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92-907: Bedford School is a 7–18 boys public school in the county town of Bedford in England. Founded in 1552, it is the oldest of four independent schools in Bedford run by the Harpur Trust . Bedford School is one of the oldest boys' schools in the United Kingdom, and was the winner of the Independent Boys School of the Year Award at the Independent Schools of the Year Awards in 2021. Bedford School

184-453: A grammar school in the town. The letters instructed boys to be taught by a Master and Usher chosen by the Warden and Fellows of New College, Oxford ; Bedford's first headmaster was Edmund Greene, a Fellow of the college who had been teaching in Bedford for four years before the establishment of the school – Greene's relationship to the college was the reason for its appointment to choose

276-591: A boys' side under one roof) in 1889. In England, most secondary education was single-sex until the 1970s. Single-sex schooling was traditionally the norm for secondary schools in most parts of the United Kingdom, especially for private, grammar and secondary modern schools, but most UK schools are now coeducational. In the state sector of the U.K. education system very few single sex schools remain. The number of single-sex state schools has fallen from nearly 2,500 to just over 400 in 40 years. According to Alan Smithers , Professor of Education at Buckingham University , there

368-529: A chance of education at a time when they were denied access to mainstream educational institutions. The former was especially common in Switzerland, the latter in the U.S. and the U.K., pioneers in women's education. In Western Europe before the 19th century, the most common way for girls to access education was at home, through private tutoring , and not at school, due to the strong resistance to women's involvement in schools. This attitude began to change in

460-501: A fag's duties would include such humble tasks as blacking boots, brushing clothes, and cooking breakfasts, and there was no limit as to hours the fag would be expected to work. Later, fagging was restricted to such tasks as running errands and bringing tea to the fag-master's study. The 1911 Britannica details an evolution of the role at Eton. Under school rules, fagging might involve harsh discipline and corporal punishment when those were standard practices. In 1930, an inquest into

552-899: A girl' and less aware of gender stereotypes regarding science, compared to girls who were randomly assigned to the coed classroom." In January 2012, a study of the University of Pennsylvania, involving a randomized experiment , considered the experiment with the highest level of scientific evidence. The data comes from schools in South Korea, where a law was passed randomly assigning students to schools in their district. The study by Park, Berhman, and Choi titled Causal Effects of Single-Sex Schools on College Entrance Exams and College Attendance: Random Assignment in Seoul High Schools concluded that "Attending all-boys schools or all-girls schools rather than attending coeducational schools

644-607: A girls' school, and boys rated their abilities in English higher if they went to a boys' school, i.e. gender stereotyping was weaker in the single-sex sector. Later in life, women who had been to single-sex schools went on to earn higher wages than women who had been to co-educational schools. Fagging Fagging was a traditional practice in British public schools and also at many other boarding schools , whereby younger pupils were required to act as personal servants to

736-538: A house based on the area of town in which they lived. Whilst these are the official house names, it is common for boarders to refer to their house by the name of their boarding house. The houses are: Ashburnham – The day house is next to the Design and Technology Building. The boarding house, Sandersons , is within a ten-minute walk of the school in Rothsay Gardens, next to Redburn. Bromham – The day house

828-430: A limited form at some schools. In 2017, the actor Simon Williams described how, as a new pupil at Harrow School in 1959, he was required to fag for a prefect four years his senior, involving duties such as spit-shining his shoes, making his bed, serving tea, and even warming the toilet seat. Fagging was sometimes associated with both consensual sexual service and sexual abuse . Christopher Tyerman, writing about

920-434: A mixed-gender school environment (Coleman 1961, Hill 2015), girls may suffer more because of, for instance, an increase in disruptive behaviour (as discussed by Figlio 2007), or a diversion of the teacher's attention to weaker students (as suggested by Lavy et al. 2012). In Australia, most single sex schools are fee paying independent or Catholic schools. There are a small number of single sex government schools, while within

1012-406: A new site, to alleviate overcrowding. These included Hamilton (1955), Gisborne (1956), Hastings (1956), Tauranga (1958), Rotorua (1959), Westlake (1962), Kelston (1963), and Marlborough (1963). In Nigeria, public opinion regarding sexes in schools is influenced most by religious and cultural beliefs rather than the idea that students learn better separated into sexes. Because of this,

