Misplaced Pages

#509490

93-445: Blindfolds can be used in various applications: Use of a blindfold is said to enhance the remaining senses of the wearer, focusing attention on sound, smells and physical contact. This increased awareness is said to allow for greater excitement and anticipation by eliminating visual cues, as one cannot see what to expect. It also requires trust of the submissive , with all the emotional ramifications that entails. The blindfold has been

186-452: A "consensus that paraphilias are not ipso facto psychiatric disorders", and proposed "that the DSM-V make a distinction between paraphilias and paraphilic disorders . One would ascertain a paraphilia (according to the nature of the urges, fantasies, or behaviors) but diagnose a paraphilic disorder (on the basis of distress and impairment). In this conception, having a paraphilia would be

279-475: A "girlfriend-to-girlfriend" non-sexual basis. Variation in D/s is virtually limitless and the activities take many forms, and may be combined with other forms of BDSM. These variations may include: There are some risks commonly associated with D/s concerning both physical and mental health. Some examples are: Consent is a vital element in all psychological play, and consent can be granted in many ways. Some employ

372-410: A "scene". In addition to "dominant" and "submissive" a "switch" is a person who can take either role. The dominant and submissive relations pertain to two people who play with psychological, emotional, and/or physical dominance. Most of the time in sexual relationships like this there is some sort of power exchange through their physical interaction . A scene between two switches can involve trading off

465-409: A BDSM club that maintains such facilities. Many submissives in a submissive relationship wear a collar to indicate their submissive status and commitment. It can be much like a wedding band, except that only the submissive partner wears one. The traditional collar is a neck band in leather or metal, chosen, designed, and even crafted by the dominant partner. Some subs may wear a "symbolic collar", often

558-681: A D/s relationship: one dominant may have several submissives, who may in turn dominate others, or a submissive may have multiple dominants. Relationships may be monogamous or polyamorous . Romantic love is not necessarily a feature in D/s: partners might be very much in love or have no romantic relationship at all. Some D/s relationships are sexual, others completely chaste. Fantasy role play can be an element, with partners taking classic dominant or submissive roles, or classic authority-figure roles such as teacher and student, police officer and suspect, or parent and child. Animal play , where one partner takes

651-495: A bracelet or ankle chain, which is more subdued than the traditional collar and can pass in non-BDSM situations. It is not uncommon for a sub to have several collars for special occasions. Collars are integral for animal roleplay . Many people—for example, some in the punk rock and goth subcultures —wear collars for other reasons, such as fashion. So, one cannot assume that all people wearing collars are involved in BDSM. Members of

744-500: A club where these activities take place. It can also be a place to practice kinks safely and learn how to carry out activities and play. The term dungeon monitors is used as a description of well-trusted BDSM members that volunteer to monitor dungeons and look out for infractions, distress, or any other form of misconduct or non-consent. The term flogger is used to describe a tool or whip used in sexual scenes. The action of flogging refers to impact play. Usually made of leather with

837-461: A commonality across the paraphilias, using the terminology of his time writing, "All the forms of sexual perversion ... have one thing in common: their roots reach down into the matrix of natural and normal sex life; there they are somehow closely connected with the feelings and expressions of our physiological erotism. They are ... hyperbolic intensifications, distortions, monstrous fruits of certain partial and secondary expressions of this erotism which

930-442: A cost. Likewise, the icon of the blindfold can symbolize the dichotomy of the conscious and the unconscious, as wearing a blindfold represents a stasis or a lesser state of consciousness, whereas taking off one's blindfold represents a form of awakening or rebirth. It also represents connection to feeling over senses, emphasizing the importance of emotion over perception . Submissive (BDSM) Dominance and submission ( D/s )

1023-654: A fundamental asymmetry and communicates a negative value judgment against the sexual interests included," and leaves the paraphilias in a situation similar to ego-dystonic homosexuality , which was removed from the DSM because it was no longer recognized as a mental disorder. The DSM-5 has specific listings for eight paraphilic disorders. These are voyeuristic disorder, exhibitionistic disorder, frotteuristic disorder , sexual masochism disorder, sexual sadism disorder, pedophilic disorder, fetishistic disorder, and transvestic disorder . Other paraphilic disorders can be diagnosed under

SECTION 10

#1732790402510

1116-411: A hard handle and multiple long flat strands attached. The term can also be used to describe the person holding the specialized whip. Some people in the D/s world capitalize words and names that refer to dominants, and do not capitalize those that refer to submissives, hence the capitalization of D/s; others do not. It was popularized in internet chatrooms, to make it easier to identify the orientation of

