79-583: The Belo Monte Dam ( formerly known as Kararaô ) is a hydroelectric dam complex on the northern part of the Xingu River in the state of Pará , Brazil . After its completion, with the installation of its 18th turbine, in November 2019, the installed capacity of the dam complex is 11,233 megawatts (MW), which makes it the second largest hydroelectric dam complex in Brazil and the fifth largest in
158-415: A run-of-the-river model, in contrast to the large reservoirs characteristic of the 1975 plans. Also in 2002, Workers' Party leader Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva earned a victory in his campaign for president, having originally run unsuccessful campaigns in 1989 , 1994 and 1998 . Lula soon brokered political deals with the center and right-wing sectors in 2003, especially with ex-president José Sarney of
237-427: A 40% share. In April 2012 it was announced that a $ 146 million contract was signed between Norte Energia S.A. and a consortium consisting of ARCADIS logos (a subsidiary of ARCADIS) holding a 35% share, and Themag, Concremat, and ENGECORPS, who will provide their engineering services to the project. The dam complex is expected to cost upwards of $ 16 billion and the transmission lines $ 2.5 billion. The project
316-515: A 47,400 cubic metres per second (1,673,915 cu ft/s) maximum discharge. The dam's reservoir would also divert water into two 12 km (7 mi) long canals. These canals would supply water to the Dos Canais Reservoir, which is created within the "Big Bend" by the main dam, Belo Monte ( 3°06′44″S 51°48′56″W / 3.11222°S 51.81556°W / -3.11222; -51.81556 ( Belo Monte Dam ) ),
395-463: A density of only 0.73 inhabitants per square kilometer at the same year. It is home to hundreds of indigenous communities and environmental protection areas. The Belo Monte Dam , the world's fourth largest hydroelectric dam is also located in the municipality. The history of Altamira traditionally includes the period from the installation of the Jesuit mission of the city to the present day. However,
474-497: A federal judge prohibited Norte Energia from "building a port, using explosives, installing dikes, building canals and any other infrastructure work that would interfere with the natural flow of the Xingu river, thereby affecting local fish stocks". On 9 November, construction was allowed to recommence after federal judge Maria do Carmo Cardoso ruled that indigenous people did not have to be consulted by law before work approval. The ruling
553-473: A letter on 21 January 2011 stating that it did not oppose the issuance of a limited construction license. On 26 January 2011, a partial installation license was granted by IBAMA, authorizing Norte Energia to begin initial construction activities only including forest clearing, the construction of easement areas, and improvement of existing roads for the transport of equipment and machinery. In February 2011, Norte Energía signed contracts with multiple suppliers for
632-558: A modeling system it became obvious that Belo Monte would require additional upstream dams to provide water storage for dry season generation. CSF concluded that Belo Monte would not be sustainable without the proposed Altamira (Babaquara) dam which would have a reservoir more than 10 times the size of Belo Monte's, flood 30 times the area submerged by Belo Monte, indigenous territories of the Araweté /Igarapé Ipixuna, Koatinemo , Arara , Kararaô , and Cachoeira Seca do Irirí natives. Due to
711-476: A new environmental impact assessment for the Belo Monte Dam Complex, which presented three alternatives. Alternative A included the six original dams planned in 1975. Alternative B included a reduction to four dams, dropping Jarina and Iriri. Alternative C included a reduction to Belo Monte only. The new environmental impact assessment contained reductions in reservoir size and the introduction of
790-479: A new national investment program was introduced: the Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (Program to Accelerate Growth). The Belo Monte Dam Complex figured as an anchor project of the new investment plan. In 2008, another new environmental impact assessment was written, this time by Eletrobras with the participation of Odebrecht , Camargo Corrêa , and Andrade Gutierrez , which formally accepted Alternative C or
