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50-411: Bình Phước province is the result of a merger of two former provinces: Phước Long province and Bình Long province , which existed before reunification. Both Phước Long and Bình Long then became part of Sông Bé province in 1976, which also included Bình Dương province . Sông Bé province was dissolved in 1997 and Bình Phước again became a separate province. Several significant battles were fought in what

100-401: A Spanish name for cashew). Cashew nuts are more widely traded than cashew apples, because the fruit, unlike the nut, is easily bruised and has a very limited shelf life. Cashew apple juice, however, may be used for manufacturing blended juices. When the apple is consumed, its astringency is sometimes removed by steaming the fruit for five minutes before washing it in cold water. Steeping

150-416: A consequence of hidden nut ingredients or traces of nuts that may inadvertently be introduced during food processing, handling, or manufacturing. The shell of the cashew nut contains oil compounds that can cause contact dermatitis similar to poison ivy , primarily resulting from the phenolic lipids , anacardic acid , and cardanol . Because it can cause dermatitis, cashews are typically not sold in

200-421: A dark yellow oil derived from pressing the cashew nuts (typically from lower-value broken chunks created accidentally during processing) and is used for cooking or as a salad dressing. The highest quality oil is produced from a single cold pressing. Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) or cashew shell oil ( CAS registry number 8007-24-7) is a natural resin with a yellowish sheen found in the honeycomb structure of

250-453: A double distillation process. The resulting beverage is called feni or fenny. Feni is about 40–42% alcohol (80–84 proof). The single-distilled version is called urrak , which is about 15% alcohol (30 proof). In Tanzania, the cashew apple ( bibo in Swahili ) is dried and reconstituted with water and fermented, then distilled to make a strong liquor called gongo . Cashew nut oil is

300-547: A husk, which accounts for approximately 5% of the total nut. Cashew nut husk is used in emerging industrial applications, such as an adsorbent , composites , biopolymers , dyes and enzyme synthesis. The mature cashew apple can be eaten fresh, cooked in curries, or fermented into vinegar, citric acid or an alcoholic drink. It is also used to make preserves, chutneys, and jams in some countries, such as India and Brazil. In many countries, particularly in South America,

350-402: A less frequent allergen than other tree nuts or peanuts . For up to 6% of children and 3% of adults, consuming cashews may cause allergic reactions , ranging from mild discomfort to life-threatening anaphylaxis . These allergies are triggered by the proteins found in tree nuts, and cooking often does not remove or change these proteins. Reactions to cashew and tree nuts can also occur as

400-523: A paste that forms a base of sauces for curries (e.g., korma ), or some sweets (e.g., kaju barfi ). It is also used in powdered form in the preparation of several Indian sweets and desserts. In Goan cuisine , both roasted and raw kernels of Goa Kaju are used whole for making curries and sweets. Cashews are also used in Thai and Chinese cuisines , generally in whole form. In the Philippines, cashew

450-429: A value of US$ 325.5 million in 2007, far exceeding its imports of US$ 57.4 million. Since 2000, exports have increased almost sevenfold while imports increased almost tenfold. The main export products include rubber latex, shelled cashew nuts and pepper. The state sector accounted for 41.5 percent of GDP in 2007, an increase from the 29.5 percent in 2000 but somewhat lower than 2006, when its share peaked at 45.9 percent. At

500-449: Is a known product of Antipolo and is eaten with suman . The province of Pampanga also has a sweet dessert called turrones de casuy , which is cashew marzipan wrapped in white wafers. In Indonesia, roasted and salted cashews are called kacang mete or kacang mede , while the cashew apple is called jambu monyet ( lit. 'monkey rose apple'). In the 21st century, cashew cultivation increased in several African countries to meet

550-536: Is composed of the Greek prefix ana- ( ἀνά- , aná , 'up, upward'), the Greek cardia ( καρδία , kardía , 'heart'), and the Neo-Latin suffix -ium . It possibly refers to the heart shape of the fruit, to "the top of the fruit stem" or to the seed. The word anacardium was earlier used to refer to Semecarpus anacardium (the marking nut tree) before Carl Linnaeus transferred it to

