The Beloit Poetry Journal is an American poetry magazine established in 1950 at Beloit College . It was formerly issued four times a year. Its frequency was switched to three times per year. It is based in Windham, Maine .
84-859: The stated mission of the magazine is "to seek out and share work of fresh and lasting power, poems that speak startling, complicated, necessary truths and that do so in surprising and beautiful ways," and work "that pushes boundaries of content, aesthetic, and form." As a consequence of these policies they are known for sometimes publishing very long poems. Included among the poets whose work has been featured in Beloit are Sherman Alexie , Bruce Bond , Charles Bukowski , Maxine Cassin , Eduardo C. Corral , Patricia Goedicke , Albert Goldbarth , Ramon Guthrie , Janice N. Harrington , Lola Haskins , Janet Holmes , Fady Joudah , Douglas Kearney , Galway Kinnell , Maxine Kumin , Mary Leader , Khaled Mattawa , and Sharon Olds . Starting in 1993 and continuing up to 2017
168-620: A bildungsroman with dual protagonists, "Victor Joseph and Thomas Builds-the-Fire, moving from relative innocence to a mature level on experience." Ten Little Indians (2004) is a collection of "nine extraordinary short stories set in and around the Seattle area, featuring Spokane Indians from all walks of urban life," according to Christine C. Menefee of the School Library Journal . In this collection, Alexie "challenges stereotypes that whites have of Native Americans and at
252-471: A "real Indian." The title refers to the protagonist's choice to leave the reservation and make his living performing for predominantly-white audiences. Evan Adams , who plays Thomas Builds the Fire in "Smoke Signals", again stars, now as an urban gay man with a white partner. The death of a peer brings the protagonist home to the reservation, where he reunites with his friends from his childhood and youth. The film
336-491: A CT and MRI scan, and were astonished to see "massive enlargement" of the lateral ventricles in the skull. Dr. Lionel Feuillet of Hôpital de la Timone in Marseille said, "The images were most unusual... the brain was virtually absent." Intelligence tests showed the person had an IQ of 75, considered " Borderline intellectual functioning ", just above what would be officially classified as intellectually disabled. The person
420-457: A Part-Time Indian , "to send an unequivocal message that Alexie's actions are unacceptable." Alexie published his first collection of poetry, The Business of Fancydancing: Stories and Poems , in 1992 through Hanging Loose Press. With that success, Alexie stopped drinking and quit school just three credits short of a degree. However, in 1995, he was awarded an honorary bachelor's degree from Washington State University. In 2005, Alexie became
504-528: A change in personality, weakness in the arms or legs, strabismus , and double vision to appear when the person is vertical. If the person lies down, the symptoms usually vanish quickly. A CT scan may or may not show any change in ventricle size, particularly if the person has a history of slit-like ventricles. Difficulty in diagnosing over-drainage can make treatment of this complication particularly frustrating for people and their families. Resistance to traditional analgesic pharmacological therapy may also be
588-588: A clerk at the Wellpinit Trading Post, and worked other jobs as well. Alexie has described his life at the reservation school as challenging, as he was constantly teased by other kids and endured abuse he described as "torture" from white nuns who taught there. They called him "The Globe" because his head was larger than usual, due to his hydrocephalus as an infant. Until the age of seven, Alexie had seizures and bedwetting; he had to take strong drugs to control them. Because of his health problems, he
672-492: A constant feature of kleeblattschadel and frequently seen in syndomic cases (mostly in Crouzon syndrome ). Hydrocephalus has also been seen in cases of congenital syphilis . In newborns and toddlers with hydrocephalus, the head circumference is enlarged rapidly and soon surpasses the 97th percentile. Since the skull bones have not yet firmly joined, bulging, firm anterior and posterior fontanelles may be present even when
756-495: A decrease in Perilymphatic pressure and cause secondary endolymphatic hydrops. In addition to the increased hearing loss, there have also been findings of resolved hearing loss after ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement, where there is a release of CSF pressure on the auditory pathways. The diagnosis of CSF buildup is complex and requires specialist expertise. Diagnosis of the particular complication usually depends on when
840-490: A founding board member of Longhouse Media , a non-profit organization that is committed to teaching filmmaking skills to Native American youth and using media for cultural expression and social change. Alexie has long supported youth programs and initiatives dedicated to supporting at-risk Native youth. Alexie's stories have been included in several short story anthologies, including The Best American Short Stories 2004, edited by Lorrie Moore ; and Pushcart Prize XXIX of