869-439: A normal elevation area of 97 metres (318 ft) above sea level. The Bela Vista Dam which serves as the complex's secondary spillway would have a maximum discharge capacity of 14,600 cubic metres per second (520,000 cu ft/s). Shortly before the planned installation of the dam's last (18th) turbine in November 2019, it was revealed that catastrophic failure of the dam was possible due to exposure of an unprotected area of
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#1732780176050948-470: A relatively small area for a dam's energy output, this output cannot be fully obtained without the construction of other dams planned within the dam complex. The expected area of reservoir for the Belo Monte dam and the necessary Altamira dam together will exceed 6500 km of rainforest. The environmental impact assessment written by Eletrobras, Odebrecht, Camargo Corrêa, and Andrade Gutierrez listed
1027-471: A report from staff members of FUNAI , Fundação Nacional do Índio, (National Indian Foundation) had sent a report to IBAMA expressing concerns about the location of the project, its impact on reservation land, and the lack of attention to needs of the indigenous people, especially the Paquiçamba and recommending that FUNAI oppose any license to operate. Despite this report, FUNAI senior management sent IBAMA
1106-430: A report in 2007 stating that Brazil could cut its expected demand for electricity by 40% by 2020 by investing in energy efficiency . The power saved would be equivalent to 14 Belo Monte hydroelectric plants and would result in national electricity savings of up to R$ 33 billion (US$ 19 billion). Ex-director of ANEEL Afonso Henriques Moreira Santos stated that large dams such as Belo Monte were not necessary to meet
1185-624: A report on the EIA, finding "various omissions and methodological inconsistencies in the EIA..." Among the problems cited within the EIA were the project's uncertain cost, deforestation, generation capacity, greenhouse gas emissions and in particular the omission of consideration for those affected by the river being mostly diverted in the 100 km (62 mi) long "Big Bend" (Volta Grande). Two senior officials at IBAMA, Leozildo Tabajara da Silva Benjamin and Sebastião Custódio Pires, resigned their posts in 2009 citing high-level political pressure to approve
1264-534: A result, carbon emissions are emitted from the dam each year it is in operation. A 1990 study of the Curuá-Una Dam , also in Brazil, found that it pollutes 3.5 times more in carbon dioxide equivalent than an oil power plant generating an equal amount of electricity would; not in the form of the CO 2 atmospheric pollution associated with fossil fuel burning, but as the more dangerous methane emissions . Furthermore,
1343-546: A series of 28 dykes around the reservoir's perimeter and the Bela Vista Dam ( 3°19′46″S 51°47′27″W / 3.32944°S 51.79083°W / -3.32944; -51.79083 ( Bela Vista Dam ) ) which lies on the Dos Canais Reservoir's eastern perimeter. The Belo Monte Dam would support the main power station in the complex. The power station was to have twenty vertical Francis turbines listed at 550 MW (max 560 MW). Supplying each turbine with water
1422-911: A site that offers a 87.5 m (287 ft) drop. One engineer said of the dam: "God only makes a place like Belo Monte once in a while. This place was made for a dam." President of Eletronorte, José Muniz Lopes, in an interview with the newspaper O Liberal (Belo Monte entusiasma an Eletronorte por Sônia Zaghetto, 15 July 2001), affirmed: " Within the electric sector's planning for the period 2010/2020, we’re looking at three dams – Marabá (Tocantins river), Altamira (previously called Babaquara, Xingu River) and Itaituba (São Luís do Tapajós). Some journalists say that we are not talking about these dams because we’re trying to hide them. It’s just that their time has not yet come. We’re now asking for authorization to intensify our studies for these dams. Brazil would be greatly benefited if we could follow Belo Monte with Marabá, then Altamira and Itaituba. " In 2002, Eletronorte presented
1501-581: A strictly protected conservation unit created in 2005. It also contains part of the 342,192 hectares (845,570 acres) Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve , a strictly protected conservation unit established in 2005. The municipality contains 49% of the 445,408 hectares (1,100,630 acres) Serra do Pardo National Park , established at the same time. The climate of Altamira is tropical monsoon ( Köppen Am ), with high temperatures all year and average rainfall of 1,844 millimetres or 73 inches annually. The seasons are undefined by temperature, but there
