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138-683: The party is described as Christian-democratic , with social-democratic and conservative-liberal factions. In 2020 the party voted in favour of the investiture of the current Prime Minister of Spain, Pedro Sánchez , belonging to the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party . It operates in all the territories comprising the Basque Country : the Basque Autonomous Community and Navarre in Spain , and in

276-403: A distributist economic system containing widespread distribution of productive property , in particular increased worker ownership (workplace democracy) and management (workers' self-management) of their production. The Christian democratic welfare state aims at supporting families and often relies on intermediary institutions to deliver social services and social insurance , often with

414-465: A social-democratic ideology, while the EAJ-PNV remained more attached to its Christian-democratic ideas. The split was particularly bitter given that it was headed by the lehendakari (premier) himself. Many EAJ-PNV political bars ( batzoki  [ eu ] , "meeting place") became alkartetxe  [ eu ] ("meeting house"). Since 1991, as time has eased the bitter split (helped by

552-614: A socialist program. On 16 September 2008, the party was outlawed by the Spanish Supreme Court based on ties with ETA . The Spanish ruling was appealed to the European Court of Human Rights , which, after reviewing the question, upheld the Spanish courts on the matter. It was formed in 1930, upon the reunification of the ultraconservative Aberri group and the moderate majority Comunión Nacionalista Vasca in

690-491: A "just steward", which includes just stewardship over environmental matters. Pope Francis took a firm stance on environmentalism in the papal encyclical Laudato Si in 2015. Here, the idea of stewardship comes from the correct translation of Genesis, where God entrusts man with stewardship of the earth. The origins of Christian democracy go back to the French Revolution , where initially, French republicanism and

828-514: A "third house of parliament" that would advise on economic matters. Heinrich Pesch's idea of corporatism would be a qualified notion of subsidiarity. Pesch's ideas would be influential in the Papal Encyclical Quadragesimo Anno , given that Pesch's disciple Oswald von Nell-Breuning would draft the document. Quadragesimo Anno was significant in legitimatizing the push for a corporatist system and subjected it to

966-849: A brief period between 2009 and 2012. In Navarre, it is part of the coalition Geroa Bai , which is currently a junior partner of the PSOE in the Navarrese regional government. Currently a member of the European Democratic Party , EAJ-PNV was previously a member of the European Free Alliance from 1999 to 2004. Earlier it had been affiliated with the European People's Party and the Christian Democrat International (from which it

1104-595: A coalition with the socialist party . Sturzo was ordered by the Catholic Church in 1923 to disband his party and exit politics. Poor electoral performance in 1924 would make Sturzo give party leadership to Alcide De Gasperi and go into exile. Once in power, the fascists disbanded the Italian People's Party. This would precede the signing of the Lateran Treaty between the Catholic Church and

1242-420: A concept known as sphere sovereignty . One sphere ought not to dictate the obligations of another social entity; for example, the sphere of the state is not permitted to interfere with raising children, a role that belongs to the sphere of the family. Within the sphere of government, Christian democrats maintain that civil issues should first be addressed at the lowest level of government before being examined at

1380-506: A day of rest in line with historic Christian Sabbath principles . Another example of a Christian-inspired workers' movement is the Catholic Worker Movement established by Dorothy Day , which not only fought for better working standards, but also contributed to promoting the idea of pacifism and a just war . Popolarismo (or popularism) is a political doctrine conceived by Don Luigi Sturzo , however in reality this

1518-412: A doctrine of democracy. Academics have noted a few ideas key to Christian democracy, including personalism , solidarity (or some variant of social capitalism ), popularism (or some variant of its catch-all nature ), notions of "pluralism" (which in a vertical sense relates to subsidiarity , and in a horizontal sense denotes sphere sovereignty ) and stewardship. Personalism

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1656-459: A few conclusions: Personalism has generally been the underlying basis in Christian democracy that leads to human rights, especially in relation to a right to life, a right to family and a right to aid, a right to suffrage, freedom of conscience, and freedom of religion. Modern personalist views also are inspired by ecologist values. Rowan Williams contrasts personalism, which he describes as

1794-413: A grand total of some 187,000 votes (those votes for lists declared ineligible prior to the elections were declared null). Among the illegal lists were those of Bilbao , San Sebastián and Vitoria ; but not those of Pamplona city council, where EAE-ANV has two representatives. In February 2008, the Spanish government declared EAE-ANV illegal as a precautionary measure to prevent them from taking part in

1932-506: A higher level, a doctrine known as subsidiarity . These concepts of sphere sovereignty and subsidiarity are considered cornerstones of Christian democracy political ideology. Christian democrats emphasize community, social justice, and solidarity, alongside supporting a welfare state , labor unions , and support for regulation of market forces. Most European Christian democrats reject the concept of class struggle and instead prefer co-determination , while US Christian democrats support

2070-419: A legal party. The banning of Batasuna drew attention to the virtually unknown and inactive EAE-ANV as it was informally designated by Batasuna's ranks as the political heir of the illegalized Batasuna. Consequently, it was during the 2007 municipal and provincial Spanish elections when the new EAE-ANV received intensive media and political attention. Nearly half of its lists were declared illegal prior to

2208-530: A person's responsibilities over what is entrusted to them, especially their property. In Social Catholic circles in the 1970s, stewardship was explicitly linked to environmental matters. Stewardship was found in the first programs of the Christian Democratic Appeal , and from here alongside the works of American bishops, the idea would spread to other Christian democratic parties. They view competent and efficient government as emblematic of

2346-469: A relation between humans and God, to modern-day capitalism, which is focused only on endless economic growth, which is harmful to the natural environment. The Christian democratic political economy has not tethered itself to one "third way" between capitalism and socialism, but rather various ways between capitalism and socialism. Over time, Christian democrats moved from solidarism to a social market economy. Initially, many Catholic political movements in

2484-542: A result of experiencing fascism. Christian democratic parties were also crucial in pushing for codeterminative works councils and workers on boards during this time. Despite this initial power, cracks started to appear; Christian democracy in France declined substantially, as Popular Republican Movement and its successors quickly fell apart. French Christian democrats would ultimately become subsumed into Gaullist parties. Similarly, minor Christian democratic parties such as

