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30-722: The Na'aman River originates from springs near Ein Afek (primarily Ein Nymphit ) and flows through the Zebulun Valley from south to north before emptying into the Bay of Haifa (formerly Bay of Acre) south of Acre (Akko) on the Mediterranean Sea . It previously flowed directly south of Tel Akko (the site of ancient Acre) but has shifted over time to be about 800 meters (2,600 ft) away. The En Afek Nature Reserve near

60-426: A considerable river and to turn the millstones of a millstone. Near this mill, we note the lower foundations of an old bridge and the remains of a tower pierced with loopholes and ogival vaults . It had two floors, and was built with ashlars on which many crosses were traced, and some at a height that the hand cannot reach. Therefore, these crosses could not be engraved there by passing travelers, who would have needed

90-505: A ladder to place them so high, but they must go back to the time when this tower was occupied by Christians, and most likely date from the time of the Crusades. Above the front door was a mâchecoulis balcony, the trace of which is very visible." In 1881, the PEF 's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) found at Kh. Khurdaneh (east of the mill) only heaps of stones. The name, Kh. Kurdâneh

120-559: A major Crusader stronghold was besieged by Qalawun but would only be taken by his son al-Ashraf Khalil as the former died before the siege was won in 1291. His son Khalil succeeded him as sultan. Qalawun was a Kipchak (a Turkic people living between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea) from the Burj Oghli ( Arabic : برج اغلي ) tribe, the same tribe as the earlier Mamluk sultan Baybars . They were both probably sold into slavery during

150-691: A new war. Having received neither an explanation nor the murderers themselves, Qalawun decided that the ten-year truce he had formed with Acre in 1284 had been broken by the Franks. He subsequently besieged the city that same year. He died in Cairo on 10 November 1290, before taking the city, but Acre was captured the next year by his son and successor al-Ashraf Khalil . Despite Qalawun's distrust of his son, Khalil succeeded him following his death. Khalil continued his father's policy of replacing Turkish Mamluks with Circassians , which eventually led to conflict within

180-560: A result, Qalawun took the title al-Malik al-Manṣūr ("the victorious king"). The governor of Damascus , Sunqur al-Ashqar , did not agree with Qalawun's ascent to power and declared himself sultan. Sunqur's claim of leadership, however, was repelled in 1280, when Qalawun defeated him in battle. In 1281, Qalawun and Sunqur reconciled as a matter of convenience when Abaqa Khan , head of the Ilkhanate , invaded Syria. Qalawun and Sunqur, working together, successfully repelled Abaqa's attack at

210-570: The 1931 census of Palestine , Mathanat Kurdani was counted under Shefa-'Amr . Qalawun Qalāwūn aṣ-Ṣāliḥī ( Arabic : قلاوون الصالحي , c.  1222 – November 10, 1290) was the seventh Turkic Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt ; he ruled from 1279 to 1290. He was called al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn ( المنصور قلاوون , "Qalāwūn the Victorious"). After having risen in power in the Mamluk court and elite circles, Qalawun eventually held

240-581: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , there was a revolt in Egypt that forced Barakah to abdicate upon his return home. He was succeeded by his brother Solamish , but it was Qalawun, acting as atabeg , who was the true holder of power. Because Solamish was only seven years old, Qalawun argued that Egypt needed an adult ruler, and Solamish was sent into exile in Constantinople in late 1279. As

270-658: The Ein Afek Nature Reserve , east of Kiryat Bialik , Israel . It is also known as Tel Kurdani. The site has remains dating back to the Chalcolithic age. Tombs from the Middle Bronze Age and Late Bronze Ages have been excavated here. A number of burial caves cut into chalk-like bedrock are dated to Middle Bronze Age IIA and are believed to have been reused during Late Bronze Age II. The pottery assemblage consists of vessel types from

300-573: The Mamluk sultan Qalawun . According to al-Maqrizi , it had come under Mamluk rule in 1291, when it was mentioned under the name of Kerdanah when sultan al-Ashraf Khalil allocated the village's income to a waqf in Cairo . A two-story fortress still stands. A water-powered flour mill operated on the lower floor. Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, it appeared under

