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31-661: The first Basque Government was created after the approval of the first Basque Statute of Autonomy on 1 October 1936, in the midst of the Spanish Civil War . It was headed by José Antonio Aguirre ( EAJ-PNV ) and was supported by a coalition of all the parties that fought the Nationalist forces in the Civil War: those comprising the Popular Front ( PSOE , PCE , EAE-ANV and other parties that sided with

62-530: A limited self-government for Alava and Navarre, thanking their support for the Spanish Nationalist uprising. It is on the republican statute and the Alavese institutions that the current Statute of Gernika takes its legitimacy. Southern Basque Country The Southern Basque Country ( Basque : Hegoalde, Hego Euskal Herria ; Spanish : País Vasco sur, País Vasco peninsular ) refers to

93-620: A move towards coordination and cooperation by designing a number of common projects. At San Sebastián, the Spanish General Prim ratified in 1869 his position in favour of the distinct status held by the Southern Basque Country (the Sister Provinces ) conditioned on their unambiguous attachment to Spain. However, the general was assassinated in the midst of political instability (1870), and soon on

124-515: A reduced, ambiguous self-government status (in Spanish) ( fueros ). However, new senior officials in Navarre (a kingdom up to that point) signed a treaty apart from the rest of Basque historic districts , converting it into a regular Spanish province (1841) (in Spanish) , except for a small but relevant set of fiscal prerogatives. Since 1866, the four chartered provincial governments made

155-677: The 3rd Carlist War broke out again centred in the Basque Country (1872–76). At the end of it, the fueros were definitely abolished in the Basque Provinces (Álava, Biscay, and Gipuzkoa) , while Navarre 's legal status was less affected. The 1876 definite abolition of the charters ( fueros ) was followed by a political stir leading to the popular uprising Gamazada centred in Navarre (1893–94), echoed in Biscay (Gernika) by

186-577: The Basque territories southside of the Pyrenees , within the iberian peninsula . In Basque language, known as Euskera , natives have referred to the Basque districts as Euskal Herria(k) . During history, it has been named in a variety of ways (mainly through regional political etymologies according to contemporary administrative sources) Peninsular Basque Country can refer to this same territory as

217-599: The Basque districts maintained a great degree of self-government under their charters (they came to be known as the Exempt Provinces ), i.e. they held a different status from other areas within the Crown of Castile/Spain, involving taxes and customs, separate military conscription, etc.), operating almost autonomously. After the First Carlist War (1833–1839), home rule was abolished and substituted by

248-545: The Compromise Act ( Ley Paccionada ) in Navarre (1841) and a diminished chartered regime in the three western provinces (up to 1876). After the definite abolition of the Charters (end of Third Carlist War), former laws and customs were largely absorbed into Spanish centralist rule with little regard for regional idiosyncrasies. As a result, attempts were made by Carlists , Basque nationalists and some liberal forces in

279-646: The Sanrocada , and attempts started to be made to re-establish a single political status for the Basque territories in Spain, with the most significant being the Statute of Estella, 1932 (in Spanish) in the early period of the 2nd Spanish Republic . In 1918, the Society of Basque Studies was established at Oñati under the auspices of the four provincial governments in a ceremony presided over by King Alfonso XIII ;

310-602: The Second Spanish Republic ). After the defeat of the Republic, the Basque Government survived in exile, chaired by Jesús María Leizaola after the death of Aguirre in 1960. This first Basque Government was formally disbanded after the approval of the current Statute of Autonomy in 1979, after the death of caudillo Francisco Franco . Upon approval of the new Statute, the new Basque Government

341-616: The Spanish Constitution of 1978 . The Statute was named "Statute of Gernika" after the city of Gernika, where its final form was approved on 29 December 1978. It was ratified by referendum on 25 October 1979, despite the abstention of more than 40% of the electorate. The statute was accepted by the lower house of the Spanish Parliament on November 29 and the Spanish Senate on December 12. The statute