1209-559: A long history in human culture and civilization . In human sexuality, this has broadened to include voluntarily chosen roles and activities that express dominance and submission. The proportion of the population which partakes in D/s activities is difficult to ascertain as the statistics vary widely depending on the particular study, date of publication, and country where the research has taken place. A 1985 study suggested that about 30 percent of participants in BDSM activities are females, and

1302-434: A necessary but not a sufficient condition for having a paraphilic disorder." The 'Rationale' page of any paraphilia in the electronic DSM-5 draft continues: "This approach leaves intact the distinction between normative and non-normative sexual behavior, which could be important to researchers, but without automatically labeling non-normative sexual behavior as psychopathological. It also eliminates certain logical absurdities in

1395-477: A nonconsenting person. Sexual arousal in association with objects that were designed for sexual purposes is not diagnosable. Some paraphilias may interfere with the capacity for sexual activity with consenting adult partners. In the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), a paraphilia is not diagnosable as a psychiatric disorder unless it causes distress to

1488-579: A period of six months" (criterion A), which "cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning" (criterion B). DSM-IV-TR names eight specific paraphilic disorders ( exhibitionism , fetishism , frotteurism , pedophilia , sexual masochism , sexual sadism , voyeurism , and transvestic fetishism , plus a residual category, paraphilia—not otherwise specified ). Criterion B differs for exhibitionism, frotteurism, and pedophilia to include acting on these urges, and for sadism, acting on these urges with

1581-424: A physician and advocate for sexual minorities, has argued that the diagnoses should be eliminated from diagnostic manuals. Ray Blanchard stated that the current definition of paraphilia in the DSM done by concatenation (i.e. by listing a set of paraphilias) and that defining the term by exclusion (anything that is not normophilic) is preferable. Homosexuality , now widely accepted as a variant of human sexuality,

1674-418: A powerful symbol in divination and mythology since the 15th century. In law, it is seen being worn by Lady Justice , to represent objectivity and impartiality. The blindfold as a symbol is also a common theme in tarot and other divination methods. It can represent themes of the victim, resistance to clarity, denial, or limited views. It is often accompanied by underlying themes of integrity and truth at

1767-466: A safeword at any time, regardless of the intensity of the scene, usually signifies the end to a scene, or activity and possible withdrawal of consent completely. Within the community of BDSM, there are universal safewords used according to traffic lights and known as "house safewords". Red means stop everything, yellow means slow down and to not go any further, and green meaning go and continue with more intensity. There are also possibilities where speaking

1860-629: A scene to an outright stop, whereas others may indicate that a boundary is being approached. A safeword may be used by the Dominant as well as the Submissive if they feel things have gone too far and are uncomfortable continuing. D/s may be ritualized or freeform. It is usually a negotiated lifestyle, with people discussing their wishes, limits , and needs in order to find commonality. A D/s relationship may be sexual or non-sexual, long- or short-term, and intimate or anonymous. Most adherents search for

1953-536: A series of landmark cases in the Supreme Court of the United States , persons diagnosed with extreme paraphilic disorders, particularly pedophilia ( Kansas v. Hendricks , 1997) and others that cause serious difficulty controlling behavior ( Kansas v. Crane , 2002), can be held indefinitely in civil confinement under various state legislation generically known as sexually violent predator laws and

SECTION 20

#1732790402510

2046-439: A simple yes or no. Scene consent has been described as including parameters of a top/ bottom negotiation and agreement of a play scene. While deep consent involves the mental capacity of the bottom (submissive) and the awareness of the top that the bottom is able to use a safeword. The BDSM community have a simple code of conduct concerning the boundaries of safety and negotiation to ensure consensual BDSM. Negotiation in terms of

2139-429: A strong fetishistic interest in the exhaust pipes of cars, a young man with a similar interest in a specific type of car, and a man who had a paraphilic interest in sneezing (both his own and the sneezing of others). The causes of paraphilias in people are unclear, but some research points to a possible prenatal neurodevelopmental correlation. A 2008 study analyzing the sexual fantasies of 200 heterosexual men by using

2232-471: A study conducted in a population of men, 62% of participants reported at least one paraphilic interest. In another sample of college students, voyeurism was reported in 52% of men. The DSM-5 estimates that 2.2% of males and 1.3% of females in Australia engaged in bondage and discipline, sadomasochism, or dominance and submission within the past 12 months. The population prevalence of sexual masochism disorder

2325-454: A symptom of psychopathology. It was thought that people who participated in this type of sexual play disregarded safety and consent, which influenced the diagnosis, classification, and perception of this type of relationship. These misconceptions of all participants of BDSM having disordered tendencies have related to the definition and criteria for sadomasochism in the DSM-5 . Therefore, many in

2418-402: A weekend or more. For long term consent, a "slave contract" may be drawn up. Slave contracts are simply a way for consenting adults to define the nature of their relationship and clarify personal boundaries , and are not intended to carry legal force. After a slave contract is drafted, some celebrate the event with a "collaring ceremony", in which the local D/s community is invited to witness