2622-586: A small faction known as the "Aberrianos" ("Fatherlanders") within the party remained committed to the cause of independence. In 1921, the leading members of the Aberrianos were kicked from the moderate Basque Nationalist Communion. Later that year, the Aberrianos officially formed their own political party, reclaiming the name "Basque Nationalist Party". During the single party dictatorship of Captain General Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923-1930),

2760-632: A small faction split from the Basque Nationalist Communion shortly before the reunification, calling itself Eusko Abertzale Ekintza-Acción Nacionalista Vasca (" Basque Nationalist Action "). It was on the moderate nationalist left, non-confessional and open to alliances with Spanish republican and socialist parties. The division between autonomism and independentism appeared again during the Second Spanish Republic . Headed by Aberriano veteran Eli Gallastegi ,

2898-646: A small group of independentists coalesced around the Mountaineering Federation of Biscay and its affiliated weekly publication Jagi-Jagi ("Arise Arise"), and abandoned the now-moderate and autonomist Basque Nationalist Party. After the Spanish Civil War of 18 July 1936, the party felt torn. Certain branches of the party supported the rebellion against the Republic, feeling sympathy for its Catholic and anti-Communist agenda. However,

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3036-431: A state can intervene when these communities are not competent. In practice, subsidiarity has been used to justify the creation of international organizations, as higher international authorities need to exist to police nation-states. The idea of stewardship has traditionally been linked to managerial skills regarding property and income; Stewardship can be found in neo-Calvinist Abraham Kuyper's works, where it relates to

3174-684: A war front had been established at the northern tip of Álava and to the west of Donostia-San Sebastián . Initially, the Defence Committees in Biscay and Gipuzkoa were dominated by the Popular Front . After hard negotiations, eventually Basque autonomy was granted within the Second Spanish Republic in late 1936, and the new autonomous government immediately organized the Basque Army , consisting of militias recruited separately by

3312-529: Is a political doctrine generally linked to Emmanuel Mounier . It focuses on the person, their intellect, responsibilities, and value. It stresses that humans are free beings with dignity and political rights, but these rights must be used for the common good. It also stresses that true human freedom is used in line with God's will. It is against the individualist and collectivist notions of humanity. It also stresses that people become full when they are members of their communities. In practical policy, it leads to

3450-512: Is a word comprising two parts: JeL (the acronym for "God and the Old Laws") and -(t)zale (literally meaning "fond of"). Thus jeltzale could be rendered in English as "one who is fond of God and the Old Laws (JeL)", or translated simply as "nationalist". A jelkide (after -kide , "companion") is a member of the party. Alderdi Eguna ("Party Day") is the national holiday of

3588-661: Is also present in other parts of the world. As a generalization, it can be said that Christian democratic parties in Europe tend to be moderately conservative and, in several cases, form the main conservative party in their respective countries (e.g., in Germany, Spain, Belgium, and Switzerland), such as the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland , the Christian Social Party ,

3726-440: Is in no way akin to what John Locke is for liberalism , Edmund Burke for conservatism , or Karl Marx for socialism . Other authors critical to forming Christian democratic ideology include Pope Leo XIII , Pope Pius XI , Emmanuel Mounier , Heinrich Pesch , Abraham Kuyper , and Luigi Sturzo . Christian democracy can trace its philosophical roots to Thomas Aquinas and his thoughts on Aristotelian ontology and

3864-418: Is religious, and politics should reflect this. The development of Orthodox Christian democracy has been held back by the fact that Orthodox Politics has not received church support in the way that Rerum Novarum encouraged Christian democracy, or how early Christian democrats such as Luigi Sturzo received tacit consent for his political activities. Russian Christian democrats, for example, have had to develop

4002-555: Is seen not as an end but as a means of generating wealth to achieve broader social goals and maintain societal cohesion. The basis of the social market economy is ordoliberalism , or German neoliberalism, an idea related to thinkers such as Walter Eucken , Franz Böhm , Ludwig Erhard , Wilhelm Röpke and Alfred Müller-Armack . Ordoliberals viewed the concentration of power as a significant danger to liberty. They desired an economic constitution that would ensure competition in markets and free decisions, where people are uninfluenced by

4140-430: Is the social market economy , which is widely influential across much of continental Europe. The social market is an essentially free market economy based on a free price system and private property. However, it supports government activity to promote competitive markets with a comprehensive social welfare system and effective public services to address social inequalities resulting from free market outcomes. The market

4278-623: The Basque Country in both Spain and France. In 1916, the Basque Nationalist Party renamed itself the Basque Nationalist Communion ( Comunión Nacionalista Vasca ). This name change marked a departure, in many aspects, from the original doctrine of the late Sabino Arana and casting itself as a broader social movement rather than simply a political party. The Basque Nationalist Communion at this point advocated for Basque autonomy within Spain, rather than outright independence. However,

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4416-756: The Basque Nationalist Party , by those who refused to support the traditional clerical ideology of the party. Its support was restricted to urban middle class and, as such, was a minority party. ANV played a minor role during the Republic , when it usually aligned with left and republican parties (being even part of the Popular Front in 1936) and in the Civil War . It was a part of the Basque Government in Exile from 1936 to 1979, and of

4554-658: The Catholic People's Party to form Christian Democratic Appeal. European Christian democrats were a significant force in the creation of the European Union . At the beginning of the European project, three significant men were Konrad Adenauer , Robert Schuman , and Alcide De Gasperi , all Christian democrats. When the Rome Treaty was signed, Christian democrats were the leading governments in four of

4692-480: The Christian tradition. According to Aquinas, human rights are based on natural law and are defined as the things humans need to function correctly. For example, food is a human right because, without food, humans cannot function properly. Aquinas affirmed that humans are images of the divine, which follows human dignity and equality; all humans are equal because they all share that nature. Aquinas also affirmed

4830-1188: The Christian Democratic Union of Germany , the Dutch Christian Democratic Appeal , The Centre in Switzerland, the Spanish People's Party , the Mexican National Action Party , the Austrian People's Party , and the Christian Democratic Party of Chile . Many Christian democratic parties in the Americas are affiliated with the Christian Democrat Organization of America . Christian democracy continues to be influential in Europe and Latin America, although it