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372-471: The Statute of Gernika ( Basque : Gernikako Estatutua ; Spanish : Estatuto de Guernica ), is the legal document organizing the political system of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country ' (Basque: Euskadiko Autonomi Erkidegoa ) which includes the historical territories of Alava , Biscay and Gipuzkoa . It forms the region into one of the autonomous communities envisioned in

403-542: The Basque people, while now limited only to the western Álava , Gipuzkoa and Biscay provinces. The possibility of Navarre joining in is anyway emphasized and provisioned for, insomuch as they are identified as Basque people, should that be their will. It established a system of parliamentary government , in which the president (chief of government) or lehendakari is elected by the Basque Autonomous Parliament among its members. Election of

434-483: The Basque region of Spain to establish a collaboration among them and restore some kind of self-empowerment ("autonomy"), while the Catalans developed their own Catalan Commonwealth . Attempts at a unified Basque statute including Navarre were repeatedly postponed until the occasion seemed to have arrived at the onset of the Second Spanish Republic with a statute for the four Basque provinces. A draft Basque Statute

465-681: The Basque-derived term "Southern Basque Country" invariably includes Navarre and the enclaves. It includes the three provinces ( Araba , Bizkaia , Gipuzkoa ) of the Basque Autonomous Community in the west, as well as the Chartered Community of Navarre to the east. The Basque districts had managed to retain a virtually independent status (the fueros , or charters) within the Crown of Castile up until

496-684: The Demographic Challenge; Sustainable Mobility; Science, Universities and Innovation; Tourism, Trade and Consumer Affairs; Food, Rural Development, Agriculture and Fisheries; and Justice and Human Rights. It has 78,000 employees. Power held by the Basque country include but are not limited to: Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country The Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country of 1979 ( Basque : Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko Estatutua ; Spanish : Estatuto de Autonomía del País Vasco ), widely known as

527-980: The PNV and 12 from the PSE-EE) in his inauguration speech that took place in June 2024. The composition of the Basque Government is established by the President of the Basque Country, also referred in Euskera as Lehendakari , who selects the counselors that will lead each of the Government departments. During the current legislative term the Government is composed of fifteen departments: Culture and Language Policy; Economy, Labour and Employment; Treasury and Finance; Governance, Digital Administration and Self-Government; Industry, Energy Transition and Sustainability; Security; Education; Housing and Urban Agenda; Health; Welfare, Youth and

558-507: The Parliament is by universal suffrage and parliament consists of 75 deputies, 25 from each of the three Historic Territories of the community. The parliament is vested with powers over a broad variety of areas, including agriculture, industry; from culture, arts and libraries, to tax collection , policing , and transportation . Basque (as a right) and Spanish (as a right and duty) are official languages. The equal representation of

589-581: The Society longed for "the re-establishment of Basque personality" and promoted culture as well as academic studies, including a Basque-Navarrese university. It was followed by other unofficial cultural/sport institutions (Basque-Navarrese Mountain Federation, etc.), or the Federation of Basque-Navarrese Savings Banks (1924). The split allegiances showed by Gipuzkoa-Biscay (labelled by the regime as "traitor provinces" (in Spanish) ) and Navarre-Álava in

620-611: The face of the 1936 military uprising undermined the pre-war ties, but did not break them completely, especially in respect of culture. The possibility of establishing a single autonomous statute for the Southern Basque Country was again explored and provided for in the late 1970s, but strong political objections both in the Spanish establishment ( UCD ) and Navarre ( Unión del Pueblo Navarro party founded, swing in Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 's position) drew

651-846: The four provinces were divided into the Chartered Community of Navarre and the Basque Autonomous Community . The rise of the party UPN in Navarre has resulted in an increased denial of the territory's historic Basque identity, and the cancellation or impracticality of virtually all drafted or existing common projects with the rest of Basque territories, e.g. high-speed railway (original X layout blueprint), Basque-Navarrese intergovernmental cooperation organ, federation of savings banks, Aquitaine-Basque Autonomous Community-Navarre cross-border agency, public allowances to publishing other than Navarre-only topics, prohibition of four or seven-province maps in education, ad hoc refusal of permission for reception in Navarre to Basque public broadcaster EITB , etc. The movement to re-establish cooperation and common ties

