrones. After the plot was discovered he was given a day-long trial that ended with his execution. Mary, Queen of Scots : after it became clear that Elizabeth I was not going to restore her to the Scottish throne or return her to France, Mary plotted for her freedom. She wrote to Ridolfi denouncing the French and soliciting Spanish aid, while simultaneously professing friendship and loyalty to Elizabeth I and England. Giving her consent to
990-685: The English throne, and so he began to contact potential conspirators. Mary's advisor, John Lesley , the Bishop of Ross , gave his assent to the plot as the way to free Mary. The plan was to have the Duke of Alba invade from the Netherlands with 10,000 men, foment a rebellion of the northern English nobility, murder Elizabeth, and marry Mary to Thomas Howard. Ridolfi optimistically estimated half of all English peers were Catholic and could muster in excess of 39,000 men. Norfolk verbally assured Ridolfi that he
1045-402: The House of Lords. Knights , dames and holders of other non-hereditary orders, decorations, and medals are also not peers. The following tables only show peerages, still in existence. For lists of every peerage created at a particular rank, including extinct, dormant, and abeyant peerages, see: Each peer is listed only by their highest English title. Peers known by a higher title in one of
1100-485: The Howard family, and thus the Dukes of Norfolk, for a while, but would eventually pass from their possession. In 1553, for example, Framlingham was given to Mary Tudor , sister of King Edward VI . Bungay Castle was also originally a part of the properties of the Earls of Norfolk. In 1483, it passed into the possession of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, and the family continued to own it, apart from brief periods, until
1155-427: The Netherlands who was to lead the attack on England, felt Ridolfi was too garrulous to be the leader of a conspiracy, but Spanish Ambassador Don Guerau de Spes described Ridolfi as "A person of great truth and virtue and an intimate friend of mine." Ridolfi's talkative nature did eventually cause him trouble, as he was not very discreet and trumpeted his plan all over Europe. His boasting was partially responsible for
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#17327866647071210-625: The United Kingdom . Titles mandated for use by the heir apparent ( Duke of Rothesay and the 1337 creation of the Duke of Cornwall ) are also not included, see Princes of Wales family tree . Peerage of England The Peerage of England comprises all peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707. From that year, the Peerages of England and Scotland were closed to new creations, and new peers were created in
1265-476: The bag's weight, opened it, and discovered 600 pounds in gold from the French ambassador, destined for Scotland on Mary's behalf, and ciphered letters. Because he knew Norfolk was under suspicion, Browne reported his find to William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley , the Secretary of State . Higford and Barker were interrogated, the letters were partly deciphered, and a search for the cipher key at Howard House uncovered
1320-477: The bull, but in response to it, Elizabeth became much harsher to Catholics and their sympathisers. Roberto Ridolfi , a Florentine banker and ardent Roman Catholic, had been involved in the planning of the Northern rebellion and had been plotting to overthrow Elizabeth as early as 1569. With the failure of the rebellion, he concluded that foreign intervention was needed to restore Catholicism and bring Mary to
1375-575: The burial place of the most recent Dukes of Norfolk. Glossop Hall as an occasional residence is situated in the High Peak District of Derbyshire. As the family became closely connected with Sheffield, the Farm in Glossop became increasingly used, particularly when Henry Howard lived there in the 1760s; when the 14th Duke enlarged The Farm as an occasional residence; and during the time of
1430-481: The centre of a major plot to overthrow the English government. Ridolfi had been jailed in 1568 because of a rumour that he had distributed money to dissenting nobles associated with the Northern Rebellion. The Pope did, in fact, give him 12,000 crowns for that purpose, but Ridolfi was released in 1570 because no evidence could be found to incriminate him. Even after his arrest and release, Ridolfi remained
1485-451: The crown. Edward II then granted his brother, Thomas of Brotherton , the title of Earl of Norfolk in 1312. It passed to Thomas's daughter (and granddaughter of Edward I), Margaret , and then to her grandson, Thomas Mowbray . When Richard II made Thomas Mowbray the Duke of Norfolk in 1397, he conferred upon him the estates and titles (including Earl Marshal ) that had belonged to the Earls of Norfolk. His elderly grandmother, Margaret,
1540-507: The currently extant lines of descent from the fourth Duke fail in the male line, the Dukedom of Norfolk and its subsidiary titles will become extinct; though there exists a currently extant branch of the Howard dynasty, the Earls of Effingham , in descent from the second Duke, their line was unaccountably omitted from the 1660 remainder. The following list is of the dukes of Norfolk, along with their year of investiture, who were also knights of
1595-470: The ducal title, the dukes of Norfolk also hold the hereditary position of Earl Marshal , which has the duty of organizing state occasions such as the coronation of the monarch and the state opening of Parliament . For the last five centuries, save some periods when it was under attainder , both the dukedom and the earl-marshalship have been in the hands of the Howard family. According to the House of Lords Act 1999 , due to his duties as Earl Marshal, Norfolk