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1104-402: A separate grammar school. Around 1810, headmaster John Brereton restarted boarding at Bedford, although the school still primarily taught day students. By 1820, Bedford had 84 students, of which half were boarders. During Brereton's tenure, Bedford took on many characteristics of Victorian public schools, including fagging , and compulsory Christianity. The school's curriculum was broadened, and

1196-631: A single storey ground floor area beneath the Art Department towards the south of the school estate. The boarding house, Redburn , is within a ten-minute walk of the school. The house takes its name from the area around St Paul's Church ('Paulo') and the area south of the river, over the Town Bridge ('Pontine'). St Cuthbert's – The day house is located next door to the Medical Centre on Burnaby Road. The boarding house, Phillpotts ,

1288-489: A small number of PRE-SCHOOL students attending a COED pre-kindergarten" (capitalized letters in the original). He further said that "these authors provide no evidence for their substantive claim that 'gender divisions are made even more salient in SS settings.' In fact, this conjecture has been tested, and proven false, in multiple studies." Sax cited a study which said that "girls in the all-girls classroom were less aware of 'being

1380-493: A state school instead of going to an expensive private girls' school. Finally, in 1927, all state secondary schools for boys were integrated, and the private girls' schools started to be transformed into coeducational schools, a process which was completed by 1970. While England has a very strong tradition of single-sex education, education in Scotland was largely mixed, and Wales introduced dual schools (a girls' side and

1472-527: A variety of various professional families in Bedford, elsewhere in the United Kingdom, as well as overseas. In 2016, the school had 139 boys as English as an Additional Language (EAL), and 57 boys who received additional support in learning for special educational needs, such as dyslexia, and physical disabilities. Independent Schools Inspectorate (ISI) inspected Bedford School in November 2016, and found quality of personal development provided for boys attending

1564-538: Is also believed that by having single-sex classrooms, the students will be able to focus more on their education, as they will not have the distraction of the other sex. The study argues that coeducation schools provide opportunities for students to interact with their peers, which de-stresses students and creates a friendlier, more relaxed environment. Ireland has significantly more pupils studying in single-sex schools than other western countries: more than one-third of second-level schools are single-sex. Single-sex education

1656-848: Is called the Fourth Form and is equivalent to Year 9 in the state system. After that come the Remove and the Fifth Form. The next two years are the Lower Sixth and the Upper Sixth. Bedford School also caters for the lower years (from Year 3 to Year 8) in Bedford Preparatory School. This is located on the Bedford School estate and many facilities are shared. Boys attending Bedford School typically come from

1748-647: Is composed of the Preparatory School (ages 7 to 13) and the Upper School (ages 13 to 18). There are around 1,100 pupils, of whom approximately one half are boarders . In 2014, James Hodgson succeeded John Moule as headmaster after Moule moved on to Radley College . Although no large scale educational institution had existed in Bedford before the foundation of Bedford School, the collegiate St Paul's Church had run systems to teach Bedford's youth Latin and church history since at least 1086. This

1840-430: Is in the north-east corner of the school estate. St Peter's – The day house occupies a purpose-built building next to its boarding house, Talbots , on Burnaby Road. The prep school operates with a different house system to the upper school, with there being 4 houses, each linked to a famous person from Bedford. The houses are as follows: This house has yellow ties. It is named after John Bunyan . They Currently hold

1932-675: Is inflated or non-existent and instead argue that such segregation can increase sexism and impairs the development of interpersonal skills. Advocates of single-sex education believe that there are persistent sex differences in how males and females learn and behave in educational settings and that such differences merit educating them separately. One version of this argument holds that male-female brain differences favor implementing sex-specific teaching methods, but such claims have not held up to rigorous scrutiny. In addition, supporters of single-sex education argue that by segregating sexes, students do not become distracted by another sex's actions in

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2024-875: Is less common at the primary level than at the secondary level: 17% of primary school children attend single-sex schools. In the Middle East, public schools in several countries are all gender-segregated. In some countries, there are single-sex private schools as well. In Iran, single-sex public and private schools have been in place since the Islamic Revolution . Universities are mostly coeducational in Iran but schools are single-sex . University of Kosar (Bojnourd, Iran) and Narjes Rafsanjan University (Rafsanjan, Iran) are two examples of female-only universities. In Israel, secular public schools are coeducational. Many, but not all, Orthodox public schools are single-sex;

2116-476: Is mandated for those grade 4 and above. In New Zealand, almost all primary schools are coeducational (1,935 co-ed, 7 boys-only, 4 girls-only), while there are more examples of single-sex secondary schools. There are 45 boys-only secondary schools, 53 girls-only secondary schools and 274 mixed secondary schools as of July 2018 . During the mid-20th century, several state coeducational secondary schools split into two single-sex schools, with one school moving to