924-408: A fourteen-year-old Indian named Arnold Spirit. The novel is semi-autobiographical, including many events and elements of Alexie's life. For example, Arnold was born with hydrocephalus, and was teased a lot as a child. The story also portrays events after Arnold's transfer to Reardan High School, which Alexie attended. The novel received great reviews and continues to be a top seller. Bruce Barcott from
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#17327979383961008-414: A good medical history can help to differentiate external hydrocephalus from subdural hemorrhages or symptomatic chronic extra-axial fluid collections which are accompanied by vomiting, headaches, and seizures. Examples of possible complications include shunt malfunction, shunt failure, and shunt infection, along with infection of the shunt tract following surgery (the most common reason for shunt failure
1092-399: A newborn baby is often full of liquid, either because the matron has compressed it excessively or for other, unknown reasons. The volume of the skull then increases daily, so that the bones of the skull fail to close. In this case, we must open the middle of the skull in three places, make the liquid flow out, then close the wound and tighten the skull with a bandage. In 1881, a few years after
1176-450: A number of Alexie's works make appearances in the film. The film was directed by Chris Eyre, ( Cheyenne-Arapaho ) with a predominantly Native American production team and cast. The film is a road movie and buddy film , featuring two young Indians, Victor Joseph ( Adam Beach ) and Thomas Builds the Fire ( Evan Adams ), who leave the reservation on a road trip to retrieve the body of Victor's dead father ( Gary Farmer ). During their journey
1260-402: A sign of shunt overdrainage or failure. Following placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt there have been cases of a decrease in post-surgery hearing. It is presumed that the cochlea aqueduct is responsible for the decrease in hearing thresholds. The cochlea aqueduct has been considered as a probable channel where CSF pressure can be transmitted. Therefore, the reduced CSF pressure could cause
1344-656: A star player on the basketball team, the Reardan High School Indians. He was elected class president and was a member of the debate team. His successes in high school won him a scholarship in 1985 to Gonzaga University , a Jesuit university in Spokane. Originally, Alexie enrolled in the Pre-medical program with hopes of becoming a doctor, but found he was squeamish during dissection in his anatomy classes. Alexie switched to law, but found that
1428-782: A year of graduating from college , Alexie received the Washington State Arts Commission Poetry Fellowship and the National Endowment for the Arts Poetry Fellowship. His career began with the publishing of his first two collections of poetry in 1992, entitled, I Would Steal Horses and The Business of Fancydancing. In these poems, Alexie uses humor to express the struggles of contemporary Indians on reservations. Common themes include alcoholism, poverty, and racism. Although he uses humor to express his feelings,
1512-476: Is "willing to risk didacticism whenever he stops to explain the particulars of the Spokane and, more broadly, the Native American experience to his readers." Indian Killer (1996) is a murder mystery set among Native American adults in contemporary Seattle , where the characters struggle with urban life, mental health, and the knowledge that there is a serial killer on the loose. Characters deal with
1596-443: Is a condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs within the brain . This typically causes increased pressure inside the skull . Older people may have headaches , double vision , poor balance, urinary incontinence , personality changes, or mental impairment . In babies, it may be seen as a rapid increase in head size. Other symptoms may include vomiting , sleepiness, seizures , and downward pointing of
1680-405: Is a relatively typical manifestation of the distinct entity normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Focal neurological deficits may also occur, such as abducens nerve palsy and vertical gaze palsy ( Parinaud syndrome due to compression of the quadrigeminal plate , where the neural centers coordinating the conjugated vertical eye movement are located). The symptoms depend on the cause of the blockage,
1764-599: Is caused by impaired CSF reabsorption in the absence of any obstruction of CSF flow between the ventricles and subarachnoid space. This may be due to functional impairment of the arachnoidal granulations (also called arachnoid granulations or Pacchioni's granulations ), which are located along the superior sagittal sinus , and is the site of CSF reabsorption back into the venous system. Various neurologic conditions may result in communicating hydrocephalus, including subarachnoid/intraventricular hemorrhage, meningitis, and congenital absence of arachnoid villi. Scarring and fibrosis of