2511-423: A written form known as a "Dungeon negotiation form", for others a simple verbal commitment is sufficient. Consent can be limited both in duration and content. There are many versions of consent but mainly it is the knowledge between the partnership of who plays the dominant role and who plays the submissive. The commitment of knowing who afflicts and receives the pain, bondage, torture, and/or humiliation. As well as

2604-574: Is a set of behaviors, customs, and rituals involving the submission of one person to another in an erotic episode or lifestyle . It is a subset of BDSM . This form of sexual contact and pleasure has been shown to please a minority of people. Physical contact is not necessary, and D/s can be conducted anonymously over the telephone, email, or other messaging systems. In other cases, it can be intensely physical, sometimes crossing into sadomasochism . In D/s, both parties take pleasure or erotic enjoyment from either dominating or being dominated. Those who take

2697-424: Is attempting to satisfy the submissive's kinks and desires. The terms top and bottom are used as verbs or nouns to describe the physical play of SM but with less of a focus of the "sadist" and "masochist" part of the activity. They can be used as synonyms for dominant and submissive . The term dungeon is used as a reference to a space/room designated for sadomasochism play. It can also be used to describe

2790-564: Is considered 'normal' or at least within the limits of healthy sex feeling." Before the introduction of the term paraphilia in the DSM-III (1980), the term sexual deviation was used to refer to paraphilias in the first two editions of the manual. In 1981, an article published in American Journal of Psychiatry described paraphilia as "recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors generally involving"

2883-1197: Is currently the only form of psychotherapy for paraphilic disorders supported by randomized double-blind trials, as opposed to case studies and consensus of expert opinion. Pharmacological treatments can help people control their sexual behaviors, but do not change the content of the paraphilia. They are typically combined with cognitive behavioral therapy for best effect. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been well received and are considered an important pharmacological treatment of severe paraphilic disorders. They are proposed to work by reducing sexual arousal, compulsivity , and depressive symptoms. They have been used with exhibitionists, non-offending pedophiles, and compulsive masturbators. Antiandrogens are used in more extreme cases. Similar to physical castration , they work by reducing androgen levels, and have thus been described as chemical castration . The antiandrogen cyproterone acetate has been shown to substantially reduce sexual fantasies and offending behaviors. Medroxyprogesterone acetate and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (such as leuprorelin ) have also been used to lower sex drive. Due to

Blindfold - Misplaced Pages Continue

2976-419: Is no significant relationship between the two. That being said just because someone participates in a dominant and submissive relationship does not mean they will eventually be sexually assaulted or coerced. Consensual non-consensuality is a mutual agreement to act as if consent has been waived within safe, sane limits. It is an agreement that consent is given in advance, sometimes without foreknowledge of

3069-646: Is not an option and so there are "silent safewords" that are simple gestures that represent stopping an activity, for example, clapping hands, snapping fingers, or any action showing the scene must end. The use of safewords and the abode of them go hand and hand with consent and negotiation. All of it ensures a safe space where both participants are able to enjoy the sexual play. The BDSM community takes consent very seriously and promotes safe play. They provide many resources so people may learn how to respect consent, such as education, information, and safety. They also provide public playrooms with dungeon monitors to make sure

3162-461: Is not really substantive, as the DSM-IV already acknowledged a difference between paraphilias and non-pathological but unusual sexual interests, a distinction that is virtually identical to what was being proposed for DSM-5, and it is a distinction that, in practice, has often been ignored. Linguist Andrew Clinton Hinderliter argued that "including some sexual interests—but not others—in the DSM creates

3255-407: Is not unusual to grant consent only for an hour or for an evening. When a scene lasts for more than a few hours, it is common to draft a "scene contract" that defines what will happen and who is responsible for what. It is a good way to work out what all the parties want and usually improves the experience. Some contracts can become quite detailed and run for many pages, especially if a scene is to last

3348-464: Is the genesis of the term "masochism" coined by the 19th-century psychiatrist Krafft-Ebing . Paraphilia A paraphilia is an experience of recurring or intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, places, situations, fantasies, behaviors, or individuals. It has also been defined as a sexual interest in anything other than a legally consenting human partner. Paraphilias are contrasted with normophilic ("normal") sexual interests, although

3441-630: Is unknown. Paraphilias are rarely observed in women; however, there have been some studies on females with paraphilias. Men and women differ on the content of their sexual fantasies, with the former reporting greater proportions of fetishism , exhibitionism and sadism, and the latter reporting greater proportions of masochism. Sexual masochism has been found to be the most commonly observed paraphilia in women, with approximately 1 in 20 cases. Paraphilic fantasies and behaviors have been registered in multiple old and ancient sources. Voyeurism, bestiality, exhibitionism and necrophilia have been described in