2208-640: Is no well-designed research showing that single-sex (SS) education improves students' academic performance, but there is evidence that sex segregation increases gender stereotyping and legitimizes institutional sexism." Leonard Sax , the President of National Association for Single-sex Public Education or NASSPE, countered the Science article by saying that "ALL the studies cited in the SCIENCE article regarding 'negative impacts' were in fact studies involving

2300-556: Is on Burnaby Road at the main entrance to the school, next to the Rice Building. The school's sixth form boarding house, Burnaby , is on Burnaby Road. Crescent – The day house is in a two-storey building towards the south of the school estate. The boarding house, Pemberley , is on Pemberley Avenue. The name Crescent derives from The Crescent, a road to the north-east of Bedford town centre running between Bromham Road and Tavistock Street. Paulo Pontine – The day house occupies

2392-595: Is practiced in many parts of the world based on tradition and religion; Single-sex education is most popular in English-speaking countries (regions) such as Singapore, Malaysia, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, South Africa and Australia; also in Chile, Israel, South Korea and in many Muslim majority countries. In the Western world, single-sex education is primarily associated with the private sector , with

2484-459: Is preferred, like Peshawar and Quetta , where many schools are single-sex educational. However, there are also schools in the urban areas which are coeducational. Most colleges are also single-sex education institutions till graduation, but many private and public sector universities have coeducation systems. There are some women's universities in Peshawar and Rawalpindi as well. However, most of

2576-486: Is significantly associated with higher average scores." In 2014, E. Pahlke, J. S. Hyde, and C. M. Allison published a meta-analysis in Psychological Bulletin comparing achievement and attitudes in single-sex versus coeducational schools that included 1.6 million students in grades K-12. The study concluded that "there is little evidence of an advantage of SS schooling for girls or boys for any of

2668-763: The Astronomer Royal for Scotland . It has a custom-designed GRP dome and a computer-controlled twelve-inch (305mm) telescope . The telescope has a hydrogen alpha filter, which enables the observer to view the magnetic plasma flow around the sun. The adjacent Planetarium was named after the Wolfson Foundation . Bedford School aims to maintain the Christian ethos which was embedded into its foundation principles when established, but commits to admitting boys of all faiths, or boys with no faith. The first year at Bedford School (for 13- to 14-year-olds)

2760-599: The England cricket team , and whose coach at Bedford School was sports master and former England batsman Derek Randall . Other Bedford School sportsmen include England rugby internationals Martin Bayfield and Andy Gomarsall ; the rower Jack Beresford , winner of five Olympic medals; and 1924 Olympic 100-metre sprint gold medallist Harold Abrahams . Edmund Greene was appointed as headmaster of Bedford School prior to Bedford School's foundation in 1552. From then on

2852-795: The Harpur Trust was formally created by an act of Parliament , the Harpur Trust Act 1764 ( 4 Geo. 3 . c. 72 ), to administer Bedford School's endowment. After the Great Fire of London , much of Harpur's land in London was built on, and so by 1900, the Harpur Trust was receiving payments from these of around £14,000 (equivalent to £1,913,333 in 2023) per year. Following its foundation, Bedford School expanded greatly, increasing its head count and restoring its buildings. The "Writing School", now Bedford Modern School , also split to form

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2944-689: The National Pipe Organ Register . The Charles Piazzi Smyth Observatory and the Wolfson Planetarium were opened in May 2002 by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh . Situated on the Bedford School estate, the facility is operated by the school's astronomer in conjunction with members of the Bedford Astronomical Society. The observatory was named after an Old Bedfordian who went on to become

3036-521: The women's college Högre lärarinneseminariet in Stockholm from 1861, and its adjacent girls' school Statens normalskola för flickor . The Girls' School Committee of 1866 organized the regulation of girls' schools and female education in Sweden: from 1870, some girls' schools were given the right to offer the gymnasium (school) level to their students, and from 1874, those girls' schools which met

3128-538: The 17th and 18th centuries, when girls' schools were established in both Catholic Europe, where they were managed by nuns, as well as in Protestant Europe, where they were managed by governesses, philanthropists, and private entrepreneurs. The development was similar in the U.S., where early feminists also successfully established women's educational institutions. These were different from and considered inferior to men's institutions. However, they created some of