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#17327979383961848-471: Is infection of the shunt tract). Although a shunt generally works well, it may stop working if it disconnects, becomes blocked (clogged) or infected, or it is outgrown. If this happens, the CSF begins to accumulate again and a number of physical symptoms develop (headaches, nausea, vomiting, photophobia /light sensitivity), some extremely serious, such as seizures . The shunt failure rate is also relatively high (of
1932-618: Is of Hidatsa , Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi heritage. They live in Seattle with their two sons. In 2012, Arizona's HB 2281 removed Alexie's works, along with those of others, from Arizona school curriculum. Alexie's response: Let's get one thing out of the way: Mexican immigration is an oxymoron. Mexicans are indigenous. So, in a strange way, I'm pleased that the racist folks of Arizona have officially declared, in banning me alongside Urrea, Baca, and Castillo, that their anti-immigration laws are also anti-Indian. I'm also strangely pleased that
2016-611: Is present in the infant prior to birth, meaning the fetus developed hydrocephalus in utero during fetal development . The most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus is aqueductal stenosis, which occurs when the narrow passage between the third and fourth ventricles in the brain is blocked or too narrow to allow sufficient cerebral spinal fluid to drain. Fluid accumulates in the upper ventricles, causing hydrocephalus. Other causes of congenital hydrocephalus include neural-tube defects, arachnoid cysts , Dandy–Walker syndrome , and Arnold–Chiari malformation . The cranial bones fuse by
2100-550: Is sometimes combined with choroid plexus cauterization, which reduces the amount of cerebrospinal fluid produced by the brain. The technique, known as ETV/CPC, was pioneered in Uganda by neurosurgeon Benjamin Warf and is now in use in several U.S. hospitals. Hydrocephalus can be successfully treated by placing a drainage tube (shunt) between the brain ventricles and abdominal cavity. Some risk exists of infection being introduced into
2184-571: Is the semi-autobiographical young adult novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian (2007), which won the 2007 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature and the Odyssey Award as best 2008 audiobook for young people (read by Alexie). He also wrote The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (1993), a collection of short stories, which was adapted as the film Smoke Signals (1998), for which he also wrote
2268-418: Is thought to reflect the distribution of nerve damage to the brain. Hydrocephalus that is present from birth can cause long-term complications with speech and language. Children can have issues such as nonverbal learning disorder, difficulty understanding complex and abstract concepts, difficulty retrieving stored information, and spatial/perceptual disorders. Children with hydrocephalus are often known in having
2352-574: Is typically made by physical examination and medical imaging . Hydrocephalus is typically treated by the surgical placement of a shunt system . A procedure called a third ventriculostomy is an option in some people. Complications from shunts may include overdrainage, underdrainage, mechanical failure, infection , or obstruction. This may require replacement. Outcomes are variable, but many people with shunts live normal lives. Without treatment, permanent disability or death may occur. About one to two per 1,000 newborns have hydrocephalus. Rates in
2436-560: Is unique in that Alexie hired an almost completely female crew to produce the film. Many of the actors improvised their dialogue, based on real events in their lives. It received a 57 percent and "rotten" rating from the online film database Rotten Tomatoes. Other film projects include: Alexie is married to Diane Tomhave, a citizen of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation ,
2520-406: Is usually painful. The cause of hydrocephalus is not known with certainty and is probably multifactorial. It may be caused by impaired CSF flow, reabsorption, or excessive CSF production. Hydrocephalus can be classified into communicating and noncommunicating (obstructive). Both forms can be either congenital or acquired. Communicating hydrocephalus, also known as nonobstructive hydrocephalus,
2604-553: The New York Times Book Review observed, "Working in the voice of a 14-year-old forces Alexie to strip everything down to action and emotion, so that reading becomes more like listening to your smart, funny best friend recount his day while waiting after school for a ride home." Flight (2007) also features an adolescent protagonist. The narrator, who calls himself "Zits," is a fifteen-year-old orphan of mixed Native and European ancestry who has bounced around