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600-473: Is cultivated in the tropics between 25°N and 25°S, and is well-adapted to hot lowland areas with a pronounced dry season, where the mango and tamarind trees also thrive. The traditional cashew tree is tall (up to 14 m (46 ft)) and takes three years from planting before it starts production, and eight years before economic harvests can begin. More recent breeds, such as the dwarf cashew trees, are up to 6 m (20 ft) tall and start producing after

650-540: Is grown in the southwest of the province in the districts of Bình Long and Chơn Thành , between National Route 13 and the Bé River. Coffee is grown in the northeast of the province, north of Thác Mơ Lake. 56,148 tons of coffee were harvested in 2007, accounting for 5.8 percent of the national output. Other crops include coconuts (877 tons in 2007), sugar cane (28,800 tons), peanuts (800 tons) and cotton (500 tons). Industry and construction contribute only 14.7 percent to

700-435: Is large and evergreen , growing to 14 metres (46 feet) tall, with a short, often irregularly shaped trunk. The leaves are spirally arranged, leathery textured, elliptic to obovate, 4–22 centimetres ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 8 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches) long and 2–15 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 –6 in) broad, with smooth margins. The flowers are produced in a panicle or corymb up to 26 cm (10 in) long; each flower

750-504: Is native to tropical South America and later was distributed around the world in the 1500s by Portuguese explorers . Portuguese colonists in Brazil began exporting cashew nuts as early as the 1550s. The Portuguese took it to Goa , formerly Estado da Índia Portuguesa in India, between 1560 and 1565. From there, it spread throughout Southeast Asia and eventually Africa. The cashew tree

800-628: Is now Bình Phước province. These include the Battle of Sông Bé in May 1965, the Battle of Đồng Xoài in June 1965, the Battle of Lộc Ninh in April 1972, and the Battle of Phước Long from December 1974 to January 1975. Bình Phước province is relatively flat with an elevation of between 50 metres (160 ft) and 200 metres (660 ft) throughout most of the province. The elevation is gradually higher towards

850-465: Is small, pale green at first, then turning reddish, with five slender, acute petals 7–15 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 4 – 5 ⁄ 8  in) long. The largest cashew tree in the world covers an area around 7,500 m (81,000 sq ft) and is located in Natal , Brazil . The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit (sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit). What appears to be

900-547: The Cambodian border. Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc Long province Phước Long is a former province of Southeast region of Vietnam . It was established on 22 October 1956 by a presidential decree. It was one of South Vietnam's 22 provinces. It is now part of Bình Phước province . The province was originally into three districts: Phước Bình, Bù Đốp , and Phước Hòa. In 1961, it was reorganized as four districts: Bố Đức, Phước Bình, Đức Phong and Đôn Luân. The administrative center

950-540: The 4,458 farms in 2007 were perennial crop farms. The production of cereals is much less significant and accounts only for a small part of agricultural area and output. 34,200 tons of rice and 19.7 tons of maize were harvested in 2007, accounting for only 0.1 and 0.5 percent of the national output. Sweet potatoes and cassava are also grown in Bình Phước. The most important cash crop is cashew nuts . 156,377 tons of cashew nuts were harvested in 2007, accounting for 51.8 percent of

1000-701: The DV) of dietary minerals , including particularly copper , manganese , phosphorus , and magnesium (79–110% DV), and of thiamin , vitamin B 6 and vitamin K (32–37% DV). Iron , potassium , zinc , and selenium are present in significant content (14–61% DV) (table). Cashews (100 g, raw) contain 113 milligrams (1.74 gr) of beta-sitosterol . Culinary uses for cashew seeds in snacking and cooking are similar to those for all tree seeds called nuts. Cashews are commonly used in South Asian cuisine , whole for garnishing sweets or curries, or ground into