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682-603: The militias exclusively in defence of each specific district. However, voluntary military contribution to the king could go beyond district boundaries in exchange for a sum of money. The four districts kept a strong municipality based governmental structure, as well as minor customs on their boundaries and major ones on the Ebro river. Mineral extraction was concerted for communal exploitation, usually undertaken when required by neighbouring inhabitants and/or manufacturers (ironworks). The foundations of Basque home rule were badly shaken at

713-756: The period of the War of the Pyrenees and the Peninsular War (1793–1813). Traditionally the Basques in Spain ("Kingdom of the Spains") renewed their separate status in a ceremony by which the king of Castile or his viceroy/royal deputy ( regidor ) pledged obedience to the native institutions and laws, with the representatives of each district vowing in turn loyalty to him (or her). The Basques of each district kept their own defence provision, with men being drafted for

744-569: The project to a stalemate. The continuation of the institutional framework inherited from the dictatorship in Navarre (the Amejoramiento , "the Betterment") was coupled with a staunch opposition staged by the ruling circles to a change in Navarre (attacks of Montejurra, removal from office of Javier Erice as mayor of Pamplona in 1976) amidst a climate of violence (ETA, police forces, state sponsored paramilitary groups, etc.). Since 1982,

775-478: The provinces regardless of actual population was a wink to Alava and Navarre, the least populated and least prone to Basque nationalism of the provinces. However the Navarrese society seems content with its current Amejoramiento del Fuero . The Ibarretxe Plan was a proposal to revise the statute so as to amplify Basque autonomy put forward by the ruling Basque Nationalist Party . Up to early 19th century,

806-471: The still Francoist central administration. At the beginning of the 1980s the Spanish Socialist party and their regional branch too swerved to a Navarre-only stance, paving the way to a separate autonomous community. The Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country retained though in its wording the spirit of the original blueprint, namely allowing the necessary means for the development in liberty of

837-434: The turn of the 19th century, followed by the short-lived but watershed Spanish nationalist Constitution of 1812 (Cádiz) . The above districts restored their sovereign native institutions and laws still up to the end of the First Carlist War (1839–41), when a decree by Regent Maria Christina established the annexation to Spain ( referred to as "Constitutional Spain" , after the Spanish Constitution of 1837 ), still keeping

868-493: Was approved by all four provinces (1931), but Carlists were divided, and the 1931 draft Statute of Estella did not achieve enough support , against a backdrop of heated controversy over the validity of the votes, as well as allegations of strong pressures on local representatives to tip the scale against the unitarian option (Assembly of Pamplona, 1932). Following the works started for the Basque Statute, another proposal

899-668: Was created (1980), superseding the Basque General Council. Carlos Garaikoetxea was the first lehendakari of the new Government. During the current legislative term, the Basque Government is chaired by Imanol Pradales , member of the Basque Nationalist Party , thanks to a government agreement with the Basque Socialist Party-Basque Left Party (PSE-EE) . Urkullu got the back up of 39 parliamentarians (27 from

930-658: Was eventually approved by the government of the Spanish Republic, already awash in the Civil War , this time only including the provinces of Gipuzkoa, Biscay and Álava. Its effectivity was limited to the Republic-controlled areas of Biscay and a fringe of Gipuzkoa. After the surrendering of the Basque Army in 1937, the statute was abolished. However, Francisco Franco allowed the continuation of

961-602: Was meant to encompass all the historical provinces inhabited by the Basque people in Spain, who had proved a strong will for acknowledgement of a separate identity and status, even in non Basque nationalist circles. A draft statute for the Spanish Basque Country was then drawn up to provide for that urge with a view to comprising all the historically Basque territories. However, the blueprint came up against much opposition in Navarre ( Unión del Pueblo Navarro party founded) and rightist and nationalist circles of

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