3220-523: The 17th-century, schools for girls opened in both Roman Catholic Southern Germany and Protestant Northern Germany. In Catholic Germany, the Catholic Ursuline and Elisabeth sisters established first elementary education schools for poor children and orphans and eventually (before 1750), also a type of secondary education girls' schools for wealthy girls called "daughters institutes", which were essentially finishing schools. In Protestant Germany,

3312-535: The 20th century also contributed to the acceptance of mixed sex education . In 1917 coeducation was mandated in the Soviet Union. According to Cornelius Riordan, "By the end of the nineteenth century, coeducation was all but universal in American elementary and secondary public schools (see Kolesnick, 1969; Bureau of Education, 1883; Butler, 1910; Riordan, 1990). Furthermore, by the end of the 20th century, this

3404-536: The 21 other countries yielded much smaller effects, such as a 0.10 effect on mathematics for girls and a 0.06 effect for boys and science (0.06 for girls and 0.04 for boys). Most of the international effects, then, would fall within Riordan's stricter criterion for statistical significance. In 2017, Christian Dustmann, Hyejin Ku, Do Won Kwak explained that "While teenage boys may be more likely to be distracted than girls by

3496-514: The City of Toronto include: Notre Dame High School , Neil McNeil High School , Chaminade College School , St. Joseph's Morrow Park Catholic Secondary School , Madonna Catholic Secondary School , Brebeuf College School , St. Joseph's College School , Michael Power High School, St. Joseph's High School, Islington , St. Andrew's College , St. Michael's College School , Upper Canada College , Havergal College and Royal St. George's College . As

3588-923: The Classical Society started a publication, VIM Magazine . Bedford School has a different major sport for each term. The Christmas term is rugby union orientated, the Easter term is devoted to hockey , and Summer is the cricket season. Rowing with the Bedford School Boat Club takes place on the River Ouse throughout the year. Other popular Bedford School sports include athletics, badminton, basketball, canoeing, cross-country running, fencing, fives, football, golf, rifle shooting, sailing, squash, swimming, table tennis, tennis, volleyball, water polo and weight training. The school produced cricketer Alastair Cook , who went on to captain

3680-535: The Secondary School Certificate or SSC), intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate or HSSC), and university programs leading to undergraduate and graduate degrees. Most of the private schools in major cities like Karachi , Lahore , Faisalabad , Hyderabad , Islamabad and Rawalpindi have co-education systems but all public schools adhere single-sex education. In some cities, single-sex education

3772-471: The Wardens and Fellows of New College, Oxford were given the right to appoint the master (headmaster) and usher (deputy headmaster). This came to an end in 1903, with the appointment of John Edward King to headship. The schools headmasters have been: 52°08′29″N 0°27′49″W  /  52.1415°N 0.46371°W  / 52.1415; -0.46371 Single-sex education Single-sex education

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3864-766: The ability to clearly communicate. Boys attending the Preparatory School at Bedford School achieve high standards, and in the Senior School, boys academic performance at GCSE level is above the national average. Results in GCSE examinations in the Sixth Form were also strong and found to be above the national average. Boys of all ages across the school, from Preparatory to Sixth Form, were found to be achieving strongly in key areas such as Language and Communication, as well as Numeracy and Mathematics. Following

3956-441: The academic problems of low achieving students, (10) Reduces sexual harassment among students, (11) Provides more positive student role models, (12) Allows for more opportunities to provide social and moral guidance, (13) Provides choice in public education. Australian researchers reported in 2009 that high school students' interpersonal relationships were positively associated with both academic and nonacademic achievement, although

4048-628: The attitude towards the separation/integration of sexes varies depending on the ethnic makeup of the region. People in northern Nigeria are primarily Muslim and, as a result, are more inclined to choose single-sex education over coeducation in line with their religious beliefs. However, country-wide, coeducation schools are more common than single-sex schools. In contrast to the predominance of coeducation schools, many prestigious educational institutions only accept one sex; notable examples include King's College and Queen's College situated in Lagos. Although

4140-424: The chapel. Most significantly, the ceiling was restored to its former Bodlian watercolour design, the original having been painted over in the 1960s due to deterioration. At the same time, the interior walls were redecorated and the stonework cleaned. The chapel is home to Bedford School's chapel choir and houses a fine two-manual Hill, Norman & Beard organ . The specification of this instrument can be found in

