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48-434: Bergamo ( Italian: [ˈbɛrɡamo] ; Bergamasque : Bèrghem [ˈbɛrɡɛm] ) is a city in the alpine Lombardy region of northern Italy , approximately 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Milan , and about 30 km (19 mi) from the alpine lakes Como and Iseo and 70 km (43 mi) from Garda and Maggiore . The Bergamo Alps ( Alpi Orobie ) begin immediately north of

96-478: A lodà la zét, gnè da fà pians, perché chi lès o sèt al gà fà piotost gni vòia d'grignà... I armi, i fomni, i soldacc, quand che in amôr I andava d' Marz, af voi cuntà in sti vers, Che fü in dol tèp che con tancc furôr Al vign de za dol mar i Mor Pervers, Condücc dal re Gramant, so car signôr, Che voliva più Franza e l'univers E destrüz sech Re Carlo e i Paladì Per vendicà sò Pader Sarasì. Che per spiegass bé e spert, sciassegh e stagn

144-688: A new urban master plan that was implemented between 1912 and 1927, in a style reminiscent of Novecento Italiano and Modernist Rationalism . The 2017 43rd G7 summit on agriculture was held in Bergamo, in the context of the broader international meeting organized in Taormina . The "Charter of Bergamo" is an international commitment, signed during the summit, to reduce hunger worldwide by 2030, strengthen cooperation for agricultural development in Africa, and ensure price transparency. In early 2020, during

192-568: A noi i nostri debiti come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori, e non ci indurre in tentazione, ma liberaci dal male. Amen. Bergamasque - Pader nòst che te sé in cél a'l sìes santificàt ol tò nòm, a'l végne 'l tò régn, la sìes facia la tò olontà cóme in cél, isé 'n tèra. Daga 'ncö ol nòst pà de töcc i dé e pàghega i nòscc débecc cóme nóter m' ghi paga ai nòscc debitùr faga mìa börlà in tentassiù, ma sàlvega del mal. Amen. Raetia Raetia or Rhaetia ( / ˈ r iː ʃ ( i ) ə / REE -sh(ee-)ə , Latin: [ˈrae̯.ti.a] )

240-594: A par de quel tremàs là zo de sot, L'è cöcagna balurda 'l teremòt. The Lord's Prayer English - Our Father who art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us, and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Italian - Padre nostro, che sei nei cieli, sia santificato il tuo nome, venga il tuo regno, sia fatta la tua volontà, come in cielo così in terra. Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano, e rimetti

288-475: A tate lengue ch'è montade in scagn, al Fiorentì, al Franses la nost lagh dà neuf per andà ai dès. [...] Mi per efett de ver amour, de stima, Lavori e pensi in prima A i mè compatriogg a i mè terèr; E dopo, se 'l men vansa, a i forestèr. Al vé vià quacc diàvoi chi gh'è mai Al segn de quel teribel orchesù. De pura 'l sa sgörlè i mür infernai. E serè fò Proserpina i balcù; I è röse e fiur, borasche e temporai, Tempeste e sömelèc, saete e tru, E

336-438: Is also served by three daily Frecciarossa services to Rome operated by Trenitalia and one operated by NTV . Transport within Bergamo is managed by ATB (Azienda Trasporti Bergamo) and includes a network of bus lines together with two funicular systems opened in 1887 ("Funicolare di Bergamo Alta") and in 1912 ("Funicolare di Bergamo San Vigilio"). The Bergamo–Albino light rail operated by TEB (Tramvie Elettriche Bergamasche)

384-463: Is heard of them till after the end of the Republic . There is little doubt, however, that they retained their independence until their subjugation in 15 BC by Tiberius and Drusus . At first Raetia formed a distinct province, but towards the end of the 1st century AD Vindelicia was added to it; hence, Tacitus ( Germania , 41) could speak of Augusta Vindelicorum ( Augsburg ) as "a colony of