1050-746: The Netherlands, Germany, Brazil, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Indonesia, Burkina Faso, and the United States. In 2014, the rapid growth of cashew cultivation in the Ivory Coast made this country the top African exporter. Fluctuations in world market prices, poor working conditions, and low pay for local harvesting have caused discontent in the cashew nut industry. Almost all cashews produced in Africa between 2000 and 2019 were exported as raw nuts which are much less profitable than shelled nuts. One of

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1100-538: The better-known and also toxic allergenic oil urushiol , which is found in the related poison ivy and lacquer tree . The English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree: caju ( Portuguese pronunciation: [kaˈʒu] ), also known as acaju , which itself is from the Tupi word acajú , literally meaning "nut that produces itself". The generic name Anacardium

1150-428: The cashew apple is used to flavor drinks, both alcoholic and nonalcoholic. In Brazil, cashew fruit juice and fruit pulp are used in the production of sweets, and juice mixed with alcoholic beverages such as cachaça , and as flour, milk, or cheese. In Panama, the cashew fruit is cooked with water and sugar for a prolonged time to make a sweet, brown, paste-like dessert called dulce de marañón ( marañón being

1200-465: The cashew nutshell, and is a byproduct of processing cashew nuts. As it is a strong irritant, it should not be confused with edible cashew nut oil. It is dangerous to handle in small-scale processing of the shells, but is itself a raw material with multiple uses. It is used in tropical folk medicine and for anti- termite treatment of timber. Its composition varies depending on how it is processed. These substances are skin allergens, like lacquer and

1250-480: The cashew; both plants are in the same family. The epithet occidentale derives from the Western (or Occidental) world. The plant has diverse common names in various languages among its wide distribution range, including anacardier ( French ) with the fruit referred to as pomme de cajou , caju ( Portuguese pronunciation: [kaˈʒu] ), or acaju (Portuguese). The species

1300-402: The dwarf cultivars, growing up to 6 m (20 ft), prove more profitable, with earlier maturity and greater yields. The cashew nut is edible and is eaten on its own as a snack , used in recipes, or processed into cashew cheese or cashew butter . The nut is often simply called a 'cashew'. In 2019, four million tonnes of cashew nuts were produced globally, with Ivory Coast and India

1350-482: The east of the province and reach around 500 metres (1,600 ft) near parts of the border with Đắk Nông province of the Central Highlands . The highest elevation is Bà Rá mountain (736 metres (2,415 ft)) in the centre of the province. There are several hills around the province with heights of up to around 200 metres (660 ft) in the west and 300 metres (980 ft) in the southeast. Most of

1400-413: The end of the cashew apple. The drupe first develops on the tree and then the pedicel expands to become the cashew apple. The drupe becomes the true fruit, a single shell -encased seed , which is often considered a nut in the culinary sense. The seed is surrounded by a double shell that contains an allergenic phenolic resin, anacardic acid —which is a potent skin irritant chemically related to

1450-431: The field of rigid polyurethanes, aided by their inherent phenolic structure and larger number of reactive units per unit mass. CNSL may be used as a resin for carbon composite products. CNSL-based novolac is another versatile industrial monomer deriving from cardanol typically used as a reticulating agent (hardener) for epoxy matrices in composite applications providing good thermal and mechanical properties to

1500-442: The final composite material. Discarded cashew nuts unfit for human consumption, alongside the residues of oil extraction from cashew kernels, can be fed to livestock. Animals can also eat the leaves of cashew trees. As well as the nut and fruit, the plant has several other uses. In Cambodia, the bark gives a yellow dye, the timber is used in boat-making, and for house-boards, and the wood makes excellent charcoal. The shells yield

1550-429: The first year, with economic yields after three years. The cashew nut yields for the traditional tree are about 0.25 t/ha (0.100 long ton/acre; 0.11 short ton/acre), in contrast to over a ton per hectare for the dwarf variety. Grafting and other modern tree management technologies are used to further improve and sustain cashew nut yields in commercial orchards. In 2021, global production of cashew nuts (as