4968-674: The Christian Social People's Service (CSVD). Protestant workers' movements in Switzerland gradually developed mutual aid funds into an independent trade union movement. Around this time, Swiss Protestants formed the Evangelical People's Party . The 1930s saw the rise of the Christian People's Party in Norway. It was built on the work of Pietist Lutherans , and the party was initially founded to defend

5106-404: The European Union of Christian Democrats in 1965, and, finally, the European People's Party in 1976. Basque Nationalist Action Basque Nationalist Action ( Basque : Eusko Abertzale Ekintza , Spanish : Acción Nacionalista Vasca , EAE–ANV) is a Basque nationalist party based in Spain . Founded in 1930, it was the first Basque nationalist political party to exist running on

5244-848: The Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland and the Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland . By contrast, Christian democratic parties in Latin America tend to vary in their position on the political spectrum depending on the country they are in, being either more left-leaning, as in the case of the Christian Democratic Party in Chile , or more right-leaning, as in the case of the National Action Party in Mexico . Geoffrey K. Roberts and Patricia Hogwood have noted that "Christian democracy has incorporated many of

5382-513: The French Basque Country . It also has delegations in dozens of foreign nations, specifically those with a major presence of Basque immigrants . The EAJ-PNV was founded by Sabino Arana in 1895, which makes it the second oldest extant political party in Spain , after the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party . The EAJ-PNV is the largest Basque nationalist party, having led the Basque Government uninterruptedly since 1979, except for

5520-856: The Italian fascists in 1929. The Centre Party and the CSVD would face the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany. Once the Nazis attained power in 1933, they attempted to take total power with the Enabling Act . Internally, the Centre Party was divided on the Enabling Act, but many became persuaded that Hitler would not eliminate the Reichstag. Comparatively, the historical anti-Semitism of

5658-530: The Neo-Calvinist tradition within Christianity; it later gained ground with Lutherans and Pentecostals , among other denominational traditions of Christianity in various parts of the world. During the nineteenth century, its principal concerns were to reconcile Catholicism with democracy, to answer the " social question " surrounding capitalism and the working class , and to resolve

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5796-572: The People's Democratic Party (PDP) would rise in post-Franco Spain. However, these movements were too divided and lacked the political necessity of religious cleavages to play a dominant role in Spanish democracy. These Christian democratic parties would fail, and the Christian democrats would join the Spanish Popular Party. Protestant Christian democracy developed in multifaceted ways in the post-war period. In Germany, it arose amongst

5934-527: The Spanish Republican government in Exile from 1938 until 1946, represented by a minister without portfolio , Tomás Bilbao . When democracy resumed in Spain , ANV run by itself for the first contemporary Spanish general election presenting candidates in Biscay and Gipuzkoa , achieving a meagre 0.64% of the total votes in the Basque country. During these years, ANV received compensation for

6072-401: The papal encyclical Rerum novarum in 1891, Pope Leo XIII recognized workers' misery and argued for means to improve workers' conditions. He also attacked economic liberalism and condemned the rise of socialism , and generally encouraged a corporatist approach to labor relations. Rerum novarum would provide Catholic labor movements with an intellectual platform and would coincide with

6210-407: The prohibition of drugs . Christian democratic parties are often likely to assert their country's Christian heritage and explicitly affirm Christian ethics rather than adopting a more liberal or secular stance; at the same time, Christian democratic parties enshrine confessional liberty . Christian democracy fosters an " ecumenical unity achieved on the religious level against the atheism of

6348-434: The "individual in community". Sphere sovereignty stresses the horizontal element; social communities have roles they must uphold and certain liberty and autonomy. Here the government had the role of policing the spheres. Subsidiarity is the vertical element, where the state has the role of protecting and regulating the spheres. The state must not interfere if these communities are behaving effectively. This also means that

6486-584: The 1950s and 1960s, the party looked for alliances abroad, expecting at first that the defeat of the Axis in World War II would encourage USA's support for an eventual overthrow of Franco's hold on power, which did not happen. In addition, it was a founder party of the Christian Democrat International , but now the party is an active member of the European Democratic Party . In the late 1960s and early 1970s, contacts started with other Spanish parties to assert

6624-421: The 19th century opposed capitalism and socialism equally, as both were based on materialism and social conflict. Initially, the system that Catholics advocated was one of corporatism, based on bringing back a guild-organized economy. The idea was a society where individuals were organized by their economic position. In these corporatist systems, the fathers were the head of families. One of these conceptions

6762-758: The 2006 government of President Juan José Ibarretxe Markuartu . Still, EA decided to run by itself in the municipal elections held in May 2007. Former president Juan José Ibarretxe spearheaded a call for the reform of the Statute of Autonomy that governs the Basque Country Autonomous Community , through a proposal widely known as the Ibarretxe Plan , passed by the Basque Parliament but not even accepted for discussion by

6900-567: The Basque Government's building and that the anti-Nazi Charles de Gaulle maintained it as a Spanish Government's possession. The building today is the Instituto Cervantes premises where French people can learn any of the Spanish languages, including Basque. In 1959, ETA was created by young undergraduates from the area of Bilbao (organisation EKIN) lured by Basque nationalist ideology, but increasingly disgruntled at

7038-434: The Basque Nationalist Party was outlawed, and its members went underground. Many of its activities continued through mountaineering ("mendigoxale") and folklore associations. However, the Basque Nationalist Communion was tolerated by the Spanish dictatorship as it was considered a moderate regionalist party. At the end of 1930, the two nationalist organisations united under the original name Basque Nationalist Party. However,

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7176-482: The Basque Nationalist Party which is annually celebrated on the last Sunday of September, the Sunday closest to the feast day of Saint Michael , the patron saint of Euskal Herria and of the Basque Nationalist Party. The central act of this celebration is a political meeting of leading nationalists, but the celebration begins in the morning with a traditional festival in which the different municipal organizations from

7314-492: The Catholic Church was hostile to democracy and liberalism. This hostility to democracy and liberalism would be challenged by liberal Catholics who believed the alliance between the church and aristocracy was a barrier to the church's mission. Initially, this group desired to reconcile the Catholics with the state of modern politics, getting Catholics involved in parties, public action, and parliamentarianism. This, however,