432-534: Is often referred to as a dialect of the Italian language; this is not correct, as Bergamasque and Italian are not mutually intelligible. Following the migrations of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bergamo dialect was transplanted and is spoken in various communities of southern Brazil, for example in the municipality of Botuverá . Monolingual Bergamasque speakers are now virtually non-existent. All Lombard speakers also speak Italian , and their command of each of

480-412: Is primarily spoken in the province of Bergamo and in the area around Crema , in central Lombardy . Bergamasque is generally mutually intelligible for speakers of Eastern Lombard 's variants of neighbouring areas (i.e. from Brescia ) but this is not always true for distant peripheric areas, especially in alpine valleys. Differences include either lexical, grammatical and phonetic aspects. Bergamasque

528-535: Is produced. Nowadays, the city has an advanced tertiary economy focussed on banking, retail, and services associated to the industrial sector of its province. Corporations and firms linked to the city include UBI banking group, Brembo (braking systems), Tenaris (steel), and ABB (power and automation technology). Gaetano Donizetti was born in Bergamo in 1797. He's considered one of the most important composers of all time, best known for his almost 70 operas. Along with Gioachino Rossini and Vincenzo Bellini , he

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576-720: Is the Gaetano Donizetti Theater ; another historical theater is the Teatro Sociale , in the Upper Town. More modern is the tensile structure that houses the "Creberg Teatro Bergamo" with 1536 seats which make it one of the largest theaters in the province. Another theatrical structure is the Auditorium in Piazza della Libertà. The building that houses the Auditorium was built in 1937 as the seat of

624-579: The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy , Bergamo's healthcare system was overwhelmed by patients with COVID-19 . There were reports of doctors confronted with ethical dilemmas with too few ICU beds and mechanical ventilation systems. Morgues were overwhelmed, and images of military trucks carrying the bodies of COVID-19 victims out of the city were shared worldwide. An investigative report by The New York Times found that faulty guidance and bureaucratic delays rendered

672-523: The Colleoni and Suardi , respectively. Feuding between the two initially caused the family of Omodeo Tasso to flee north c.  1250 , but he returned to Bergamo in the later 13th century to organize the city's couriers: this would eventually lead to the Imperial Thurn und Taxis dynasty generally credited with organizing the first modern postal service . After a short period under

720-781: The House of Malatesta starting from 1407, Bergamo was ceded in 1428 by the Duchy of Milan to the Republic of Venice in the context of the Wars in Lombardy and the aftermath of the 1427 Battle of Maclodio . Despite the brief interlude granted by the Treaty of Lodi in 1454, the uneasy balance of power among the northern Italian states precipitated the Italian Wars , a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, also

768-633: The Italian unification movement, Bergamo is also known as Città dei Mille ('City of the Thousand'), because a significant part of the rank-and-file supporting Giuseppe Garibaldi in his expedition against the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies came from Bergamo and its environs. During the twentieth century, Bergamo became one of Italy's most industrialized areas. In 1907, Marcello Piacentini devised

816-722: The Oenus ( River Inn ). During the last years of the Western Roman Empire , the land was in a desolate condition, but its occupation by the Ostrogoths in the time of Theodoric the Great , who placed it under a dux , to some extent revived its prosperity. Much of Raetia prima remained as a separate political unit, Raetia Curiensis , for several centuries, until it was attached to the Duchy of Swabia in AD 917. The land

864-722: The Papal States , France , and the Holy Roman Empire . The wars, which were both a result and cause of Venetian involvement in the power politics of mainland Italy, prompted Venice to assert its direct rule over its mainland domains . As much of the fighting during the Italian Wars took place during sieges, increasing levels of fortification were adopted, using such new developments as detached bastions that could withstand sustained artillery fire. The Treaty of Campo Formio (17 October 1797) formally recognized