330-602: The Mongol invasions of Kipchak territories in the 1220s and 1230s. When he was 14 years old, Qalawun was brought by slave merchants to Egypt, which was under Ayyubid rule at the time. He was then purchased as a mamluk (slave soldier) sometime in the 1230s or 1240s, by a mamluk amir (commander) whom different historical sources name as either 'Ala al-Din Aqsunqur al-Kamili (a mamluk of Sultan al-Kamil ) or 'Ala al-Din Aqsunqur al-Saqi al-'Adili (a mamluk of Sultan al-Adil ). He

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360-605: The Republic of Genoa and the Kingdom of Sicily . Undeterred by the terms of these newly formed peace treaties, Qalawun sacked the "impregnable" Hospitaller fortress of Margat in 1285, and established a Mamluk garrison there. He also captured and destroyed the castle of Maraclea . He captured Latakia in 1287 and Tripoli on April 27, 1289, thus ending the Crusader County of Tripoli . The Fall of Tripoli in 1289

390-566: The Second Battle of Homs . Barakah , Solamish , and their brother Khadir were exiled to al-Karak , the former Crusader castle . Barakah died there in 1280 (it was rumored that Qalawun had him poisoned), and Khadir gained control of the castle, until 1286 when Qalawun took it over directly. In 1282 he founded Ribat al-Mansuri , a ribat (hospice) next to the Ḥaram ash-Sharīf in Jerusalem. The nearby Ribāṭ Kurt al-Manṣūrī

420-579: The Early, Middle and Late Bronze periods, with the later pottery finds presenting both local types and imports, such as Cypriot ‘milk bowls’ and bilbils as well as a few Mycenaean vessels. The site is what remains of the biblical town of Aphik or Aphek, which is mentioned in Joshua 19:30 (as "Apheq") and Judges 1:31 (as "Aphīq"), belonging to the Tribe of Asher . According to Biblical history , this area

450-685: The Haifa Bay suburb of Kiryat Bialik , is the last remnant of the Nahal Na'aman wetlands. Once known as Belus or Belos, the river is mentioned by Isidore of Seville . According to the legend, this is where glass-making was invented. Tacitus also mentions glassmaking at the Belus. Pliny the Elder ( Natural History , 5.19), using the name 'Pacida', mentions that the river flowed from Lake Cendevia (now below Mount Carmel ) for 5 miles (8.0 km) to

480-714: The Mamluk ranks. Khalil was assassinated by the Turks in 1293, but Qalawun's legacy continued when his younger son, an-Nasir Muhammad , claimed power. Qalawun's first wife was Fatima Khatun, known as Umm Salih. She was the daughter of Sayf ad-Din Karmun (Karamūm), a Mongol commander from the Golden Horde who had integrated the Mamluks. They married in 1265–66. She was the mother of his eldest son, as-Salih Ali (died 2 September 1288 ) and Ghaziya Khatun. She died in 1283–84, and

510-574: The Mamluks. They married in 1282. She was the mother of his third son, Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad . An-Nasir Muhammad was raised and behaved in Mongol fashion until the age of 29, until he had a change of mood after an illness in 1315, which led him and his followers to "shave their heads [...] and give up their flowing locks". Another wife was the daughter of Amir Shams ad-Din Sunqur al-Takriti al-Zahiri. They married in 1288–89. Qalawun, however, dissolved

540-647: The city would not build new fortifications, would stay neutral in conflicts between the Mamluks and other Crusaders, and Qalawun would be allowed to collect half the city's taxes. In 1281 Qalawun also negotiated an alliance with Michael VIII Palaiologos of the Byzantine Empire to bolster resistance against Charles I of Naples , who was threatening both the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1290, he concluded trade alliances with

570-454: The marriage shortly thereafter. Another son was Amir Ahmad, who died during the reign of his brother al-Ashraf Khalil. Qalawun's daughter Ghaziya Khatun was betrothed to as-Said Barakah (son of Sultan Baibars ) on 28 May 1276, with a dowry of five thousand dinars. The wedding took place on 8 June 1277. She died in August 1288, and was buried in the mausoleum of her mother. Another daughter