1580-517: A structural volume (embankments included) of 25,356,000 cubic metres (895,400,000 cu ft); while the Bella Vista would be 33 metres (108 ft) high and 351 metres (1,152 ft) long, with a structural volume of 239,500 cubic metres (8,460,000 cu ft). The Dos Canais Reservoir would have a normal capacity of 1,889,000,000 cubic metres (1,531,000 acre⋅ft), a normal surface area of 108 square kilometres (42 sq mi) and
1659-483: A structural volume of 4,768,000 cubic metres (168,400,000 cu ft). It would create the Calha Do Xingu Reservoir which would have a normal capacity of 2,069,000,000 cubic metres (1,677,000 acre⋅ft) and surface area of 333 square kilometres (129 sq mi). The dam would support a power station and its spillway would serve as the complex's principal spillway with 17 floodgates and
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#17327801760501738-512: A turbine house would have an installed capacity of 233.1 MW, containing 38.85 MW bulb turbines . The generation facility is planned to have 18 Francis turbines with a capacity of 611.11 MW each. In February 2011, Norte Energía signed contracts with: Walter Coronado Antunes, the former Secretary of the Environment of the state of São Paulo, and ex-President of the state water and sanitation utility Sabesp , has said that
1817-460: A year-round flow of water, thus increasing the availability of generation. Supporters of the project point out that the seasonal minimum flow of the Xingu river occurs at a time when other Brazilian hydro plants are well supplied, so that no additional dams would have to be built. Reportedly, Brazil's National Council for Power Policies approved a resolution, previously sanctioned by then president Lula, that only one hydroelectric dam would be built on
1896-494: Is a 113-metre-long (371 ft), 11.2 metres (37 ft) diameter penstock , affording an average of 89.3 metres (293 ft) of hydraulic head . The Pimental Dam's power station was to have seven Kaplan bulb turbines, each rated at 25.9 MW and with 13.1 metres (43 ft) of hydraulic head . Later the unit count was decreased by using more powerful units (see next section). The Belo Monte Dam would be 90 metres (300 ft) tall and 3,545 metres (11,631 ft) long, with
1975-883: Is being developed by the state-owned power company Eletronorte , and would be funded largely by the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES). The project will also include substantial amounts of funding from Brazilian pension funds Petros, Previ, and Funcef. Private investors interested in the project include mining giants Alcoa and Vale (to power new mines nearby like the proposed Belo Sun gold mine), construction conglomerates Andrade Gutierrez , Votorantim, Grupo OAS, Queiroz Galvão, Odebrecht and Camargo Corrêa , and energy companies GDF Suez and Neoenergia. In 2006, Conservation Strategy Fund (CSF) analyzed different cost-benefit scenarios for Belo Monte as an energy project, excluding environmental costs. Initial benefits appeared marginal. When simulating energy benefits using
2054-470: Is developed by Norte Energia. The consortium is controlled by the state-owned power company Eletrobras , which directly (15%) and through its subsidiaries Eletronorte (19.98%) and CHESF (15%) controls a 49.98% stake in the consortium. In July 2010, the federal holding company Eletrobras stated that there were 18 partners and reported their adjusted share in the project: The Norte Energia consortium construction companies were reported to have originally held
2133-489: Is expected to be appealed in the Supreme Federal Court . On 25 April 2012, a regional judge ruled an upcoming employee strike to be illegal. Workers were seeking improved payments and additional time-off. However, according to the court the contractor company did not violate its terms and as such, its employees will be fined for R$ 200,000 (US$ 106,000) per day if they do not attend. On 14 August 2012, work on
2212-590: Is situated on the shores of the Xingu River a tributary of the Amazon River , with average elevation of 109 meters. The municipality contains part of the 724,965 hectares (1,791,430 acres) Altamira National Forest , a sustainable use conservation unit created in 1998. The municipality contains part of the Jamanxim National Park , a protected area. It contains part of the 3,373,134 hectares (8,335,200 acres) Terra do Meio Ecological Station ,