912-594: The Upper Rhine and Lake Constance ), southern Germany ( Bavaria and most of Baden-Württemberg ), Vorarlberg and the greater part of Tyrol in Austria , and part of northern Lombardy in Italy . The region of Vindelicia (today eastern Württemberg and western Bavaria) was annexed to the province at a later date than the others. The northern border of Raetia during the reigns of emperors Augustus and Tiberius

960-424: The diocese of the vicarius Italiae , and was subdivided into Raetia prima , with a praeses at Curia Raetorum ( Chur ) and Raetia secunda , with a praeses at Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg), the former corresponding to the old Raetia, the latter to Vindelicia. The boundary between them is not clearly defined, but may be stated generally as a line drawn eastwards from the lacus Brigantinus ( Lake Constance ) to

1008-477: The motorway A4 stretching on the axis between Milan, Verona , and Venice . The city is served by Il Caravaggio International Airport , the third-busiest airport in Italy with 12.3 million passengers in 2017. Bergamo is the second most visited city in Lombardy after Milan. In classical Latin , the toponym is attested as Bergomum , while in late Latin Bergame . The toponym in the local Bergamasque dialect of

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1056-458: The Italian average of 17.88 percent (minors) and 20.29 percent (pensioners). The average age of Bergamo residents is 45 compared to the Italian average of 43. In the eight years between 2002 and 2010, the population of Bergamo grew by 5.41 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 5.77 percent. Bergamo is situated in Lombardy , Italy's northern region where about a quarter of the country's GDP

1104-579: The Lombard language is instead Bèrghem . There are various hypotheses put forward to trace the origin of the name of the city. Local historian and politician Bortolo Belotti compared the toponym to previous Celtic and pre-Celtic names, of which Bergomum would then only be the Latinisation; the word berg in Celtic means a protection, fortification or abode. In the writings of early Roman period,

1152-551: The US during the Fascist era because of his Jewish origins. Designers born in Bergamo include Nicola Trussardi and the late Mariuccia Mandelli , the founder of Krizia and one of the first female fashion designers to create a successful line of men's wear. The physicist Fausto Martelli was born in Bergamo in 1982. Fausto Martelli is known for his fundamental contributions to the physics of liquids and glasses. The main city theater

1200-749: The absence of documents regarding Germanic settlements in the area prior to the settlement of the Lombards who settled in the northern part of the Italian peninsula after the collapse of the Roman Empire. Bergomum (as it was known in classical Latin) was first settled by the Ligurian tribe of the Orobii , during the Iron Age period. During the Celtic invasion of northern Italy , around the year of 550 BC,

1248-447: The broader Milan metropolitan area , home to over 8 million people. The city of Bergamo is composed of an old walled core, known as Città Alta ('Upper Town'), nestled within a system of hills , and the modern expansion in the plains below. The upper town is encircled by massive Venetian defensive systems that are a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 9 July 2017. Bergamo is well connected to several cities in Italy, thanks to

1296-480: The city was conquered by the Celtic tribe of Cenomani . In 49 BCE, it became a Roman municipality, containing c.  10,000 inhabitants at its peak. An important hub on the military road between Friuli and Raetia , it was destroyed by Attila in the 5th century. From the 6th century, Bergamo was the seat of one of the most important Lombard duchies of northern Italy, together with Brescia , Trento , and Cividale del Friuli : its first Lombard duke

1344-407: The city. With a population of around 120,000, Bergamo is the fourth-largest city in Lombardy. Bergamo is the seat of the province of Bergamo , which counts over 1,103,000 residents (2020). The metropolitan area of Bergamo extends beyond the administrative city limits, spanning over a densely urbanized area with slightly less than 500,000 inhabitants. The Bergamo metropolitan area is itself part of

1392-727: The inclusion of Bergamo and other parts of northern Italy into the Cisalpine Republic , a "sister republic" of the French First Republic that was superseded in 1802 by the short-lived Napoleonic Italian Republic and in 1805 by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy . At the 1815 Congress of Vienna , Bergamo was assigned to the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia , a crown land of the Austrian Empire . The visit of Ferdinand I in 1838 coincided with