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2688-470: The Dictionary of Library Biography, Alexie asks three questions across all of his works: "What does it mean to live as an Indian in this time? What does it mean to be an Indian man? Finally, what does it mean to live on an Indian reservation?" The protagonists in most of his literary works exhibit a constant struggle with themselves and their own sense of powerlessness in white American society. Within
2772-516: The One Small Voice Foundation , promote awareness and fundraising activities. One case of hydrocephalus was a man whose brain shrank to a thin sheet of tissue, due to a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in his skull. As a child, the man had a shunt, but it was removed when he was 14. In July 2007, at age 44, he went to a hospital due to mild weakness in his left leg. When doctors learned of the man's medical history, they performed
2856-502: The developing world may be higher. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is estimated to affect about 5 per 100,000 people, with rates increasing with age. Description of hydrocephalus by Hippocrates dates back more than 2,000 years. The word hydrocephalus is from the Greek ὕδωρ , hydōr , meaning 'water' and κεφαλή , kephalē , meaning 'head'. The clinical presentation of hydrocephalus varies with chronicity . Acute dilatation of
2940-581: The developing world while North America has the fewest number of cases. A systematic review in 2019 estimated that there are 180,000 childhood hydrocephalus cases from the African continent per year, followed by 90,000 cases from Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Latin America also has a high prevalence of hydrocephalus. However, data on hydrocephalus disease burden in adults are lacking. In
3024-515: The ventricular system is more likely to manifest with the nonspecific signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). By contrast, chronic dilatation (especially in the elderly population) may have a more insidious onset presenting, for instance, with Hakim's triad (Adams' triad). Symptoms of increased ICP may include headaches , vomiting , nausea , papilledema , sleepiness , or coma . With increased levels of CSF, there have been cases of hearing loss due to CSF creating pressure on
3108-501: The 40,000 surgeries performed annually to treat hydrocephalus, only 30% are a person's first surgery) and people not uncommonly have multiple shunt revisions within their lifetimes. Another complication can occur when CSF drains more rapidly than it is produced by the choroid plexus , causing symptoms of listlessness, severe headaches, irritability, light sensitivity, auditory hyperesthesia (sound sensitivity), hearing loss, nausea, vomiting, dizziness , vertigo , migraines , seizures,
3192-660: The Beloit Poetry Journal annually awarded The Chad Walsh Poetry Prize . Recipients have been: In 2019 the Beloit Poetry Journal established the Adrienne Rich Award for Poetry which would award a fifteen hundred dollar prize for a single poem. This article about a poetry magazine is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about magazines . Further suggestions might be found on
3276-465: The Perilymphatic space of the inner ear with the subarachnoid space of the posterior cranial fossa. A loss of CSF pressure can induce Perilymphatic loss or endolymphatic hydrops resembling the clinical presentation of Ménière's disease associated hearing loss in the low frequencies. CSF can accumulate within the ventricles, this condition is called internal hydrocephalus and may result in increased CSF pressure. The production of CSF continues, even when
3360-464: The Small Presses. Additionally, a number of his pieces have been published in various literary magazines and journals, as well as online publications. Alexie's poetry, short stories, and novels explore themes of despair, poverty, violence, and alcoholism in the lives of Native American people, both on and off the reservation. They are lightened by wit and humor. According to Sarah A. Quirk from
3444-625: The Spokane Indian Reservation that most will forget all about facile comparisons and simply surrender to Alexie's unmistakable patois of humor and profanity, history and pathos." Alexie cancelled his book tour in support of You Don't Have to Say You Love Me in July 2017 due to the emotional toll that promoting the book was taking. In September 2017, he decided to resume the tour, with some significant changes. As he related to Laurie Hertzel of The Star Tribune , "I'm not performing
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3528-572: The Spokane Indian reservation, were teenagers in the short story collection. In Reservation Blues they are now adult men in their thirties. Some of them are now musicians and in a band together. Verlyn Klinkenborg of the Los Angeles Times wrote in a 1995 review of Reservation Blues : "you can feel Alexie's purposely divided attention, his alertness to a divided audience, Native American and Anglo." Klinkenborg says that Alexie