1650-593: The dying Henry and was attainted on 27 January 1547; he was stripped of his titles and his lands reverted to the Crown. Imprisoned in the Tower of London, he narrowly escaped execution through Henry's death the following day, but remained imprisoned until the death of Edward VI and the accession of the Catholic Queen Mary to the English throne in 1553, upon which his lands and titles were restored to him. However,
1705-545: The following subsidiary titles: All titles are in the Peerage of England , save for the Barony of Howard of Glossop which is in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . All descend to heirs male except the Barony of Beaumont, which can pass in the female line. The style Earl of Arundel is used as a courtesy title by the Duke's eldest son, the present holder being Henry Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel . The style Lord Maltravers
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1760-566: The late 20th century. However, the castle has long been in a state of decay. Consequently, in 1987, the 17th Duke of Norfolk presented the castle to the town, which had already begun its own restoration attempts, with an endowment towards its preservation. It is now owned and administered by the Castle Trust. Carlton Towers is in Carlton , North Yorkshire . It is a Victorian gothic country house remodelled by Edward Welby Pugin for
1815-836: The line of the elder brother from 1856 until the death in 1975 of Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk without male issue. Consequently, he was succeeded by his second cousin once removed, Miles Stapleton-Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk , who was a great-grandson of the aforementioned 1st Baron Howard of Glossop . The current Duke of Norfolk is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk , who succeeded his father, Miles Stapleton-Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk , in 2002. He succeeded as 18th Duke of Norfolk (Premier Duke of England), 36th Earl of Arundel (Premier Earl of England), 19th Earl of Surrey , 16th Earl of Norfolk , 13th Baron Beaumont , 26th Baron Maltravers , 16th Baron FitzAlan , 16th Baron Clun, 16th Baron Oswaldestre , and 5th Baron Howard of Glossop . In addition to
1870-424: The male line, many of the older ones (particularly older baronies) can descend through females. Such peerages follow the old English inheritance law of moieties so all daughters (or granddaughters through the same root) stand as co-heirs, so some such titles are in such a state of abeyance between these. Baronets , while holders of hereditary titles, as such are not peers and not entitled to stand for election in
1925-400: The male-line. At the death of the 9th Duke, the title was inherited in 1777 by his heir male, Charles Howard , a grandson of Charles Howard of Greystoke, a younger brother of the 5th and 6th Dukes. He was succeeded by his son, Charles , whose lack of a legitimate male heir resulted in the title passing to Bernard Howard , a great-grandson of Bernard Howard of Glossop, the youngest brother of
1980-508: The other peerages are shown in blue, and peers with more than one title of the same rank in the Peerage of England are shown in orange. Subsidiary title Subsidiary title Ridolfi plot The Ridolfi plot was a Catholic plot in 1571 to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots . The plot was hatched and planned by Roberto Ridolfi , an international banker who
2035-494: The plot failure, as he told it to Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany who immediately informed Elizabeth of the plot. Ridolfi escaped execution, unlike some of his co-conspirators, and lived until 1612. According to historian Cyril Hamshere, retrospective critics of the conspiracy cited a number of reasons why the Ridolfi Plot would have been doomed to fail even if it had not been discovered prematurely. For one,
2090-515: The plot in March 1571, her role was to marry the Duke of Norfolk, with the plan that when the troops arrived in London she would be returned to the Scottish throne. However, when the plot was uncovered, her deep involvement in it altered Elizabeth's opinion of Mary; Elizabeth never spoke of restoring her to the throne again. King Philip II , who welcomed Ridolfi to court and, with the council, discussed
2145-463: The plot's pros and cons. He supported overthrowing Elizabeth and later came to support the assassination. Philip, however, disapproved of the papal bull against Elizabeth because, according to Cyril Hamshere, he feared it would "prompt Elizabeth to take reprisals against Catholics." Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba , who was the leader of the Spanish army stationed in the Netherlands and
2200-419: The small number of Spanish soldiers (between 6000 and 10,000) would have been absurdly inadequate to the task of overthrowing the English government. Additionally, the vagueness of the invasion point was a logistical shortcoming. The plan was to land at either Harwich or Portsmouth , but Ridolfi apparently did not know exactly where Harwich was. Also dubious was Ridolfi's reliance on the Duke of Norfolk, who
2255-534: The sovereign (thus backwards), but this has not been practised in recent years. As the Earl Marshal, the Duke of Norfolk is head of the College of Arms , through which he regulates all matters connected with armorial bearings and standards, in addition to controlling the arrangements for state functions. He is one of three claimants to the title of Chief Butler of England . The Duke of Norfolk currently holds
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2310-434: The survival of letters which, contrary to his instructions, had not been burnt, he denied the charges against him. On 7 September, the queen's warrant for conveying him to the Tower of London arrived. Thereupon, the duke admitted a degree of involvement in the transmission of money and correspondence to Mary's Scottish supporters. In January 1572, Norfolk was tried and convicted on three counts of high treason, and on 2 June he