4232-743: The choir sang mass in Notre Dame Cathedral ; Rome (2004), where the choir sang mass in St. Peter's Basilica ; Ireland (2006); Madrid (2008), and Belgium (2019) . The choir has made several recordings in recent years. In 2007, the BBC recorded the school's Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols for transmission on Christmas Day of that year on BBC Radio under the direction of Andrew Morris , Director of Music at Bedford School between 1979 and 2011.They also recorded A CD entitled "A Bedford Christmas" in 2018. Bedford School produces several magazines, of which

4324-415: The classrooms. Supporters of single-sex education also argue that the culture of coeducational settings causes some students to focus more on socialization, rather than prioritizing academics. Single-sex education supporters blame this focus on socialization for causing problems in student participation, attendance levels, and disciplinary problems. A systematic review published in 2005 covering 2221 studies

4416-738: The compulsory elementary school for both sexes in Sweden in 1842, only five schools in Sweden provided academic secondary education to females: the Societetsskolan (1786), Fruntimmersföreningens flickskola (1815) and Kjellbergska flickskolan (1833) in Gothenburg , Askersunds flickskola (1812) in Askersund , and Wallinska skolan (1831) in Stockholm. During the second half of the 19th century, secondary education girl schools were in most Swedish cities. All of these were private, except

4508-748: The curriculum more relevant." In Bangladesh, a large number of government and non-government schools and colleges are single-sex institutions except for the universities. Notable all Cantonment schools (non-residential schools run directly by Military), Zilla Schools (run directly by Government [First starting in early colonial ages]), Cadet colleges (residential schools run directly by Military) are single-sex schools. Conservative parents in Bangladesh tend to send their children to single-sex educational institutions. Many single-sex schools exist in Canada, particularly Roman Catholic separate schools. Examples in

4600-536: The death of a 14-year-old schoolboy from Sedbergh School (then in West Yorkshire ) heard that, rather than returning after holidays, he took his life because of his dislike of the fagging system. The jury returned a verdict of suicide and recommended the discontinuation of the practice in public schools. During the late 20th century, fagging became unfashionable in British public schools, as attitudes to boarding education and child development changed. Despite

4692-504: The demands were given governmental support, and some were given the right to administer the school-leaving exam. This was necessary to make it possible for women to enroll at the universities, which had been opened to women in 1870, as female students were not accepted in the same middle schools as male students. Between 1904 and 1909, girls were integrated with state boys' schools on the secondary levels, making it possible for girls to complete their elementary- and middle-level education in

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4784-489: The deputy head are selected from amongst the monitors. Bedford School recognises individual achievement in various fields by the awarding of 'colours', at the discretion of the appropriate master , to boys in the Fifth Form and above. The various colours entitle the bearer to wear a particular variant of his uniform, appropriate to that award, on given days. There are five types of colours: Academic, Arts, Headmaster's, House, and Sports (Major and Minor). The Chapel Choir sings

4876-615: The directors of the research. In 2008, the U.S. government sponsored another study, Early Implementation of Public Single-Sex Schools: Perceptions and Characteristics , which listed the benefits of single-sex schools: (1) Decreases distractions in learning, (2) Reduces student behavior problems, (3) Provides more leadership opportunities, (4) Promotes a sense of community among students and staff, (5) Improves student self-esteem, (6) Addresses unique learning styles and interests of males or females, (7) Decreases sex bias in teacher-student interactions, (8) Improves student achievement, (9) Decreases

4968-525: The effects were minor, and the authors concluded "that the marginal benefits do not justify the potential threats to gender equity brought on by academic sex segregation". In September 2011, the journal Science published a study deeply critical of gender-segregated schooling, arguing that the movement towards single-sex education "is deeply misguided, and often justified by weak, cherry-picked, or misconstrued scientific claims rather than by valid scientific evidence". The study goes on to conclude that "there

5060-433: The eldest boys. Although probably originating earlier, the first accounts of fagging appeared in the late 17th century. Fagging sometimes involved physical abuse and/or sexual abuse. Although lessening in severity over the centuries, the practice continued in some institutions until the end of the 20th century. Fagging originated as a structure for maintaining order in boarding schools, when schoolmasters' authority

5152-524: The fag-master, was the protector of his fags and responsible for their happiness and good conduct. In case of any problem outside the classroom, such as bullying or injustice, a junior boy's recourse was to him, not to a form master or housemaster, and, except in the gravest cases, all incidents were dealt with by the fag-master on his own responsibility. The duties undertaken by fags, the time taken, and their general treatment varied widely. Each school had its own traditions and expectations. Until around 1900,