7452-620: The Catholic Church were deeply hostile to one another as the revolutionary governments had attacked the church, confiscated the church's lands, persecuted its priests, and attempted to establish new religions, first the Cult of Reason and then the Cult of the Supreme Being . After the decades following the French Revolution, the Catholic Church saw the rise of liberalism as a threat to Catholic values. The rise of capitalism and

7590-532: The Catholic faith and anti-socialist and anti-liberal tendencies. In Ireland, Fianna Fáil was founded as a Catholic political party. Fine Gael, Fianna Fáil, and Labor would all be avenues for Christian democracy in the post-war period. In the early 20th century, Protestant confessional politics developed further. In Weimar Germany, Stoecker's Christian social party joined the German National People's Party as its labor wing in 1918. The Christian social parliamentarians from this party would then leave in 1929 to form

7728-415: The Centre Party's participation in establishing the Weimar Republic . In Switzerland, Catholics formed the Swiss Conservative People's Party , which, as a party, was divided between three competing demographics; rural Catholics who wanted greater regional independence, Catholic workers who wanted economic reform, and the more conservative groups who opposed democracy. Overall, the party was held together by

7866-621: The Christian Socials, many of which would help build the authoritarian state. Outside of Italy, Germany and, Austria, many Catholic and Protestant parties would ultimately be dissolved when Nazi Germany invaded the rest of Europe in World War II . Many Christian democrats would assist in the resistance in France. After World War II , "both Protestant and Catholic political activists helped to restore democracy to war-torn Europe and extend it overseas". Christian resistors were significant in establishing post-war Christian democracy movements in France, Germany, and Italy. The collapse of fascism led to

8004-435: The Danish Christian People's Party , formed in 1970, defended Christian schooling and dissented against secular trends such as atheism and liberal abortion policies. The Nordic Christian democratic parties did not represent the Lutheran state church but non-conformist Christians and lay activists within the Lutheran state church. In the Netherlands, the Protestant Anti-Revolutionary Party and Christian Historical Union joined

8142-402: The EAJ-PNV's position in a new post-Francoist order. At the same time, the Basque Nationalist Party confirmed its stance against ETA in a period when its violent actions saw a surge and its influence in society was very apparent, especially in street protests. Juan de Ajuriaguerra paved the way for the EAJ-PNV's comeback to Basque politics from exile, and started to negotiate their participation in

8280-417: The European Union has the ideas of subsidiarity and personalism embedded within it. The influence of Christian democracy on the European Union is such that one academic has called the European Union a "Christian democracy". Alongside the European Union was the development of European Christian democratic parties. This appeared in the 1940s with the Nouvelles Equipes Internationales, which would evolve into

8418-530: The European left-right political spectrum, Christian democracy has been difficult to pinpoint, as Christian democrats have often rejected liberal economics and individualism and advocated state intervention, while simultaneously defending private property rights against excessive state intervention. This has meant that Christian democracy has historically been considered centre-left on economics and centre-right on many social and moral issues . More recently, Christian democrats have positioned themselves as

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8556-402: The French revolution and notions of individual and state sovereignty. It was the basis of sphere sovereignty , which helped the interests of Reformed Christians , which have historically been a minority. In sphere sovereignty, each sphere has its activity area related to God. Within this view of sphere sovereignty, it was the state's role to pursue public justice. Another element was that life

8694-408: The Italian Popular Party, and the rise of Mussolini would act as an anti-fascist force. Catholic Action would later help the post-war Christian democracy. Likewise, Catholic Action would work in the resistance in France and help found the MRP. In 1931, Pope Pius XI released the encyclical Quadragesimo anno , which was released on the 40th anniversary of Rerum novarum , and aimed to clarify

8832-403: The Lutheran ordoliberals . These Lutherans looked to Christian theologians such as Karl Barth and Dietrich Bonhoeffer to path a way that obeyed worldly authority but also challenged the Nazi regime. The core of the ordoliberal ideology was a strong state that enabled market competition. During the war, the ordoliberals worked with Bonhoeffer to develop a political and socio-economic plan for

8970-441: The Neo-Calvinist corporatist idea has been credited as an inspiration for the polder system that currently exists in the Netherlands. Many of these corporatisms would advance the idea of replacing the elected parliament with corporative parliament recognizing the various corporate estates of the nation; industrialists, small businesses, peasants, landowners, workers, etc. The papal encyclical Rerum Novarum would recognize some of

9108-404: The Netherlands , and the Christian Social Party (Austria) . Initially, most of these parties accepted the anti-liberal beliefs of the Catholic Church at the time; many Catholics behind these movements believed all spheres of life should be regulated by religion. These movements were initially built by ultramontanes , were against the liberal view that church and state must be separated, and used

9246-474: The Netherlands, the Anti-Revolutionaries would not support pro-Vatican policies. A significant factor that helped Christian democracy during this period was the lay Catholic Action movements. These organizations stress the apostolate of the laity, which is the role of everyday Catholics in spreading the faith. In practice, these movements helped support the Christian trade unions and Christian democratic parties across Europe. In Italy, Catholic Action supported

9384-686: The Netherlands. In Graves de communi re , the pope would protest against using Christian democracy as a political label, preferring it to describe a social movement. Some academics consider the Catholic political parties around this time to be essentially Catholic and not Christian democratic. However, others consider the new Italian People's Party and the Popular Democratic Party (France) Christian democratic. These parties advocated political liberties, religious liberties, economic reform, and social partnership, policies to support democracy and internationalism. The Italian People's Party also advocated for regionalism and proportional representation. At

9522-451: The Protestant Christian Social movement left the Christian Socials susceptible to Nazism. The Nazi Party would infiltrate the Protestant unions linked to CSVD in 1931. Eventually, both parties would sign the Enabling Act , and both parties would summarily dissolve. In Austria, the Christian Socials would have already disbanded before Germany annexed Austria. In Austria, a short civil war between authoritarians and social democrats would divide

9660-441: The Regions , the Basque Nationalist Party sits in the Renew Europe CoR group with one full and one alternate member for the 2020-2025 mandate. Christian democracy Christian democracy is an ideology inspired by Christian social teaching to respond to the challenges of contemporary society and politics. Christian democracy has drawn mainly from Catholic social teaching and neo-scholasticism , as well as