3612-496: The arms may become tremulous . Papilledema is absent, but vision may be reduced. The head becomes so enlarged that they eventually may be bedridden. About 80–90% of fetuses or newborn infants with spina bifida —often associated with meningocele or myelomeningocele —develop hydrocephalus. This condition is acquired as a consequence of CNS infections , meningitis , brain tumors , head trauma , toxoplasmosis , or intracranial hemorrhage (subarachnoid or intraparenchymal), and
3696-535: The article's talk page . Sherman Alexie National Book Award 2007 Sherman Joseph Alexie Jr. (born October 7, 1966) is a Native American novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and filmmaker. His writings draw on his experiences as an Indigenous American with ancestry from several tribes. He grew up on the Spokane Indian Reservation and now lives in Seattle, Washington . His best-known book
3780-524: The auditory pathways or disrupting the communication of inner ear fluid. Elevated ICP of different etiologies have been linked to sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Transient SNHL has been reported after the loss of CSF with shunt surgeries. Hearing loss is a rare but well-known sequela of procedures resulting in CSF loss. Elevated ICP may result in uncal or tonsillar herniation , with resulting life-threatening brain stem compression. Hakim's triad of gait instability, urinary incontinence , and dementia
3864-423: The book," he said. "I'm getting interviewed. That's a whole different thing." He went on to add that he won't be answering any questions that he doesn't want to answer. "I'll put my armor back on," he said. In 1998 Alexie's film Smoke Signals gained considerable attention. Alexie based the screenplay on his short story collection, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven , and characters and events from
3948-405: The brain through these shunts, as they must be replaced as the person grows. External hydrocephalus is a condition generally seen in infants which involves enlarged fluid spaces or subarachnoid spaces around the outside of the brain. This condition is generally benign , and resolves spontaneously by two years of age and therefore usually does not require insertion of a shunt. Imaging studies and
4032-498: The brain", a historical name, and "water baby syndrome". September was designated National Hydrocephalus Awareness Month in July 2009 by the U.S. Congress in H.Res. 373 . The resolution campaign is due in part to the advocacy work of the Pediatric Hydrocephalus Foundation. Prior to July 2009, no awareness month for this condition had been designated. Many hydrocephalus organizations, such as
4116-574: The brain, its ventricles and the spinal cord and is continuously drained away into the circulatory system. Alternatively, the condition may result from an overproduction of the CSF, from a congenital malformation blocking normal drainage of the fluid, or from complications of head injuries or infections. Compression of the brain by the accumulating fluid eventually may cause neurological symptoms such as convulsions , intellectual disability , and epileptic seizures . These signs occur sooner in adults, whose skulls are no longer able to expand to accommodate
4200-527: The characters' childhood is explored via flashbacks. The film took top honors at the Sundance Film Festival . It received an 86% and "fresh" rating from the online film database Rotten Tomatoes . The Business of Fancydancing , written and directed by Alexie in 2002, explores themes of Indian identity, gay identity, cultural involvement vs blood quantum , living on the reservation or off it, and other issues related to what makes someone
4284-497: The difficulty in understanding the concepts within conversation and tend to use words they know or have heard. However, the severity of hydrocephalus can differ considerably between individuals, and some are of average or above-average intelligence. Someone with hydrocephalus may have coordination and visual problems, or clumsiness. They may reach puberty earlier than the average child (this is called precocious puberty ). About one in four develops epilepsy . Congenital hydrocephalus
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#17327979383964368-488: The drudgery of poverty-ridden reservation life to create his characters and the world they inhabit," according to Quirk. Alexie's work often includes humor as well. According to Quirk, he does this as a "means of cultural survival for American Indians—survival in the face of the larger American culture's stereotypes of American Indians and their concomitant distillation of individual tribal characteristics into one pan-Indian consciousness." Hydrocephalus Hydrocephalus