5244-603: The first medical institutions in the world established to train women in medicine and offer them the M.D. degree. During the 19th century, ideas about education started to change: modern ideas that defined education as a right , rather than as a privilege available only to a small elite, started to gain support in North America and Europe. Mass elementary education was introduced, and more and more coeducational schools opened. Together with mass education, coeducation became standard in many places. Increased secularization in

5336-502: The first opportunities to formalized higher education for women in the Western world. The Seven Sisters colleges offered unprecedented emancipation for women. The pioneer Salem College of Winston-Salem, North Carolina , was founded in 1772, originally as a primary school, later becoming an academy (high school) and finally a college. The New England Female Medical College (1848) and the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania (1850) were

5428-728: The great Pietist school innovator August Hermann Francke of Halle founded Gynaeceum, the first girls school or 'Mädchenschule' in 1698. The Gynaeceum was followed by many Pietist girls' schools in Germany, notably the Magdalenenstift in Altenburg and Johann Julius Hecker's Royal Elisabeth School in Berlin in 1747. In the 18th-century, it became common with so-called Töchterschule ('daughter school') in German cities, supported by

5520-443: The headmastership of George Butler, expanding the school, although boarding ended by 1660. However, the school grew little over the next century and a half due to incompetent headmasters and a lack of funding; it also grew little in social standing as compared to schools such as Winchester , Westminster , or Eton , this may also be partially attributed to its location in Bedford and lack of architecturally attractive estate. In 1764,

5612-467: The higher education in Pakistan is coeducation. Around 1800, girls' middle-secondary schools began to appear, and become more common during the 19th century. By the mid-1970s, most of them had been scrapped and replaced with coeducation . By law from the 1570s ( Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 ), girls, as well as boys, were expected to be given elementary schooling. The establishment for girls' schools

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5704-510: The house cup (2024) This house has red ties. It is named after Sir William Harpur , the school's founder. This house has blues. It is named after John Howard They last won the house cup in 2022 This house has green ties. It is named after Samuel Whitbread. Their mascot is Baby Yoda . Bedford School monitors are selected from amongst the boys of the Upper Sixth. They are entitled to wear coloured waistcoats and brown shoes as well as brass buttons on their blazers. The head of school and

5796-835: The independent sector the proportion of pupils attending single sex schools has dropped from 31% in 1985 to 24% in 1995. Nevertheless, as of 2016 single sex education in Australia is much more popular than in the US. In 2001, after six years of study of more than 270,000 students in 53 academic subjects, the Australian Council for Educational Research showed that boys and girls from single-sex classrooms "scored on average 15 to 22 percentile ranks higher than did boys and girls in coeducational settings. The report also documented that boys and girls in single-sex schools were more likely to be better behaved and to find learning more enjoyable and

5888-483: The inspection in November 2016, it was concluded that boys attending Bedford School had well–developed mathematical skills. Bedford School has six houses . Each house is composed of a day house and an associated boarding house . The day houses are areas for students to relax during breaks from teaching whilst the boarding houses are for students to reside in. The house names, dating from the mid-nineteenth century, refer to areas of Bedford ; boys were originally allocated

5980-491: The interaction between boys and girls in a majority of cases resulted in less homework done, less enjoyment of school, and lower reading and math scores. A UCLA report commissioned by the National Coalition of Girls' Schools used data from an extensive national survey of U.S. college freshmen and found stronger academic orientations among women who had attended all-girls, compared to coeducational high schools, but

6072-418: The merchant class who wished for their daughters to be given elementary schooling, as well as girls schools known as Mädchenpensionat , essentially finishing schools for upper-class daughters. In the early 19th-century, secondary education girls schools known as höhere Töchterschule ('Higher Daughter school') became common: these schools were given government support and became public in many German cities in

6164-490: The most prominent is The Ousel , published regularly since 1876. It is largely written by boys and managed directly by the school. It is published at the end of each Summer term and contains pupil and staff reviews of the school year. The school's Mosaic Society runs the Mosaic magazine which contains a range of essays and articles written by boys on subjects ranging from current affairs and politics to sport and science. In 2011,

6256-451: The outcomes." In a 2015 review of this study, however Cornelius Riordan observed that the authors "employ a 0.2 effect-size threshold in drawing these conclusions about there being no advantage to single-sex schooling. Despite the above conclusion, the research found that, in a separate analysis of just the best studies (well controlled) conducted in America, the effect size in mathematics was 0.14 for both boys and girls. The verbal performance