2291-595: Is the case for the "Big Bend" (Volta Grande) region. As a result, the electric utility ANEEL canceled the project auction. The same day, the appellate court for Region 1 disenfranchised the Attorney General's suspension, reinstating the project auction at ANEEL. On 26 August 2010, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signed the contract with the Norte Energia at a ceremony in Brasília. Construction
2370-487: The Reservatorio da Calha do Xingu (Xingu Riverbed Reservoir), and electricity would be generated from the two reservoirs using three dams: a complementary powerhouse called Pimental (233 MW), a complementary spillway called Bela Vista, and the main powerhouse called Belo Monte (11,000 MW). The Reservatorio dos Canais would be retained by over a dozen large dikes, and water from the reservoirs would be channeled towards
2449-510: The 2008 environmental impact assessment and permitted the project auction to take place in April 2010. In April 2010, Odebrecht, Camargo Corrêa, and CPFL Energia dropped out of the project tender, arguing that the artificially low price of the auction (R$ 83/US$ 47) set by the government was not viable for economic returns on investment. On 20 April 2010, the Norte Energia consortium won the project auction by bidding at R$ 77.97/ MWh , almost 6% below
Belo Monte Dam - Misplaced Pages Continue
2528-431: The Belo Monte Dam Complex would be one of the least efficient hydro-power projects in the history of Brazil, producing only 10% of its 11,233 MW nameplate capacity between July and October (1,123 MW, and an average of only 4,419 MW throughout the year, or a 39% capacity factor ). According to the president of Brazil's Energy Research Company (EPE), 39% is "just a little below" Brazil's average of 55%. Normally,
2607-511: The Belo Monte Dam complex (including the now aborted Altamira Dam) in order to reach environmental sustainability over fossil fuel energy. Dams in Brazil emit high amounts of methane, due to the lush jungle covered by waters each year as the basin fills. Carbon is trapped by foliage, which then decays anaerobically with help from methanogens , converting the carbon to methane, which is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. As
2686-436: The Belo Monte Dam could make the construction of other dams upstream- which could have greater impacts- more viable. Plans for the dam began in 1975 but were soon shelved due to controversy; they were later revitalized in the late 1990s. In the 2000s, the dam was redesigned, but faced renewed controversy and controversial impact assessments were carried out. On 26 August 2010, a contract was signed with Norte Energia to construct
2765-490: The Belo Monte dam is cheaper both in economic and in socio-environmental costs. The project is strongly criticized by indigenous people and numerous environmental organizations in Brazil plus organizations and individuals around the world. Belo Monte's 668 square kilometres (258 sq mi) of reservoir will flood 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi) of forest, about 0.01% of the Amazon forest. Though argued to be
2844-476: The Belo Monte-Babaquara dam complex would emit 11.2 million metric tons of Carbon dioxide equivalent , and an additional 0.783 million metric tons of CO 2 equivalent would be generated during construction and connection to the national energy grid. This independent study estimates greenhouse gas emissions of an amount that would require 41 years of optimal energy production from
2923-622: The Pimental site. The power station was completed in November 2019. Plans for what would eventually be called the Belo Monte Dam Complex began in 1975 during Brazil's military dictatorship , when Eletronorte contracted the Consórcio Nacional de Engenheiros Consultores (CNEC) to realize a hydrographic study to locate potential sites for a hydroelectric project on the Xingu River. CNEC completed its study in 1979 and identified
3002-724: The Xingu River until the Tucuruí Igarapé, later called Vitória. There, he made contacts with indigenous Xipaia and Kuruaya, who guided him towards Volta Grande do Xingu. There, near the mouth of the Panelas stream, they chose the foundation of the Tavaquara Mission, whose settlement formed the city of Altamira. The policies of the Portuguese Prime Minister Marquês de Pombal , still in the eighteenth century, shut down all Jesuit missions in
3081-504: The Xingu. With one dam, critics do not see a cost-to-benefit ratio advantage and question the government's decision to construct only one. Additional upstream dams would directly or indirectly affect 25,000 indigenous people in the entire Xingu basin. Of particular note is the Altamira (Babaquara) Dam, which would flood an additional 6,140 square kilometres (2,370 sq mi) of reservoir, according to its original design. The project