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1600-469: The fruit in boiling salt water for five minutes also reduces the astringency. In Cambodia, where the plant is usually grown as an ornamental rather than an economic tree, the fruit is a delicacy and is eaten with salt. In the Indian state of Goa , the ripened cashew apples are mashed, and the juice, called "neero", is extracted and kept for fermentation for a few days. This fermented juice then undergoes

1650-486: The fruit is an oval or pear-shaped structure, a hypocarpium , that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower. Called the cashew apple, better known in Central America as marañón , it ripens into a yellow or red structure about 5–11 cm (2– 4 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) long. The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney -shaped or boxing glove -shaped drupe that grows at

1700-622: The goals of the African Cashew Alliance is to promote Africa's cashew processing capabilities to improve the profitability of Africa's cashew industry. In 2011, Human Rights Watch reported that forced labour was used for cashew processing in Vietnam. Around 40,000 current or former drug users were forced to remove shells from " blood cashews " or perform other work and often beaten at more than 100 rehabilitation centers. Some people are allergic to cashews, but they are

1750-441: The kernel) was 3.7 million tonnes , led by Ivory Coast and India with a combined 43% of the world total (table). The top ten exporters of cashew nuts (in-shell; HS Code 080131) in value (USD) in 2021 were Ghana, Tanzania, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Guinea. From 2017 to 2021, the top ten exporters of cashew nuts (shelled; HS Code 080132) were Vietnam, India,

1800-516: The leading producers. As well as the nut and fruit, the plant has several other uses. The shell of the cashew seed yields derivatives that can be used in many applications including lubricants, waterproofing, paints, and, starting in World War II, arms production. The cashew apple is a light reddish to yellow fruit, whose pulp and juice can be processed into a sweet, astringent fruit drink or fermented and distilled into liquor. The cashew tree

1850-534: The majority Vietnamese , there are minorities of Xtiêng , Nùng , Tày , Khmer , and Chăm . Ethnic minorities are present throughout the province. Bình Phước is subdivided into 11 district-level sub-divisions: They are further subdivided into five commune-level towns (or townlets), 92 communes, and 14 wards. Bình Phước is agriculturally one of the most productive provinces of Vietnam, especially relying on cash crops such as cashew nuts and rubber. As of 2007, its agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) per capita

1900-483: The manufacturing demands for cashew milk , a plant milk alternative to dairy milk . In Mozambique, bolo polana is a cake prepared using powdered cashews and mashed potatoes as the main ingredients. This dessert is common in South Africa. The cashew nut kernel has a slight curvature and two cotyledons , each representing around 20–25% of the weight of the nut. It is encased in a reddish-brown membrane called

1950-486: The national output. This is a significant increase from 110,000 tons in 2006 and just 19,000 tons in 2000. Cashew nuts are grown mostly in the east and south of the province, roughly along (north and west of) National Route 14. Cashew nuts are an important export product for Bình Phước as well as Vietnam in general. Exports in 2010 are expected to reach US$ 1 billion, while there are also increasing imports of raw cashew nuts because processing capacity by now significantly exceeds

2000-674: The oils of poison ivy, and they present a danger during manual cashew processing. This natural oil phenol has interesting chemical structural features that can be modified to create a wide spectrum of biobased monomers . These capitalize on the chemically versatile construct, which contains three functional groups : the aromatic ring , the hydroxyl group , and the double bonds in the flanking alkyl chain. These include polyols , which have recently seen increased demand for their biobased origin and key chemical attributes such as high reactivity, range of functionalities, reduction in blowing agents, and naturally occurring fire retardant properties in

2050-439: The production of shelled cashew nuts (29,200 tons) and cassava starch (78,100 tons). There is also an industry producing hand farming tools. Other industries include construction materials (stones and bricks) and forest product processing (saw wood and paper). In September 2007, moves were made to consider the construction of a section of the proposed Trans-Asian Railway from Dĩ An on the main north-south line to Lộc Ninh near