4452-461: The end of the third year of life. For head enlargement to occur, hydrocephalus must occur before then. The causes are usually genetic, but can also be acquired and usually occur within the first few months of life, which include intraventricular matrix hemorrhages in premature infants , infections, type II Arnold-Chiari malformation, aqueduct atresia and stenosis, and Dandy-Walker malformation. Hydrocephalus can also occur with craniosynostosis , being
4536-449: The eyes . Hydrocephalus can occur due to birth defects or be acquired later in life. Associated birth defects include neural tube defects and those that result in aqueductal stenosis . Other causes include meningitis , brain tumors , traumatic brain injury , intraventricular hemorrhage , and subarachnoid hemorrhage . The four types of hydrocephalus are communicating, noncommunicating, ex vacuo , and normal pressure . Diagnosis
4620-464: The fancy dance style was created for public entertainment. Alexie compares the mental, emotional, and spiritual outlet that he finds in his writings to the vivid self-expression of the dancers. Leslie Ullman commented on The Business of Fancydancing in the Kenyon Review, writing that Alexie "weaves a curiously soft-blended tapestry of humor, humility, pride and metaphysical provocation out of
4704-484: The folks of Arizona have officially announced their fear of an educated underclass. You give those brown kids some books about brown folks and what happens? Those brown kids change the world. In the effort to vanish our books, Arizona has actually given them enormous power . Arizona has made our books sacred documents now. Alexie's influences for his literary works do not rely solely on traditional Indian forms. He "blends elements of popular culture, Indian spirituality, and
4788-466: The foster system in Seattle. The novel explores experiences of the past, as Zits experiences short windows into others' lives after he believes himself to be shot while committing a crime. Alexie's memoir, You Don't Have to Say You Love Me, was released by Hachette in June 2017. Claudia Rowe of The Seattle Times wrote in June 2017 that the memoir "pulls readers so deeply into the author's youth on
4872-580: The hard realities...: the tin-shack lives, the alcohol dreams, the bad luck and burlesque disasters, and the self-destructive courage of his characters." Alexie's other collections of poetry include: Alexie published his first prose work, entitled The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven , in 1993. The book consists of a series of short stories that are interconnected. Several prominent characters are explored, and they have been featured in later works by Alexie. According to Sarah A. Quirk, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven can be considered
4956-402: The increasing fluid volume within. Fetuses, infants, and young children with hydrocephalus typically have an abnormally large head, excluding the face, because the pressure of the fluid causes the individual skull bones—which have yet to fuse—to bulge outward at their juncture points . Another medical sign , in infants, is a characteristic fixed downward gaze with whites of the eyes showing above
5040-452: The iris, as though the infant were trying to examine its own lower eyelids. The elevated ICP may cause compression of the brain, leading to brain damage and other complications. A complication often overlooked is the possibility of hearing loss due to ICP. The mechanism of ICP on hearing loss is presumed that the transmission of CSF pressure to and from the Perilymphatic space through a patent cochlear aqueduct. The cochlear aqueduct connects
5124-480: The landmark study of Retzius and Key, Carl Wernicke pioneered sterile ventricular puncture and external drainage of CSF for the treatment of hydrocephalus. It remained an intractable condition until the 20th century, when cerebral shunt and other neurosurgical treatment modalities were developed. The word hydrocephalus is from the Greek ὕδωρ , hydōr meaning 'water' and κεφαλή , kephalē meaning 'head'. Other names for hydrocephalus include "water on
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#17327979383965208-511: The lumbar space of the spine and have the CSF redirected to the peritoneal cavity ( lumbar-peritoneal shunt ). An alternative treatment for obstructive hydrocephalus in selected people is the endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), whereby a surgically created opening in the floor of the third ventricle allows the CSF to flow directly to the basal cisterns , thereby shortcutting any obstruction, as in aqueductal stenosis. This may or may not be appropriate based on individual anatomy. For infants, ETV
5292-448: The passages that normally allow it to exit the brain are blocked. Consequently, fluid builds inside the brain, causing pressure that dilates the ventricles and compresses the nervous tissue . Compression of the nervous tissue usually results in irreversible brain damage . If the skull bones are not completely ossified when the hydrocephalus occurs, the pressure may also severely enlarge the head. The cerebral aqueduct may be blocked at