3160-494: The capacity factor of hydroelectric power plants is between 30% and 80%, while wind power is typically between 20% and 40%. According to a study by Eletrobras, even when at reduced capacities, Belo Monte would still have the capacity to supply the entire state of Para with electricity. Critics claim that the project would only make financial sense if the Brazilian government builds additional dam reservoirs upstream to guarantee
3239-541: The colonies, causing the Tavaquara Mission to close its activities. The parish of Souzel continued to assist the village, but only in 1841 did Fr. Antonio Torquato de Souza reopen the sting that linked the Victoria stream on the lower Xingu ground to the Tavaquara Mission, higher up. crossing the waterfalls, making the work in Tavaquara more accessible. The first administrative elevation took place on April 14, 1874, when
Belo Monte Dam - Misplaced Pages Continue
3318-499: The construction only of the Belo Monte dam itself. The assessment also presented further design changes; in order to avoid inundating indigenous territory, which is not permitted by the Brazilian Constitution, the new design included two canals to divert the water away from indigenous territories and into a reservoir called the Reservatorio dos Canais (Canals Reservoir). An additional reservoir would be created called
3397-639: The dam further upstream. The main rationale for this was to reduce flooding of the Bacajá Indigenous Area. In 1998, the Babaquara Dam was again placed into planning but under a new name, the Altamira Dam. This surprised local leaders as they felt plans for the dams above Belo Monte were cancelled. Some officials in Brazil were determined to build a dam on a river with an average flow of 7,800 m/s (275,454 cu ft/s) and at
3476-479: The dam once the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) had issued an installation license. A partial installation license was granted on 26 January 2011 and a full license to construct the dam was issued on 1 June 2011. The licensing process and the dam's construction have been mired in federal court battles; the current ruling is that construction is allowed, because
3555-443: The dam wall to wave action in the then prevailing low water level. In an 11 October 2019 Norte Energia report, the company's CEO requested more water from an intermediate reservoir to add to the dangerously low 95.2 meter water level. The planned capacity of Belo Monte is listed at 11,233 MW. It is composed of the main Belo Monte Dam, and its turbine house with an installed capacity of 11,000 MW. The Pimental Dam which also includes
3634-599: The dam was halted by order of the Brazilian Federal Court, when federal judge Souza Prudente, halted construction on the controversial Belo Monte dam in the Amazon, saying that the indigenous peoples had not been consulted. The Supreme Federal Court overturned the decision on 28 August and ordered construction to recommence. A federal court overturned a lower court ruling that had suspended the dam's operating license in January 2016. The lower court suspension
3713-419: The dams in a letter to Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2010. The fish fauna of the Xingu river is extremely rich with an estimated 600 fish species and with a high degree of endemism . The area either dried out or drowned by the dam spans the entire known world distribution of a number of species, e.g. the zebra pleco ( Hypancistrus zebra ), the sunshine pleco ( Scobinancistrus aureatus ),
3792-593: The design, production, installation and commissioning of generation and associated equipment. On 1 June 2011, IBAMA granted the full license to construct the dam after studies were carried out and the consortium agreed to pay $ 1.9 billion in costs to address social and environmental problems. The only remaining license is one to operate the dam's power plant. On 25 February 2011, the Federal Public Prosecutor filed its 11th lawsuit against Belo Monte Dam, suspending IBAMA's partial installation license, on
3871-410: The details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 219393710 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:49:36 GMT Altamira, Brazil Altamira is one of one hundred and forty-four municipalities in the state of Pará , in northern Brazil . It has an area of 159,533.73 square kilometres or 61,596.32 square miles, making it