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2100-414: The province's GDP as of 2007. However, it has contributed significantly to recent economic growth. While the large agricultural sector has been growing by around 10 percent from 2005 to 2007, the growth of industry and construction was 35.8, 25.9, and 21.6 percent in these three years, respectively. Many of the industries are based on agricultural products or raw materials. Food processing industries include

2150-487: The province's total area. Forests are located mostly in the northeast and southeast of the province as well as along the northern border with Cambodia and the western border with Tây Ninh province . Much of the rest of the area is used to grow perennial cash crops. The total agricultural area is 293,700 hectares (725,750 acres). There are 21,900 hectares (54,000 acres) of specially used land and 5,700 hectares (14,000 acres) of residential land. Bình Phước's population in 2022

2200-549: The quantity grown in Vietnam. Another important crop is rubber, with 147,520 tons produced in 2007. This accounts for 24.5 percent of the national output and has more than doubled since 2000 (67,000 tons). Rubber is mostly produced in the north and west of the province, along the Bé River and National Route 13 . Bình Phước's pepper production also accounts for a significant share of national output (24 percent). Production has more than doubled to 21,736 between 2000 and 2007. Pepper

2250-574: The rivers in the province are tributaries of the Bé River , which in turn is a tributary of the Đồng Nai River . Thác Mơ lake is a large artificial lake in the east of the province. Several rivers originating in the Central Highlands flow into it, including Đak G'lun, Đăk Nhau, Đắk R'lấp, and Dak Oa (from north to south). It is the point of origin of the Bé River, which flows through much of central and western Bình Phước. Forestry land takes up 337,000 hectares (832,750 acres) or 49 percent of

2300-475: The same time, the household sector had seen its share being reduced from 61.1 percent in 2000 to 49.2 percent in 2007, but it was still the largest ownership sector in Bình Phước. The private sector is still very small at only 7.7 percent of GDP. There has been very little foreign investment; this sector contributes only 1.4 percent to the province's GDP. Agriculture in Bình Phước is dominated by perennial crops, mainly cashew nuts, rubber, coffee and pepper. 4,333 of

2350-605: The shell to consumers. Readily and inexpensively extracted from the waste shells, cardanol is under research for its potential applications in nanomaterials and biotechnology . Raw cashews are 5% water, 30%  carbohydrates , 44%  fat , and 18%  protein (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw cashews provide 553  kilocalories , 67% of the Daily Value (DV) in total fats, 36% DV of protein , 13% DV of dietary fiber and 11% DV of carbohydrates . Cashews are rich sources (20% or more of

2400-479: Was 1,277,300. This is a significant increase from 684,600 in 2000. In contrast to many other provinces, much of this growth has taken place in rural areas, where the population increased by 118,500 compared to 20,500 in urban areas. Bình Phước is a predominantly rural province, with only 15.4 percent of the population living in towns. The population has grown by 16.5 percent between 2000 and 2005, but has since slowed to 2.23 percent in 2006 and 1 percent in 2007. Besides

2450-632: Was 7.03 million Vietnamese đồngs , the highest in Vietnam, while industrial GDP per capita was only 1.7 million đồngs, making it one of the least industrialized provinces in the southern half of Vietnam. Bình Phước's GDP in 2007 was 9,534.4 billion đồngs or 11.58 million đồngs per capita, which is 86 percent of the national figure and significantly lower than that of the other provinces in the Southeastern region. Growth in GDP has been between 14% and 15% per year from 2000 to 2007. Bình Phước exported goods with

2500-574: Was in Phước Bình . This article about a location in Bình Phước Province , Vietnam is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cashew nut Cashew is the common name of a tropical evergreen tree Anacardium occidentale , in the family Anacardiaceae . It is native to South America and is the source of the cashew nut and the cashew apple, an accessory fruit . The tree can grow as tall as 14 metres (46 feet), but

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