9798-462: The Republic, or France. However, some members of the Alavese and Navarrese committees, ahead of an official decision, published notes refusing support to the Republic . Notwithstanding their initial ambiguous position in certain areas, the party premises and press in Álava and Navarre were closed in that month of July. Some PNV sympathizers and members joined the Carlist battalions, either out of conviction or to avoid persecution. By October 1936,

9936-700: The Republic, the Basque Army surrendered to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontari through the so-called Santoña Agreement . Prison sentences and executions followed, as the rebel government of Francisco Franco ruled that separate terms of surrender could not be made between the Basques and Italians. The Basque government then moved to Barcelona until the fall of Catalonia , and then out of Spain into exile in France . Lehendakari Aguirre

10074-664: The Spanish Cortes Generales . In 2009, the EAJ-PNV was expelled from office by an alliance of the Socialist Party of the Basque Country and the People's Party , taking advantage of a distorted parliament representation issued from the outlawing of left-wing Basque nationalists. Until that moment, the EAJ-PNV dominated every administration of the Basque government. In Navarre, the EA and EAJ-PNV formed

10212-621: The beginning of the Weimar Republic , Adam Stegerwald attempted to reform the Centre Party into a Christian democratic party, uniting Catholics and Protestants. In Belgium, the rising workers' movement came to form the increasingly powerful Christian democratic faction of the Catholic Party. This period also saw other Catholic parties forming; Bavarian Catholics broke away and formed the Bavarian People's Party due to

10350-571: The centre-right; as with both the European People's Party and European Christian Political Movement , with which many Christian democratic parties in Europe are affiliated. Christian democrats support a "slightly regulated market economy ", featuring an effective social security system, thus a social market economy . Worldwide, many Christian democratic parties are members of the Centrist Democrat International . Examples of major Christian democratic parties include

10488-440: The coalition Nafarroa Bai —'Yes to Navarre'—along with Aralar and Batzarre , but a split within the coalition led to its revamp as Geroa Bai . In terms of ideology, by November 2016 the Basque Nationalist Party shifted its rhetoric to make the autonomous community of Euskadi the subject of the Basque nation. The EAJ-PNV called for: Note: The National Council of the Basque Nationalist Party ( Euzkadi-Buru-Batzar )

10626-404: The community for the individual; social democracies had sacrificed the individual for the community. Both parties returned to a traditional Christian teaching of "social pluralism" or "subsidiarity", which stressed the dependence and participation of the individual in family, church, school, business, and other associations. Both parties stressed the responsibility of the state to respect and protect

10764-542: The country's Christian heritage against the rise of secularization. There was cooperation between the Protestant and Catholic parties during this period. The Catholic and Protestant parties would form joint governments in the Netherlands and Germany. However, this cooperation did not challenge the underlying differences between the movements; in Germany, there was tension from cooperation with Protestants, while in

10902-405: The discrediting of the radical right. In Germany, conservatism was associated with reactionary and anti-democratic attitudes. The Christian democrats could claim to be untainted by fascism and thereby draw together conservative Catholics and bourgeois Protestants. In both Germany and Italy, the Christian democratic parties encompassed former conservatives. The Christian democratic parties dominated

11040-608: The economic programs of Catholic parties of the time, such as the Popular Democratic Party, and the Dutch Roman Catholic State Party , alongside influencing Belgian Catholics. The Centre Party, Christian Social Party, and Swiss Conservative People's Party already advocated corporatism based on economists such as Heinrich Pesch , Oswald von Nell-Breuning , and Karl von Vogelsang . In Germany and Austria, Quadragesimo anno renewed

11178-502: The elections, because a significant portion of the candidates on them had previously run for either Batasuna, EH or HB (different reincarnations of the same base). This despite the fact those parties were legal when these candidates ran for them. The Supreme Court declared that those EAE-ANV lists were providing cover to an illegal party (Batasuna), and, therefore, those list including former Batasuna members were ineligible. EAE-ANV only disclosed its intentions to run for those elections with

11316-529: The fact that both Arzalluz and Garaikoetxea have gone into political retirement), both parties agreed to form an electoral coalition in a number of local elections as a means to maximise the nationalist votes, which eventually led to reunite both candidatures in a joint list again for the regional governments of Navarra and the Basque Autonomous Community in 1998. Thus, EA has participated in several EAJ-PNV-led Basque governments, including

11454-404: The first Christian democrat. One of the more influential theologians in Germany was Wilhelm von Ketteler , who encouraged Catholics to accept the modern state. Ketteler argued for productive associations with profit sharing, Christian trade unions, and general workers' rights. In the 1870s, Catholic political movements arose independently of the Catholic Church to defend Catholic interests from

11592-562: The first elections held in the Basque Autonomous Community , once Navarre was left out. In the transition years after Franco's death in 1975, Xabier Arzallus came to prominence, who masterminded the so-called "Spirit of Arriaga" to accommodate the party to the new Spanish democracy. Despite some internal tensions, the former priest and Jesuit came up reinforced and was chosen undisputed party leader. The EAJ-PNV found its main and strongest support base in Biscay, while in Navarre EAJ-PNV

11730-492: The foundation for the idea of subsidiarity, alongside the ideas that the state is to serve the people and that there is universal solidarity amongst humanity. A significant Neo-Scholastic was Jacques Maritain, who attempted to reconcile democracy and human rights with Thomist natural law. Maritain argued that human rights are based on natural law and that democracy needs Christianity to succeed. Jacques Maritain would use Thomist ideas of property to reduce inequality, arguing that

11868-426: The free, organic participation of the whole people in the common good. Academics have tied the idea of popularism to the way Christian democratic parties encompass sections of the whole population. This results from the inherent religious center allowing cut across class divisions. In realization of this, Christian democratic parties tend to invoke the title "People's Parties". Academic Carlo Invernizzi Accetti links

12006-631: The government derived its authority from God, not from the people. However, Kuyper and the Anti-Revolutionary Party did support organic democratic representation and promoted universal household suffrage. In Germany, this element came from the Lutheran Adolf Stoecker , who established the Christian Social Party , and those who followed him. The Christian social movement aimed to challenge Marxist socialism, so Stoecker supported pro-worker economic policies to win over

12144-481: The government in the Communist countries." Christian democrats' views include traditional moral values (on marriage, abortion, prohibition of drugs, etc.), opposition to secularization , opposition to state atheism , a view of the evolutionary (as opposed to revolutionary) development of society, an emphasis on law and order, and a rejection of communism . Christian democrats are open to change (for example, in