1440-554: The local Fascist Federation and known as the "House of Freedom". Among the theatrical companies operating in Bergamo there are the TTB (teatro tascabile di Bergamo), La Compagnia Stabile di Teatro, Erbamil, Pandemonium Teatro, Teatro Prova, Ambaradan and Slapsus, Luna and Gnac, the CUT (University Theater Center) and La Gilda delle Arti - Teatro Bergamo. Bergamo is served by Il Caravaggio International Airport 5 km (3 mi) south-east of

1488-469: The lower part of the city which are now divided into twenty-five neighborhoods: The most relevant sites are: In 2010, there were 119,551 people residing in Bergamo (in which the greater area has about 500 000 inhabitants), located in the province of Bergamo , Lombardy, of whom 46.6% were male and 53.4% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 16.79 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 23.61 percent. This compares with

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1536-630: The name of "Raetians" from an eponymous leader Raetus. Even if their Etruscan origin be accepted, at the time when the land became known to the Romans, Celtic tribes were already in possession of much of it and had amalgamated so completely with the original inhabitants that, generally speaking, the Raetians of later times may be regarded as a Celtic people, although non-Celtic tribes (es. Euganei ) were settled among them. The Raetians are first mentioned (but only incidentally) by Polybius , and little

1584-447: The narrow medieval streets, you can visit numerous places of interest including: The lower city is the modern centre of Bergamo. At the end of the 19th century, Città Bassa was composed of residential neighborhoods built along the main roads that linked Bergamo to the other cities of Lombardy. The main boroughs were Borgo Palazzo along the road to Brescia , Borgo San Leonardo along the road to Milan and Borgo Santa Caterina along

1632-505: The opening of the new boulevard stretching into the plains, leading to the railway station that was inaugurated in 1857. Austrian rule was at first welcomed, but later challenged by Italian independentist insurrections in 1848. Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered Bergamo in 1859, during the Second Italian War of Independence . As a result, the city was incorporated into the newly founded Kingdom of Italy . For its contribution to

1680-605: The province of Raetia". The whole province (including Vindelicia) was at first under a military prefect , then under a procurator ; it had no standing army quartered in it but relied on its own native troops and militia for protection until the 2nd century AD. During the reign of Marcus Aurelius , Raetia was governed by the commander of the Legio III Italica , which was based in Castra Regina ( Regensburg ) by 179 AD. Under Diocletian , Raetia formed part of

1728-572: The records as one of the most powerful and warlike of the Alpine tribes. Livy states distinctly that they were of Etruscan origin (a belief that was favored by Niebuhr and Mommsen ). A tradition reported by Justin and Pliny the Elder affirmed that they were a portion of that people who had settled in the plains of the Po and were driven into the mountains by the invading Gauls , when they assumed

1776-449: The road to Serio Valley . Borgo Santa Caterina is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ('The most beautiful villages of Italy'). The city rapidly expanded during the 20th century. In the first decades, the municipality erected major buildings such as the new courthouse and various administrative offices in the lower part of Bergamo in order to create a new city center. After World War II , many residential buildings were constructed in

1824-477: The toll in Bergamo far worse than it had to be. The town has two centres: Città Alta ('Upper City'), a hilltop medieval town, surrounded by 16th-century defensive walls, and the Città Bassa ('Lower City'). The two parts of the town are connected by funicular , roads, and footpaths. The upper city, surrounded by Venetian walls built in the 16th century , forms the historic centre of Bergamo. Walking along

1872-487: The toponym Bergomum appears to be associated with Bergimus , the Celtic god of mountains or dwellings. Historian Antonio Tiraboschi argued instead that the toponym stemmed from the Proto-Germanic language . The Bergamo toponym is similar to toponyms in various Germanic-speaking areas, and might be associated with * berg +*heim , or the "mountain home". The hypothesis of a Germanic derivation clashes however with