3950-444: The electrical energy. The Government has decided to construct new hydroelectric dams to guarantee national energy security . However, there was opposition both within Brazil and among the international community to the project's potential construction regarding its economic viability, the generation efficiency of the dams and in particular its impacts on the region's people and environment. In addition, critics worry that construction of
4029-407: The flooding of its reservoir will create a similar situation. If the dam builders cleared the forest beforehand, they would remove the organic matter from the reservoir floor and the dam would produce less of the greenhouse gas methane. However, in the case of Tucuruí , only the economically necessary forest was cut (10%, near the opening to the spillway) and the rest was left intact to be flooded by
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#17327801760504108-631: The following possible adverse effects In February 2010, Brazilian environmental agency IBAMA granted an environmental license for the construction of the dam despite uproar from within the agency about incomplete information in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) written by Eletrobras, Odebrecht, Camargo Corrêa, and Andrade Gutierrez. Previously in October 2009, a panel composed of independent experts and specialists from Brazilian universities and research institutes issued
4187-536: The forest will be cleared before flooding of the area, so the CO 2 and methane emissions calculated for the flooding of the forested area will be significantly undercut. In addition, a study on the Brazilian Tucuruí dam showed that the actual greenhouse gas emissions were a factor ten higher than its official calculations showed, and this dam is no exception; it is feared that the Belo Monte Dam calculations are also deliberately undercutting reality and that
4266-542: The government's goal of 6% growth per year. Rather, he argued that Brazil could grow through increasing its installed capacity in wind power , currently only at 400 MW. However, a study by the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , published in June 2011, criticised some of these alternative suggestions and defended the Belo Monte dam project. They state that compared to the estimated costs of alternative energies,
4345-410: The grounds that the Brazilian Constitution does not allow for the granting of partial project licenses. The Federal Public Prosecutor also argued that the 40 social and environmental conditions tied to IBAMA's provisional license of February 2010 had yet to be fulfilled, a prerequisite to the granting of a full installation license. On 25 February 2011, Brazilian federal judge Ronaldo Destêrro blocked
4424-515: The largest municipality by area both in Pará state and Brazil, and until 2009 it was the world's largest municipal subdivision. It occupies 12.8% of the state's territory, 1.8% of Brazil's territory and 0.8% of South America. It also covers a more extensive area than 104 countries , and is comparable to the US states of Missouri and Florida . Altamira Municipality encompasses the Altamira city and district,
4503-454: The license is based on five different environmental technical reports and in accordance with the RIMA (Environmental Impact Report, EIA-RIMA) study for Belo Monte. The first turbines went online on 5 May 2016. As of October 2019 all turbines at Pimental and 17 turbines in main power powerhouse are online with total installed capacity of 10,388.87 MW at Belo Monte site, totaling 10,621.97 with
4582-777: The main powerhouse. However, transparency of the government's plans once again became an issue, sparking indigenous tribes of the region to organize another large meeting, called the Segundo Encontro dos Povos do Xingu (the Second Encounter of the Peoples of the Xingu) in the city of Altamira, Pará on 20 May 2008. In February 2010, Brazilian environmental agency IBAMA granted a provisional environmental license, one of three licenses required by Brazilian legislation for development projects. The provisional license approved
4661-468: The municipal territory has been inhabited since time immemorial by nomadic and semi-nomadic indigenous peoples. Kuben-Kran-Keñ, an extinct Jê language belonging to the Kayapó group, was once spoken in the municipality. Although it is well known that even before the eighteenth century former Jesuit Missions already inhabited the Xingu region, it was not until the 1750s that Father Roque Hunderfund entered