12282-541: The government. As a result of the economic constitution, this model is mildly corporatist. This model of capitalism, sometimes called Rhine–Alpine capitalism or social capitalism , is contrasted with Anglo-American capitalism or enterprise capitalism . Whereas the Anglo-capitalist model aims to remove restrictions on capitalism and enable individual prosperity, the Rhinish Model embeds the market into

12420-506: The idea of popularism to proportional representation , pillarization , and consociational democracy . The Christian democratic notion of pluralism is about how humans are generally embedded in a social framework. John Witte , explaining the origin of Christian democracy, describes pluralism thus: Both Protestant and Catholic parties inveighed against the reductionist extremes and social failures of liberal democracies and social democracies. Liberal democracies, they believed, had sacrificed

12558-429: The ineffective political action of the EAJ-PNV, largely daunted by post-war repression and scattered in exile. In addition, the new generation resented an attempt of the EAJ-PNV to pull the strings of their movement and PNV's youth wing Euzko Gaztedi (EGI), with whom they had merged in the mid-1950s, as well as showing a more modern stance, stressing for one the language as the centre of Basqueness , instead of race. In

12696-487: The interests of workers in society. Some activists, such as Frédéric Ozanam , the Society of St Vincent de Paul founder, were more amenable to liberal democracy. Ozanam criticized economic liberalism and the commodification of labor and argued that charity was insufficient to deal with these problems and that labor associations and state intervention were needed. Italian Popular Party leader Luigi Sturzo credits Ozanam as

12834-754: The large Basque exiles' network at the service of the Allied side and collaborated with the US Secretary of State and the CIA during the Cold War to fight Communism in Spanish America. When the United States decided to back Franco in 1952, Aguirre went to France where the Basque Government in exile was established. Also, he learned there that the pro-Nazi French government of Vichy confiscated

12972-628: The liberal states. In Europe, generally, the liberal states desired to wrestle control over the Catholic education system; however, in Germany and Italy, this was a direct attack against the church. The Catholic political movements specifically opposed liberal secularism and state control of education; the parties that came out of these movements include the Centre Party (Germany) , the Catholic Party (Belgium) , various Catholic parties in

13110-572: The movements, seeing them as a challenge to the church's control of the laity. Over time, the impact of electoral politics on these parties pushed them to be more accepting of liberal democracy. To form effective political coalitions, these parties evolved from Catholic parties to parties inspired by Christianity and turned to voters, not the Catholic Church, for legitimacy. During this time, the Catholic parties took an inter-class nature, such that they comprised trade unionists, landlords, industrialists, peasants, and artisans, which academics have linked to

13248-685: The natural reality of family and household, based on the lifelong commitment of husband and wife, perfected with children, a unit that has priority over other communities. Aquinas also argued that public power could legitimately appropriate private owners of their resources for the common good when used for people in genuine need. When Leo XIII became pope, he issued the Papal Encyclical Aeterni Patris , which rehabilitated scholastic philosophy. The pope highlighted Aquinas's views on liberty, authority, laws, justice, and charity in this encyclical. Aquinas's ideas would later be

13386-547: The new status-quo, with special attention to a new Statute. The EAJ-PNV's results in the 1977 and 1978 elections confirmed PNV's central position in Basque politics. While the EAJ-PNV advocated for abstention in the referendum on the Spanish Constitution for its lack of Basque input, the party supported the Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country , approved in December 1978, and paved the way to its success in

13524-577: The notion of popularism . Protestant confessional politics was more wide and varied. The most significant movement was in the Netherlands, where Reformed , neo-Calvinist Protestants founded the Anti-Revolutionary Party . Similarly to the Catholics, this party was formed out of similar concerns with liberal control of education. The party was against the ideas of the French revolution, and its founder, Abraham Kuyper , held that

13662-513: The notion of subsidiarity. Around this time, corporatism became increasingly prominent among young Catholics frustrated with parliamentary politics and, in many instances, would inspire authoritarian and fascist regimes movements in Austria, France, Spain, Portugal, and Germany. Eventually, corporatism fell out of the political debate due to this association with authoritarian and fascist regimes. Another economic idea within Christian democracy

13800-662: The party set up stands to sell drinks and their more typical products, all brightened up by traditional music. Dances and traditional sports are also enjoyed. The celebration takes place in an open air arena (currently in Foronda , Álava ), and lasts until nightfall. In the European Parliament , the Basque Nationalist Party sits in the Renew Europe group with one MEP. In the European Committee of

13938-545: The party spurred the formation of a splinter group with a stronghold in Gipuzkoa , which in turn led to a new party in 1987, when dissenters from the EAJ-PNV formed the Basque Solidarity ("Eusko Alkartasuna", EA) party. Carlos Garaikoetxea was then elected as the first president of the rival party. The split from the EAJ-PNV was mainly based on: Afterwards, some ideological differences also came out. EA adopted

14076-640: The post-war period, and after the war, they joined with Catholics to form the Christian Democratic Union. The ordoliberals termed their vision a " social market economy ", a vision the Catholics would also come to champion. In Sweden, it arose amongst the Pentecostals, where it coalesced in the Christian Democrats , founded in 1964 as a reaction to secularization. The Finnish Christian Democrats , formed in 1957, and

14214-431: The post-war period, Christian democratic parties became more conservative, partially in response to communism and secularism. The Christian democrats also won the women's vote in their respective countries due to the pro-family policies of Christian democrats. Christian democrats pursued decentralization policies during this time, encouraging regionalism in Germany, Italy, and Belgium. This was sought with increased favor as

14352-840: The post-war scene. In Italy, the new Christian Democratic Party led the coalition government under Alcide De Gasperi , and in France, the Popular Republican Movement became the largest party in parliament in 1946. In Germany, France, and Italy, the Christian democratic parties helped establish their respective countries' constitutions. Between the 1940s and 1990s, Christian democratic parties were in power across western Europe; "In Germany they were in power for 36 years out of 50, in Italy for 47 years out of 52, in Belgium 47 years out of 53, and in Netherlands for 49 years of 53; even in France they were influential up to 1962". In