1920-409: The town as well; among these were Giovanni Paolo Cavagna , Francesco Zucco , and Enea Salmeggia , each of whom painted works for the church of Santa Maria Maggiore. Sculptor Giacomo Manzù and the bass-baritone opera singer Alex Esposito were born in Bergamo. The American electrical engineer and professor Andrew Viterbi , inventor of Viterbi's algorithm , was born in Bergamo, before migrating to

1968-421: The town. The city is also served by Milan Linate Airport 50 km (31 mi) south-west of Bergamo. Motorway A4 is the main axis connecting the city with the east and the west of the country, to cities such as Milan , Turin , Venice and Trieste . Bergamo railway station is connected to Milan, Lecco , Cremona , Treviglio , Brescia and Monza with regional trains operated by Trenord . The city

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2016-658: The two languages varies according to their geographical position as well as their socio - economic situation, the most reliable predictor being the speakers' age. [...] hec mulier id est la fomna et dicitur mulier, [...] hoc ignifer id est ol bernaz et dicitur ignifer [...] E fì senorzat da Peter e incalzat da Martì, [...] cola pena mal temprata no po fì bona letra. A nomo sia de Crist ol dì present Di des comandament alegrament I qua de de pader onnipotent A morsis per salvar la zent. E chi i des comandament observarà in vita eterna cum Xristo andarà [...] ...Se bé cognosse, chesto nost parlà bergamasch no s'convè

2064-705: Was Wallaris . After the conquest of the Lombard Kingdom by Charlemagne , it became the seat of a county under one Auteramus (died 816). An important Lombardic hoard dating from the 6th to 7th centuries was found in the vicinity of the city in the 19th century and is now in the British Museum . From the 11th century onwards, Bergamo was an independent commune , taking part in the Lombard League which defeated Frederick I Barbarossa in 1165. The local Guelph and Ghibelline factions were

2112-584: Was a province of the Roman Empire named after the Rhaetian people . It bordered on the west with the country of the Helvetii , on the east with Noricum , on the north with Vindelicia , on the south-west with Transalpine Gaul and on the south with Venetia et Histria , a region of Roman Italy . It thus comprised the districts occupied in modern times by eastern and central Switzerland (containing

2160-459: Was a leading composer of the bel canto opera style during the first half of the nineteenth century and a probable influence on other composers such as Giuseppe Verdi . Bergamo was the hometown and last resting place of Enrico Rastelli , a highly technical and world-famous juggler who lived in the town and, in 1931, died there at the early age of 34. There is a life-sized statue of Rastelli within his mausoleum . A number of painters were active in

2208-578: Was inaugurated in 2009. Two light rail lines are currently in the planning stage: Bergamo is twinned with: Bergamasque dialect Bergamasque has official status in the province of Bergamo, according to the Regional Law 25/2016. Bergamasque is a Romance language and belongs to the Gallo-Italic branch. Its position on the language family is genetically closer to Occitan , Catalan , French , etc. than to Italian . Bergamasque

2256-824: Was the River Danube . Later the Limes Germanicus marked the northern boundary, stretching for 166 km north of the Danube. Raetia was connected to Italy across the Alps over the Reschen Pass , by the Via Claudia Augusta . The capital of the province was Augusta Vindelicorum , present-day Augsburg in southern Germany. Little is known of the origin or history of the Raetians , who appear in

2304-596: Was very mountainous, and the inhabitants, when not engaged in predatory expeditions, chiefly supported themselves by breeding cattle and cutting timber, little attention being paid to agriculture. Some of the valleys, however, were rich and fertile, and produced wine, which was considered equal to any in Italia . Augustus preferred Raetian wine to any other. Considerable trade in pitch , honey , wax , and cheese occurred. The chief towns of Raetia (excluding Vindelicia) were Tridentum ( Trento ) and Curia (Coire or Chur ). It

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