2365-402: The title's third creation. From this point to the present, the title has remained in the hands of the descendants of John Howard, except for periods when it was temporarily forfeited. The Catholic faith of the Howard dynasty often resulted in conflict with the reigning monarch, particularly during and after the reign of Henry VIII. In 1546, Thomas Howard, the third Duke , fell out of favour with
2420-417: The use of torture and prison informers such as William Herle , he was forced to reveal the cipher of the messages he carried. On 29 August 1571, Norfolk's secretaries William Barker and Robert Higford entrusted to Thomas Browne, a Shrewsbury draper , what was purported to be a bag of silver coin for delivery to Laurence Bannister, one of Norfolk's officials in the north of England. Browne grew suspicious of
2475-612: Was Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey ; the earl was descended from Edward III . As all subsequent dukes after Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk are descendants of the Earl of Surrey, this means they are also descended from Edward III. Before the Dukes of Norfolk, there were the Bigod Earls of Norfolk , starting with Roger Bigod from Normandy (died 1107). Their male line ended with Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk , who died without an heir in 1306, so their titles and estates reverted to
2530-597: Was a Catholic, guaranteeing that was true even though the Duke had been raised as a Protestant as a child. Both Mary and Norfolk, desperate to remedy their respective situations, agreed to the plot. With their blessing, Ridolfi set off to the Continent to gain Alba, Pius V, and King Philip II's support. Ridolfi's co-conspirators, some of them mentioned above, played an important role in the plot to overthrow Elizabeth: Don Guerau de Espés : Spain's ambassador to England, who
2585-493: Was able to travel between Brussels, Rome and Madrid to gather support without attracting too much suspicion. Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk , a Roman Catholic with a Protestant education, a second cousin of Queen Elizabeth's and the wealthiest landowner in the country, had been proposed as a possible husband for Mary since her imprisonment in 1568. This suited Norfolk, who had ambitions and felt Elizabeth persistently undervalued him. In pursuit of his goals, he agreed to support
2640-470: Was beheaded on Tower Hill . Guerau de Spes , the Spanish ambassador, was expelled from the country in January 1571. Still abroad when the plot was discovered, Ridolfi never returned to England; he became a Florentine senator in 1600. Despite his plot's ultimate failure, Roberto Ridolfi's story is surprising and memorable. He had played the relatively minor role of banker but nevertheless found himself at
2695-415: Was executed in 1572 for treason and his lands and titles again became forfeit. In 1660, the fourth Duke's great-great-grandson, the 23rd Earl of Arundel, was restored to the family lands and dukedom. Mentally infirm, the fifth Duke never married and died in 1677. He was succeeded by his younger brother Henry as the 6th Duke, through whom the 7th Duke , 8th Duke and 9th Duke of Norfolk were descended in
2750-503: Was expelled after the discovery of his involvement. Elizabeth had raised her concerns about de Espés' behaviour with Anna of Austria . John Lesley : the Bishop of Ross, who was Mary Stuart's chief agent; arranged meetings and delivered letters for Mary during her house arrest. Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk , who was Queen Elizabeth I's second cousin. He was to marry Mary Queen of Scots and together with her restore Catholic rule to
2805-511: Was lodged in June 1483 in the Tower of London, where his elder brother (briefly Edward V ) was too, both Richard and Edward were declared illegitimate. They subsequently disappeared , and the titles of both York and Norfolk were forfeited to the crown. This left John Howard , the son of Thomas Mowbray's elder daughter Margaret, as heir to the dukedom, and his support for Richard III's usurpation secured his creation as 1st Duke of Norfolk in 1483, in
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#17327866647072860-572: Was regarded as a bad leader and was not even a Catholic. This did not make him an ideal co-conspirator, but, according to Hamshere, "his main merit lay in his title: in 1571 he was the only Duke in England". Norfolk's Protestantism was but one irony of the Ridolfi Plot: Norfolk and Mary Queen of Scots had each been married three times before their proposed marriage to each other. Pope Pius was, apparently, willing to grant Mary an annulment of her marriage to her imprisoned husband, but
2915-412: Was seized by the crown in 1102. King Henry II , who added on to the castle, in 1155 confirmed William d'Aubigny as Earl of Arundel, with the honour and the castle of Arundel. Arundel Castle is still to this day the home of The Duke and Duchess of Norfolk and their children. The Fitzalan Chapel , founded in 1390 by the 4th Earl of Arundel, is located on the western grounds outside the castle, and has been
2970-482: Was still alive, and so at the same time she was created Duchess of Norfolk for life. Mowbray died in exile in 1399, months after his grandmother, and his dukedom was repealed. His widow took the title of Countess of Norfolk . Between 1401 and 1476, the Mowbray family held the title and estates of the Duke of Norfolk. John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk , died without male issue in 1476, his only surviving child being
3025-404: Was to lead more than 10,000 men to Harwich or Portsmouth. His army was to invade England and make its way to London to establish Mary on the throne. Pope Pius V , who made Ridolfi his papal agent in England in 1567, was not only aware of the plot but gave his written approval in a letter for Ridolfi to take to Philip II. In 1571, Elizabeth's intelligence network was sending her information about
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