14490-422: The powerful manufacturing industry of Bilbao, thinking that they had the responsibility to secure the prosperity of their people in the future. This decision allowed the occupying rebel forces to use the industrial power of Bilbao in their war effort against the rest of Republic-aligned Spain. In July 1937, having lost all Basque territory, the Basque Army retreated toward Santander . With no territory or help from

14628-564: The principles behind corporatism. The Christian democratic notion of corporatism was found within Heinrich Pesch 's solidarism . Pesch's solidarism argued for international solidarity based on shared humanity, national solidarity based on shared nationality, familiar solidarity for family members, and class and cross-class solidarity based on shared interests in the workplace. This latter solidarity focused on occupational associations advancing collective interests, codetermination, and

14766-698: The property seized after the war by the Francoist government. After the 1977 election, ANV chose not to run for elections by itself but run in subsequent elections as a minor part of the electoral platforms of the Basque National Liberation Movement . It was not a part of KAS though. Thus, when the Basque independentist party, Batasuna , was banned by the Spanish Supreme Court in 2002 after government allegations of its close relationship to ETA, EAE-ANV remained as

14904-456: The rebel forces. Jose Antonio Aguirre stated that "the German planes bombed us with a brutality that had never been seen before for two and a half hours." Pablo Picasso made a painting in remembrance of the massacre named after the city that year. When Bilbao, the most populated city in the Basque Country, was taken by Franco's troops, the Basque nationalists decided to not destroy or sabotage

15042-587: The rebel troops approached Biscay, the Carlist press in Pamplona even called for the extermination of Basque nationalists. José Antonio Aguirre , the party leader, became in October 1936 the first lehendakari (Basque president) of the wartime multipartite Basque Government , ruling the unconquered parts of Biscay and Gipuzkoa. In April 1937, the city of Gernika was bombed by German airplanes covertly aiding

15180-649: The republic, democracy, and anti-fascism in the ensuing Spanish Civil War and were key in balancing those provinces to the Republican side. In the territory seized by the rebels, PNV members faced tough times. During the military uprising in Navarre, the Basque nationalist mayor of Estella-Lizarra , Fortunato Aguirre, was arrested by the Spanish nationalist rebels (18 July 1936), and killed in September. Some Basque nationalists could flee north to Basque areas loyal to

15318-404: The resulting industrialization and urbanization of society were seen to be destroying traditional communal and family life. According to the Catholic Church, liberal economics promoted selfishness and materialism with the liberal emphasis on individualism, tolerance, and free expression, enabling all kinds of self-indulgence and permissiveness to thrive. Consequently, for much of the 19th century,

15456-478: The right-wing rebels insisted on a unified Spain, making them hostile to nationalist movements in regions such as the Basque Country. Furthermore, the Basque Nationalist Party was also anti-Fascist , while Fascists constituted a large part of the rebellion. Ultimately, the republican government was able to secure the allegiance of the Basque Nationalist Party with the promise to pass a Basque Autonomy Statute. The Biscayan and Gipuzkoan branches declared support for

15594-493: The rise of Christian trade unions across Europe. It was the catalyst for the beginning of Christian democracy in France, Italy, and Austria. The same year as the release of Rerum Novarum, Abraham Kuyper organized the Christian Social Congress alongside the Protestant workers' movement, where Kuyper outlined their social principles and policy. These actions reinforced the push for Christian social action in

15732-412: The shortest possible legal notice. Thus, the legal assessment declaring some of the lists ineligible was made in a hurry, which also left little time (24 hours) for appeal on the part of the party. Some EAE-ANV members then claimed that a " presumption of guilt " was applied that remained to be properly proven in due time. However, EAE-ANV could take part in the elections with its legal lists, and received

15870-547: The six countries, Germany, Italy, Belgium, and Luxembourg, and were a part of the coalition government in the Netherlands at the time. At least until the mid-1980s, social democrats were hostile to the institutions of the European Communities – even in the 1970s, Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme called the European Commission "conservative", "capitalist", "clerical", and "colonialist". Indeed,

16008-529: The social framework, with the goals of nation-building and of taking care of citizens. Beginning in the 1980s, European Christian democratic parties have partially adopted "neo-liberal" policies. However, Christian democrats in the American Solidarity Party instead adopted distributism . The promotion of the Christian democratic concepts of sphere sovereignty and subsidiarity led to the creation of corporatist welfare states throughout

16146-432: The state should be involved if individuals do not use their property correctly. Jacques Maritain and Emmanuel Mounier would also use Thomist thinking in developing their idea of personalism. Another intellectual element of Christian democracy was neo-Calvinism . The neo-Calvinist political ideas relied on John Calvin's ideas of the sovereignty of God and common grace. God's sovereignty was particularly useful in light of

16284-433: The structure of society) and not necessarily supportive of the social status quo, and have an emphasis on human rights and individual initiative. A rejection of secularism and an emphasis on the fact that the individual is part of a community and has duties towards it. Christian democrats hold that the various sectors of society (such as education, family, economy, and state) have autonomy and responsibility over their sphere,

16422-500: The subsequent social doctrine of the church. The encyclical doubled down on the pronouncements of Rerum novarum on economic liberalism and socialism. The attack against socialism was broadened to include moderate socialism, and within the encyclical, the pope outlined a corporatist structure of society based on the notion of "subsidiarity". However, the pope would stress the autonomy of this corporatist system to distinguish it from fascism. This Quadragesimo Anno would come to influence

16560-446: The support of the state. Christian democrats support the principle of stewardship , which upholds the idea that humans should safeguard the planet for future generations of life. Christian democrats also tend to have a conciliatory view concerning immigration. No single author has been recognized by all Christian democrats as the leading Christian democratic thinker, but Jacques Maritain comes closest. Thus, in terms of impact, he

16698-476: The tensions between church and state. In the twentieth century, Christian democrats led postwar Western and Southern Europe in building modern welfare states and constructing the European Union . Furthermore; in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, Christian democracy has gained support in Eastern Europe among former communist states suffering from corruption and stagnation. On

16836-409: The term "Christian democracy" in opposition to liberal democracy. The Centre Party in Germany seems to be an exception to this trend in that they defended the Catholic Church through an appeal to liberal freedoms and democracy. Additionally, the Centre Party, inspired by Ketteler, supported social legislation. Despite the thoroughly pro-Catholic position of these movements, the church itself resisted