5376-440: The person is in an upright position. The infant exhibits fretfulness, poor feeding, and frequent vomiting. As the hydrocephalus progresses, torpor sets in, and infants show lack of interest in their surroundings. Later on, their upper eyelids become retracted and their eyes are turned downwards ("sunset eyes") (due to hydrocephalic pressure on the mesencephalic tegmentum and paralysis of upward gaze). Movements become weak and
5460-609: The person's age, and how much brain tissue has been damaged by the swelling. In infants with hydrocephalus, CSF builds up in the central nervous system (CNS), causing the fontanelle (soft spot) to bulge and the head to be larger than expected. Early symptoms may also include: Symptoms that may occur in older children can include: Because hydrocephalus can injure the brain, thought and behavior may be adversely affected. Learning disabilities , including short-term memory loss , are common among those with hydrocephalus, who tend to score better on verbal IQ than on performance IQ, which
5544-523: The placement of a ventricular catheter (a tube made of silastic ) into the cerebral ventricles to bypass the flow obstruction/malfunctioning arachnoidal granulations and drain the excess fluid into other body cavities, from where it can be resorbed. Most shunts drain the fluid into the peritoneal cavity ( ventriculoperitoneal shunt ), but alternative sites include the right atrium ( ventriculoatrial shunt ), pleural cavity ( ventriculopleural shunt ), and gallbladder . A shunt system can also be placed in
5628-421: The pre-historic area, there were various paintings or artifacts depicting children or adults with macrocephaly (large head) or clinical findings of hydrocephalus. The earliest scientific description of hydrocephalus was written by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates , who coined the word 'hydrocephalus' from the Greek ὕδωρ, hydōr meaning 'water' and κεφαλή, kephalē meaning 'head'. A more accurate description
5712-428: The racism in the university system, as well as in the community at large, where Indians are subjected to being lectured about their own culture by white professors who are actually ignorant of Indian cultures. Alexie's young adult novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian (2007) is a coming-of-age story that began as a memoir of his life and family on the Spokane Indian reservation. The novel focuses on
5796-548: The same time shows the Native American characters coming to terms with their own identities." War Dances is a collection of short stories, poems, and short works. It won the 2010 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction . The collection, however, received mixed reviews. Other short stories by Alexie include: In his first novel, Reservation Blues (1995), Alexie revisits some of the characters from The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven . Thomas Builds-the-Fire, Victor Joseph, and Junior Polatkin, who have grown up together on
5880-616: The screenplay. His first novel, Reservation Blues , received a 1996 American Book Award . His 2009 collection of short stories and poems, War Dances , won the 2010 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction . Alexie was born at Sacred Heart Hospital in Spokane, Washington . He is a citizen of the Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation and grew up on the Spokane Indian Reservation. His father, Sherman Joseph Alexie,
5964-464: The subarachnoid space following infectious, inflammatory, or hemorrhagic events can also prevent reabsorption of CSF, causing diffuse ventricular dilatation. Noncommunicating hydrocephalus, or obstructive hydrocephalus, is caused by an obstruction to the flow of CSF. Hydrocephalus is usually due to blockage of CSF outflow in the ventricles or in the subarachnoid space over the brain. In a person without hydrocephalus, CSF continuously circulates through
6048-415: The symptoms appear, that is, whether symptoms occur when the person is upright or in a prone position, with the head at roughly the same level as the feet. Standardized protocols for inserting cerebral shunts have been shown to reduce shunt infections. There is tentative evidence that preventative antibiotics may decrease the risk of shunt infections. The hydrocephalus disease burden are concentrated in
6132-422: The time of birth or may become blocked later in life because of a tumor growing in the brainstem . Hydrocephalus treatment is surgical, creating a way for the excess fluid to drain away. In the short term, an external ventricular drain (EVD), also known as an extraventricular drain or ventriculostomy, provides relief. In the long term, some people will need any of various types of cerebral shunt . It involves