600-693: The name Kufrdani in the census of 1596, located in the Nahiya of Acca of the Liwa of Safad . The village was noted as "hali" (empty), but taxes were paid, a total of 1,800 akçe . All of the revenues went to a waqf . The stair to the tower roof of the mill, and two more wheel-chambers in the southern part of the mill was added in the Ottoman period. In 1856 it was named Kurdany on Kiepert's map of Palestine published that year. In 1875 Victor Guérin visited, and noted about Tell el-Kerdaneh : "To

630-491: The north and bottom of this tell , along the marsh, we observe the remains of an enclosure which measured 54 steps long by 40 wide, and which seems to have been that of a fortified khan . All the walls have been removed; the inner blockage alone partly remained." About the surrounding march, and mill, he noted that it was the origin of the Nahr Na'min , and "These springs, at their origin, are immediately abundant enough to form

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660-400: The sea near "Ptolemais Ace" ( Acre, Israel ), and that it was celebrated for its vitreous sands. The name is based on Baal . 32°52′37.56″N 35°6′23.9″E  /  32.8771000°N 35.106639°E  / 32.8771000; 35.106639 Tel Afek Tel Afek , ( Hebrew : תל אפק ), also spelled Aphek and Afeq, is an archaeological site located in the coastal hinterland of

690-568: The title of "the victorious king" and gained de facto authority over the sultanate. He is the founder of the Qalawunid dynasty that ruled Egypt for over a century. The current sultan, Barakah was exiled and rumored to have been poisoned by Qalawun. He would then wage war against the Crusaders, capturing lands held by the County of Tripoli , and later totally defeating them in 1289. Acre ,

720-705: Was acquired the Hospitalliers . The Hospitalliers owned the water mills here for a number of years. Between 1235 and 1262 the Hospitalliers had a dispute with the Templars about water rights. Two aqueducts , dating from this era, have been excavated. In 1283 it was still part of the Crusader states, as it was mentioned as part of their domain in the hudna between the Crusaders based in Acre and

750-479: Was bought for the unusually high price of a thousand dinars , which earned him the nickname al-Alfī ("the Thousander"). Qalawun initially barely spoke Arabic , but he rose in power and influence where he then became an emir under Sultan Baibars , whose son, al-Said Barakah , was married to Qalawun's daughter. Baibars died in 1277 and was succeeded by Barakah. In early 1279, as Barakah and Qalawun invaded

780-647: Was buried in her own mausoleum in Southern Cemetery , Cairo . After her death, he married her sister, the widow of Sayf ad-Din Kunduk. Another wife was Qutqutiya Khatun. She was the mother of his second son, Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil . Another wife was Sitt Ashlun Khatun (Ašlūn), the daughter of an Ilkhanate Mongol notable named Suktay bin Qarajin bin Jighan Nuwan (Šaktāy) who also had joined

810-485: Was founded by Kurd al-Manṣūrī, a mamluk of Qalawun. As Baibars had done previously, Qalawun entered into land control treaties with the remaining Crusader states , military orders and individual lords who wished to remain independent; he recognized Tyre and Beirut as separate from the Kingdom of Jerusalem , now centered on Acre . The treaties were always in Qalawun's favor, and his treaty with Tyre mandated that

840-639: Was part of Cabul and was given to Hiram I by Solomon as a reward for various services rendered to him in building the First Temple . 1 Kings 9:12 . Pottery from the Persian , Hellenistic Roman , and the Byzantine eras have been found here. Pottery from the Crusader times have been found here. In the Crusader era, it was known as Recordane , and in 1154, the mill and village

870-624: Was spurred by the Venetians and the Pisans , who opposed rising Genoese influence in the area. In 1290, reinforcements of King Henry arrived in Acre and drunkenly slaughtered peaceable merchants and peasants, Christians and Muslims alike. Qalawun sent an emissary to ask for an explanation and above all to demand that the murderers be handed over for punishment. The Frankish response was divided between those who sought to appease him and those who sought

900-638: Was taken to mean the ruin of Kurdâneh , p.n. In 1900, Gottlieb Schumacher found here markings on the mill which he took to be Phoenician . The area was acquired by the Jewish community under the Sursock Purchase . In 1925 a Zionist organisation purchased 1,500 dunums in Kordaneh , from Alfred Sursuk, of the Sursuk family of Beirut . At the time, there were 20 families living there. In

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