16974-519: The traditional laws of the Basque provinces , observed by the kings of Castile, and later Spain, until the Carlist Wars . The motto of Basque Carlists was Dios, patria, fueros, rey ("God, Country, Fueros, King "). Basque nationalism evolved out of Carlism, eventually supplanting it in much of the Basque Country. Jeltzale in the party's Basque-language name Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea

17112-460: The various political organizations, including the EAJ-PNV, EAE-ANV, and Jagi-Jagi . The autonomous government maintained remarkable order behind the lines in Biscay and western Gipuzkoa, and managed the coordination and provision of military resistance. Upon occupation of territories loyal to the Republic, the rebel forces focused repression on leftists, but Basque nationalists were also targeted, facing prison, humiliation, and death in some cases. As

17250-523: The views held by liberals, conservatives and socialists within a wider framework of moral and Christian principles." Christian democrats are usually socially conservative and generally have a relatively skeptical stance towards abortion and same-sex marriage , although some Christian democratic parties have accepted the limited legalization of both. They advocate for a consistent life ethic concerning their opposition to capital punishment and assisted suicide . Christian democrats have also supported

17388-559: The vigor for corporatism. In Ireland, Political Catholics would pursue a policy of vocationalism taken directly from Quadragesimo anno . This vocationalism was most evident in the corporatist nature of the Irish upper house . Across Europe, the Catholic and Protestant parties faced the threat of fascism. Amidst the rise of Fascism in Italy, the Italian People's Party , under Sturzo , attempted to challenge Mussolini by forming

17526-496: The working class. However, when this failed, Stoecker turned to anti-Semitism. In Switzerland, Stoecker and his fellow allies generated some interest in Protestant political organization, but Protestants largely accepted the predominance of liberalism, so there was only minor growth of a Protestant political movement. The papacy of Pope Leo XIII was a turning point in the development of Christian democracy, and he attempted to infuse democracy and liberalism with Catholic values. In

17664-716: The world that continue to exist to this day. In keeping with the Christian democratic concepts of the cultural mandate and the preferential option for the poor , Christian justice is viewed as demanding that the welfare of all people, especially the poor and vulnerable, must be protected because every human being has dignity, being made in the image of God. In many countries, Christian democrats organized labor unions that competed with communist and social democratic unions, in contrast to conservatism's stance against worker organizations. In solidarity with these labor unions, in Belgium, for example, Christian democrats have lobbied for Sunday blue laws that guarantee workers and civil servants

17802-463: The year's general election . This suspension was later on confirmed by the Spanish Supreme Court declaring EAE-ANV illegal. The case was taken by the defendants to the European Court of Human Rights , which upheld the Spanish court rulings stating that the EAE-ANV candidatures were, in effect, a "fraud" constructed to circumvent the previous outlawing of Batasuna. Despite the fact that the party

17940-416: Was Christian democracy in the political sphere. The papal encyclical Graves de communi re prohibited Christian democracy to be a political ideology, and so Sturzo used the term popularism instead. Popularism helped European Catholics come to accept democracy, and so the idea has been linked to Christian democratic ideas of democracy, which Sturzo Defined as: The political and social system resting on

18078-583: Was created in 1911. Therefore, Sabino Arana and Ángel Zabala were only presidents of the Regional Council of Biscay ( Bizkai-Buru-Batzar ) JeL ( Jaun-Goikua eta Lagi-zaŕa , "God and the Old Laws" in Arana's purist Biscayan Basque , Jaungoikoa eta Lege-zaharra or Jaungoikoa eta Foruak in Standard Basque) is the motto of the party. The "old laws" referred to are the fueros ,

18216-574: Was exiled in Belgium when Hitler 's forces invaded it, thus beginning his long clandestine journey to reach the United States. With a false identity, he travelled to Berlin, and then on to Sweden with the help of a Panamanian ambassador. He fled Europe for Latin America, where in Uruguay he re-assumed his real identity and was given a visa to the United States. He travelled to New York, where he

18354-404: Was expelled in 2000). The current chairman of the EAJ-PNV is Andoni Ortuzar . The party's youth wing is Euzko Gaztedi . The EAJ-PNV's social offices are called batzokis, of which there are over 200 throughout the world. Since 1932, the party celebrates Aberri Eguna (Homeland Day) on Easter . Also, since 1977, it celebrates Alderdi Eguna (Party Day). The Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ-PNV)

18492-483: Was founded in 1895 by Sabino de Arana Goiri as a Catholic and conservative political party agitating for political independence for the province of Biscay and the defence of Basque traditional culture, language , and racial purity. In fact, in its early years, party membership was restricted to those who could prove pure Basque ancestry by having eight Basque surnames. By 1897, the party sought independence not only for Biscay but for all seven provinces comprising

18630-643: Was next to non-existent. Carlos Garaikoetxea spearheaded the new autonomous government after being elected with 38.8% of the votes and during this first term the Basque Nationalist Party held office without outside support. During this period, the EAJ-PNV's challenges were closely associated to its position in the Basque Government: defense of the Statute, devolution of powers from Madrid, discrediting of political violence, restructuring of manufacturing industry steeped in crisis. As of 1985, tensions inside

18768-467: Was not an endorsement of democracy, and the liberal Catholics maintained they did not adhere to liberalism. Eventually, the movement's leading figures, such as Félicité de La Mennais , would become more accepting of democracy. The group came to be associated with a desire for a free press, freedom of association and worship, and free education. Around this time, Catholic social thought developed, with social Catholic theologians and activists advocating

18906-484: Was taken under the protection of American Basques as a professor at Columbia University . The president of the Basque Government in exile was always a EAJ-PNV member. Additionally, the sole Spanish representative in the United Nations was the Basque appointee Jesús de Galíndez , until his murder in an obscure episode regarding his PhD Thesis about Dominican Republic's dictator Trujillo. He also decided to put

19044-474: Was that of Franz von Baader , who advocated for proletariat enfranchisement in the corporatist system. Baader is recognized as the first person to advocate for workplace codetermination . Codetermination would become a key point of unity amongst the Christian democratic trade unions. In the 19th century and early 20th century, the Lutheran social Christians advocated an authoritarian view of corporatism, and

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