6348-598: The percent of single-sex schools exceeds 10 percent: Belgium, Chile, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Israel, New Zealand, Australia, South Korea, and most Muslim nations. Recently, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in single-sex schools in modern societies across the globe, both in the public and private sector (Riordan, 2002)." The topic of single-sex education is controversial. Advocates argue that it aids student outcomes such as test scores, graduation rates, and solutions to behavioral difficulties. Opponents, however, argue that evidence for such effects

6440-505: The preponderance of studies in areas such as academic accomplishment (both concurrent and long term) and adaptation or socioemotional development (both concurrent and long term) yields results lending support to single-sex schooling. The quantitative data itself "finds positive results are three to four times more likely to be found for single-sex schools than for coeducational schools in the same study for both academic achievement and socio-emotional development," said Cornelius Riordan, one of

6532-579: The private ultra-Orthodox schools are almost always gender-segregated, usually starting in elementary school. In Lebanon, most schools are co-educational schools. All schools are sex segregated, there are only boy or girl schools. The first private formal school for girls, the Madrasat AlBanat AlAhliah, was established in 1941. In Syria, private schools are coeducational, while public schools are mostly, but not exclusively, segregated. Universities are all coeducational. Private schools are coeducational in all Emirates but Sharjah, where segregated sex schooling

6624-504: The public (state) sector being overwhelmingly mixed sex; while in the Muslim world public schools and private schools are sex-segregated. Motivations for single-sex education range from religious ideas of sex segregation to beliefs that the sexes learn and behave differently. As such, they thrive in a single-sex environment. In the 19th century, in Western countries, single-sex girls' finishing schools , and women's colleges offered women

6716-601: The reluctance of senior boys who had served their time and expected to enjoy the benefits of the system, between the 1960s and 1980s the duties first became less onerous and then the system was abolished at most major public schools; the passing of the Children Act 1989 caused most British schools to ban the practice and it is now obsolete in Britain. There is a history of fagging in schools in former British colonies (see India , South Africa ) where fagging continues in

6808-455: The same school in 1788. During the 18th century, many girls' schools were established, referred to as Mamsellskola (' Mamsell school') or Franskpension ('French pension'). These schools could normally be classified as finishing schools, with only a shallow education of polite conversation in French, embroidery, piano playing, and other accomplishments, and the purpose was only to give

6900-456: The school to be "excellent". Boys attending Bedford School during the inspection were praised for having "respect for others", having a good "understanding of right and wrong", showing "kindness and sensitivity" and demonstrating "responsibility for others". Academic attainment across the school was strong, with boys making "rapid" progress in all curriculum areas whilst developing a wide range of learning skills, including independence of thought and

6992-534: The school was in full operation on Monday 5 March. Bedford School Chapel was completed in 1908 and is a Grade II* listed building . It is significant as the last architectural accomplishment of George Frederick Bodley , a prominent Victorian architect who worked in the Gothic Revival style. Other notable buildings by Bodley include the chapels of Marlborough College and Queens' College, Cambridge . In 2005, various refurbishment projects took place within

7084-512: The school was modernised. The Main School Building, originally built in 1891, is a Gothic Revival Grade II listed building . On the night of 3–4 March 1979, much of the building was gutted by fire as a result of arson. The internal structure of the building was destroyed and thirty classrooms were lost. Almost all pupil records were saved but books, furniture and the large collection of portraits of former headmasters were lost. However,

7176-456: The school's leadership. In the same year, William Harpur , likely an alumnus of the early school on Mill Lane, donated a building to the school, and in 1566 deeded several parcels of meadow around Bedford and Holborn to the school to insure it an income. After a decline in school size following widespread misuse of corporal punishment – a student almost died after being attacked by the school's usher – Bedford began boarding in 1656 under

7268-532: The second half of the 19th-century and their education adjusted to become equivalents of the secondary education boys' schools. In 1908, women were allowed to attend university, and in the 20th-century, the public secondary education system was integrated. Figures indicate that, as of 2002, 53% of girls in the Indian population actually attend schools. Some conservative parents may decide to withdraw their daughters at puberty onset because of fear of distraction. It

7360-422: The secondary education. When the problem of unqualified female teachers in the girls' secondary education was addressed by a state teacher's seminary for women and state secondary education for girls, both of these were still gender-segregated. The French school system was not desegregated on the middle secondary education level until the 20th century. Germany was a pioneer in the education of girls. Beginning in