4740-414: The municipality of Souzel (now Senator José Porfírio ) was created, where the Tavaquara Mission (Altamira) was elevated to the status of village. During this period the village survived from the extraction and commercialization of rubber and other drugs from the backlands, as well as communicating with Souzel and Moz Port by steam navigation. On April 2, 1883, under the influence of Colonel Francisco Gayoso,
4819-511: The municipality of Vitória do Xingu and arriving at the mouth of the Ambé stream, there building Fort Ambé, which no longer exists. The municipal GDP is around US$ 450 million and is mainly linked to agricultural activities, trade and since 2010 has been driven by the construction of the Belo Monte Dam . The municipality is served by Altamira Airport . In Altamira the third-largest dam in
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#17327801760504898-584: The people who would be affected regarding its plans for the hydroelectric project, provoking indigenous tribes of the region to organize what they called the I Encontro das Nações Indígenas do Xingu (First Encounter of the Indigenous Nations of the Xingu) or the " Altamira Gathering", in 1989. The encounter, symbolized by the indigenous woman leader Tuíra holding her machete against the face of then-engineer José Antonio Muniz Lopes sparked enormous repercussions both in Brazil and internationally over
4977-470: The plans for the six dams. As a result, the five dams above Belo Monte were removed from planning and Kararaô was renamed to Belo Monte at the request of the people of that tribe. Eletronorte also stated they would "resurvey the fall", meaning resurvey the dams on the river. Between 1989 and 2002, the Belo Monte project was redesigned. The reservoir's surface area was reduced from 1,225 km (473 sq mi) to 440 km (170 sq mi) by moving
5056-542: The possibility of constructing five dams on the Xingu River and one dam on the Iriri River . Original plans for the project based on the 1979 study included two dams close to Belo Monte. These were: Kararaô (called Belo Monte after 1989), Babaquara (called Altamira after 1998) which was the next upstream. Four other dams were planned upstream as well and they include the Ipixuna, Kakraimoro, Iriri and Jarina. The project
5135-408: The price ceiling of R$ 83/MWh. After the auction, local leaders around the project site warned of imminent violence. Kayapó leader Raoni Metuktire stated: "There will be a war so the white man cannot interfere in our lands again." Canadian film director James Cameron also visited the site prior to the auction and stated he would produce an anti-Belo Monte Dam film called Message From Pandora which
5214-468: The project citing environmental concerns. It was Brazil's biggest public hearing ever. The ruling was described by The Guardian as "a serious setback". President of a federal regional court Olindo Menezes overturned the decision on 3 March 2011 saying there was no need for all conditions to be met in order for preliminary work to begin. Construction site preparation began with a week after the decision. On 28 September though, due to concerns for local fishers,
5293-453: The project's lack of economic viability and lack of interest from private investors, the government has had to rely on pension funds and lines of credit from BNDES that draw from the Workers' Assistance Fund , oriented towards paying the public debt, to finance the project; up to one-third of the project's official cost would be financed by incentives using public money. WWF-Brazil released
5372-404: The project. In January 2011, IBAMA president Abelardo Azevedo also resigned his post. The previous president Roberto Messias had also stepped down, citing in April 2010 that it was because of pressure from both the government and environmental organizations. 140 organizations and movements from Brazil and across the globe decried the decision-making process in granting the environmental license for
5451-529: The reservoir. The contractors had sold the logging rights to the flooded area, but found the plot unviable in the short amount of time they had allocated before the area was set to be flooded. This forest has been decaying under the water through Methanogenesis and producing large amounts of greenhouse gases. Hydroelectric dam Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include