6216-441: The underlying message is very serious. Alexie was awarded The Chad Walsh Poetry Prize by the Beloit Poetry Journal in 1995. The Business of Fancydancing: Stories and Poems (1992) was well received, selling over 10,000 copies. Alexie refers to his writing as " fancydancing ," a flashy, colorful style of competitive powwow dancing. Whereas older forms of Indian dance may be ceremonial and kept private among tribal members,
6300-497: The years, I have done things that have harmed other people" and apologized, while also admitting to having had an affair with author Litsa Dremousis, one of the accusers, whose specific charges he repudiated. Dremousis said that "she'd had an affair with Alexie, but had remained friends with him until the stories about his sexual behavior surfaced". She claimed that numerous women had spoken to her about Alexie's behavior. Dremousis's response initially appeared on her Facebook page and
6384-464: Was a citizen of the Coeur D'Alene Tribe , and his mother, Lillian Agnes Cox, was of Spokane , Colville , Choctaw , and European American ancestry. One of his paternal great-grandfathers was of Russian descent. Alexie was born with hydrocephalus , a condition that occurs when there is an abnormally large amount of cerebral fluid in the brain's ventricular system. He had to have brain surgery when he
6468-605: Was a married father of two children, and worked as a civil servant, leading an at least superficially normal life, despite having enlarged ventricles with a decreased volume of brain tissue. "What I find amazing to this day is how the brain can deal with something which you think should not be compatible with life", commented Dr. Max Muenke, a pediatric brain-defect specialist at the National Human Genome Research Institute . "If something happens very slowly over quite some time, maybe over decades,
6552-508: Was at a low point in his life, and Kuo served as a mentor to him. Kuo gave Alexie an anthology entitled Songs of This Earth on Turtle's Back , by Joseph Bruchac . Alexie said this book changed his life as it taught him "how to connect to non-Native literature in a new way". He was inspired by reading works of poetry written by Native Americans. On February 28, 2018, Alexie published a statement regarding accusations of sexual harassment against him by several women, to which he responded "Over
6636-481: Was excluded from many of the activities that are rites of passage for young Indian males. Alexie excelled academically, reading everything available, including auto repair manuals. In order to better his education, Alexie decided to leave the reservation and attend high school, where he was the only Native American student, 22 miles from the reservation in Reardan, Washington . He excelled at his studies and became
6720-637: Was later given by the Roman physician Galen in the second century AD. The first clinical description of an operative procedure for hydrocephalus appears in the Al-Tasrif (1,000 AD) by the Arab surgeon Abulcasis , who described the evacuation of superficial intracranial fluid in hydrocephalic children. He described it in his chapter on neurosurgical disease, describing infantile hydrocephalus as being caused by mechanical compression. He wrote: The skull of
6804-498: Was not suitable, either. He felt enormous pressure to succeed in college, and consequently, he began drinking heavily to cope with his anxiety. Unhappy with law, Alexie found comfort in literature classes. In 1987, he dropped out of Gonzaga and enrolled in Washington State University (WSU), where he took a creative writing course taught by Alex Kuo , a respected poet of Chinese-American background. Alexie
6888-583: Was reported that the American Library Association , which had just awarded Alexie its Carnegie Medal for You Don't Have to Say You Love Me: A Memoir , was reconsidering, and in March it was confirmed that Alexie had declined the award and was postponing the publication of a paperback version of the memoir. The American Indian Library Association rescinded its 2008 Best Young Adult Book Award from Alexie for The Absolutely True Diary of
6972-405: Was six months old, and was at high risk of death or mental disabilities if he survived. Alexie's surgery was successful; he did not experience mental damage but had other side effects. His parents were alcoholics, though his mother achieved sobriety. His father often left the house on drinking binges for days at a time. To support her six children, Alexie's mother, Lillian, sewed quilts, served as
7056-671: Was subsequently reprinted in The Stranger on March 1, 2018. The allegations against Alexie were detailed in an NPR story five days later. The fallout from these accusations includes the Institute of American Indian Arts renaming its Sherman Alexie Scholarship as the MFA Alumni Scholarship. The blog Native Americans in Children's Literature has deleted or modified all references to Alexie. In February 2018 it
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