7452-406: The sexes are not separated in the classroom at the university level, it is common practice to employ a single-sex housing policy on university campuses, e.g., Covenant University . The education system in Pakistan is generally divided into six levels: preschool (for the age from 3 to 5 years), primary (grades one through five), middle (grades six through eight), high (grades nine and ten, leading to

7544-466: The state elementary education school system in 1836, but girls and boys were only integrated into the lower levels, while the secondary education of girls was entrusted to girls' schools managed by either nuns or governesses, both of whom lacked the necessary qualifications. When women were formally allowed to attend university in France in 1861, it was hard for them to qualify because of the bad quality of

7636-404: The students a proper minimum education to be a lady, a wife, and a mother. In the first half of the 19th century, growing discontent over the shallow education of women eventually resulted in the finishing schools being gradually replaced by girls' schools with a higher level of academic secondary education, called "Higher Girl Schools", in the mid-19th century. At the time of the introduction of

7728-584: The weekly and special services in Bedford School Chapel. The choir consists of eighteen choristers from the Preparatory School and twenty-four choral scholars from the Upper School, many of whom are former cathedral choristers. The Chapel Choir regularly sings services and performs concerts in English cathedrals, including St Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey . The choir also tours abroad in alternate years. Previous destinations have included: Prague (1998); Oslo (2000); Paris (2002), where

7820-518: Was 0.22 for girls and 0.13 for boys.... Educational research has shown that a standard effect size of 0.10 on gains from sophomore to senior year of high school is equivalent to one full year of learning by the average public school student in the United States." Thus, he says, that "Applying this standard, a difference of 0.10 (or greater) between students in single-sex and in coeducational schools would be substantially important." The analysis of

7912-513: Was commissioned by the United States Department of Education entitled Single-sex versus coeducational schooling: A systematic review . The review, which had statistical controls for socio-economic status of the students and resources of the schools, etc., found that in the study on the effects of single-sex schooling: In general, most studies reported positive effects for single-sex schools on all-subject achievement tests, and

8004-685: Was customary in Catholic countries in Europe, girls were educated in convent schools for girls operated by nuns, such as Abbaye de Penthemont in Paris. A rare exception was Maison royale de Saint-Louis , founded by Madame de Maintenon in 1684. After the French Revolution , it became more common with girls' schools , often operated by governesses, a famous pioneer school being Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan . France formally included girls in

8096-450: Was largely true across the world. In the U.K., Australia, and Ireland, the tradition of single-sex education remained quite strong until the 1960s. The 1960s and 1970s were a period of intense social changes. Many anti-discrimination laws were passed during that era, such as the 1972 Title IX . Wiseman (2008) shows that by 2003, only a few countries globally have greater than one or two percent single-sex schools. But there are exceptions where

8188-474: Was left to each city's authorities, and no school for girls was founded until the Rudbeckii flickskola in 1632, and that school was an isolated example. However, schools for boys did accept female students at the lowest levels and occasionally even at high levels: Ursula Agricola and Maria Jonae Palmgren were accepted at Visingsö Gymnasium in 1644 and 1645 respectively, and Aurora Liljenroth graduated from

8280-534: Was no evidence that single-sex schools were consistently superior. A major longitudinal study of over 17,000 individuals examined whether single-sex schooling made a difference for a wide range of outcomes, including academic attainment, earnings, marriage, childbearing and divorce. The authors found that girls fared better in examinations at age 16 at single-sex schools, while boys achieved similar results at single-sex or co-educational schools. Girls rated their abilities in maths and sciences higher if they went to

8372-513: Was overseen by Bedford's archdeacon , but this ceased when the church's monks became canons regular , moving to Newnham Priory ; until the priory's dissolution in 1540, education in Bedford continued elsewhere in the town. This medieval school, located on "Scolestreet", later Mill Lane, had ended by 1447. On 15 August 1552, Edward VI issued letters patent in Ely allowing the " Mayors , Bailiffs , Burgesses and Commonality of Bedford" to establish

8464-439: Was practically limited to the classroom. Thomas Arnold , headmaster of Rugby from 1828 to 1841, defined fagging as the power given by the authorities of the school to the Sixth Form, to be exercised by them over younger boys. Fagging was a fully established system at St Paul's , Eton , and Winchester in the sixteenth century. Fagging carried with it well-defined rights and duties on both sides. The senior, sometimes called

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