5530-467: The seat of local government, whose majority population lives in urban area, and nine other mostly rural districts (most of those covered by the Amazon rainforest ), whose urban populations are minorities, and live in inhabited areas spaced by tens or hundreds of kilometers. According to the 2010 Brazilian National Census the municipality had 99,075 inhabitants which grew to 115,969 at the 2020 Census, making
5609-583: The slender dwarf pike cichlid ( Teleocichla centisquama ), the killifish Anablepsoides xinguensis and Spectrolebias reticulatus , and the Xingu dart-poison frog ( Allobates crombiei ). An independent expert review of the costs of the dam concluded that the proposed flow through the Volta Grande meant the river "will not be capable of maintaining species diversity", risking "extinction of hundreds of species". The National Amazon Research Institute (INPA) calculated that during its first 10 years,
5688-468: The state of Maranhão of the PMDB, which would set the precedent that eventually characterized the two Lula administrations: cooperation between the market and the state , a combination of a free market economy with larger social spending and welfare. This economic model provided the rationale and financial support for new efforts to construct Belo Monte. In 2007, at the beginning of Lula's second term in office,
5767-416: The town of Tavaquara was elevated to the town of Souzel, receiving the name of Altamira. Also under the influence of Colonel Gayoso, a bite was opened, linking the bass to the middle Xingu, with the objective of turning it into a road, employing African slave labor. In 1880, Agrarian Cavalgante resumed the works of Col. Gayoso, rectifying the layout of the road, starting from where today is the headquarters of
5846-810: The world by installed capacity, behind the Three Gorges Dam , Baihetan Dam and the Xiluodu Dam in China and the Brazilian- Paraguayan Itaipu Dam . Considering the oscillations of river flow, guaranteed minimum capacity generation from the Belo Monte Dam would measure 4,571 MW, 39% of its maximum capacity. Brazil's rapid economic growth over the last decade has provoked a huge demand for new and stable sources of energy, especially to supply its growing industries. In Brazil, hydroelectric power plants produce over 66% of
5925-515: The world by generating capacity (behind the Three Gorges Dam and Itaipu Dam ), with a capacity of 11.233 GW, is being built. As of October 2019 all turbines at Pimental and 17 turbines in main power powerhouse are online with total installed capacity of 10,388.87 MW at Belo Monte site, totaling 10,621.97 with the Pimental site. Altamira is located in a transition area between the Brazilian Highlands and Amazonian Lowlands,
6004-471: Was due to allegations of human rights violations. The Belo Monte Dam (AHE Belo Monte) is a complex of three dams, numerous dykes and a series of canals in order to supply two different power stations with water. The Pimental Dam ( 3°27′33″S 51°57′31″W / 3.45917°S 51.95861°W / -3.45917; -51.95861 ( Pimental Dam ) ) on the Xingu would be 36 metres (118 ft) tall; 6,248 metres (20,499 ft) long and have
6083-594: Was later released in November. In April 2010 the Brazilian Federal Attorney General's Office suspended the project tender and annulled the provisional environmental license on claims of unconstitutionality. Specifically, Article 176 of the Federal Constitution states that federal law must determine the conditions of mineral and hydroelectric extraction when these activities take place in indigenous peoples' territories, as
6162-598: Was not permitted to begin on the Belo Monte Dam Complex until IBAMA granted the second of the federally required environmental licenses, called the Installation License. The Installation License was only to be granted once Norte Energia shows indisputable proof that it has met 40 socio-environmental mitigation conditions upon which the first provisional environmental license was conditioned. According to an October 2010 IBAMA report, at least 23 conditions had not been met. Reports indicate that on 14 January 2011,
6241-506: Was part of Eletrobras' "2010 Plan" which included 297 dams that were to be constructed in Brazil by 2010. The plan was leaked early and officially released in December 1987 to an antagonistic public. The plan had Belo Monte to be constructed by 2000 and Altamira by 2005. Such a speedy timetable was due to the belief that Brazil's relatively new environmental regulations could not stop large projects. The government offered little transparency to
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