3534-750: The American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM in 1973. Martin Kafka writes, "Sexual disorders once considered paraphilias (e.g., homosexuality) are now regarded as variants of normal sexuality." A 2012 literature study by clinical psychologist James Cantor , when comparing homosexuality with paraphilias, found that both share "the features of onset and course (both homosexuality and paraphilia being life-long), but they appear to differ on sex ratio, fraternal birth order , handedness , IQ and cognitive profile , and neuroanatomy ." The research then concluded that

3627-767: The Bible . Sexual relations with animals have also been depicted in cave paintings . Some ancient sex manuals such as the Kama Sutra (450), Koka Shastra (1150) and Ananga Ranga (1500) discuss biting, marks left after sex and love blows. Although evidence suggests that paraphilic behaviors have existed prior to the Renaissance , it is difficult to ascertain how common they were and how many people had persistent paraphilic fantasies in ancient times. Bestiality has been depicted multiple times in Greek mythology, although

3720-624: The Other Specified Paraphilic Disorder or Unspecified Paraphilic Disorder listings, if accompanied by distress or impairment. In the ICD-6 (1948) and ICD-7 (1955), a category of "sexual deviation" was listed with "other Pathological personality disorders". In the ICD-8 (1965), "sexual deviations" were categorized as homosexuality, fetishism, pedophilia, transvestism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, sadism and masochism. In

3813-582: The furry fandom may also wear collars as a part of costuming or as fashion. Use of collars in the sexual aspects of furry lifestyle may or may not be connected to BDSM, depending on the individual's preferences. One of the most famous works in this area is Leopold von Sacher-Masoch 's Venus im Pelz ( Venus in Furs , 1869), in which the protagonist, Severin, persuades a woman, Wanda, to take him on as her slave, serves her, and allows her to degrade him. The book has elements of both social and physical submission, and

Blindfold - Misplaced Pages Continue

3906-501: The 20th century to be rare among the general population, recent research has indicated that paraphilic interests are relatively common. Coinage of the term paraphilia ( paraphilie ) has been credited to Friedrich Salomon Krauss in 1903 and it was used with some regularity by Wilhelm Stekel in the 1920s. The term comes from the Greek παρά ( para ), meaning "other" or "outside of", and φιλία ( -philia ), meaning "loving". The word

3999-425: The BDSM community do not fit the criteria. It is possible that this community of BDSM participants was formed in the early 18th century, and maybe even before. For example, the dominant–submissive partnership has been shown in early versions of the Kama Sutra . Not only is it shown in literature but also in the actions of ancient rulers that would participate in sexually sadistic torture, role play , and finally

4092-521: The DSM-III onwards, this definition provided a general standard that has guided specific definitions of paraphilias in subsequent DSM editions, up to DSM-IV-TR. The term paraphilia was introduced in the DSM-III (1980) as a subset of the new category of "psychosexual disorders". The DSM-III-R (1987) renamed the broad category to sexual disorders, renamed atypical paraphilia to paraphilia NOS (not otherwise specified), renamed transvestism as transvestic fetishism , added frotteurism , and moved zoophilia to

4185-686: The DSM-IV-TR. In that version, for example, a man cannot be classified as a transvestite—however much he cross-dresses and however sexually exciting that is to him—unless he is unhappy about this activity or impaired by it. This change in viewpoint would be reflected in the diagnostic criteria sets by the addition of the word 'Disorder' to all the paraphilias. Thus, Sexual Sadism would become Sexual Sadism Disorder ; Sexual Masochism would become Sexual Masochism Disorder , and so on." Bioethics professor Alice Dreger interpreted these changes as "a subtle way of saying sexual kinks are basically okay – so okay,

4278-456: The ICD-10 (1990), the category "sexual deviations and disorders" was divided into several subcategories. Paraphilias were placed in subcategory of "sexual preference disorders". The list included fetishism, fetishistic transvestism, exhibitionism, voyeurism , pedophilia, sadomasochism and other disorders of sexual preference (including frotteurism , necrophilia , and zoophilia ). Homosexuality

4371-481: The ICD-9 (1975), the category of sexual deviations and disorders was expanded to include transsexualism , sexual dysfunctions, and psychosexual identity disorders. The list contained homosexuality, bestiality, pedophilia, transvestism, exhibitionism, transexualism, Disorders of psychosexual identity, frigidity and impotence , Other sexual deviations and disorders (including fetishism, masochism, and sadism ). In

4464-853: The ICD. Gender issues have been removed from the mental health category and have been placed under "Conditions related to sexual health". Most clinicians and researchers believe that paraphilic sexual interests cannot be altered, although evidence is needed to support this. Instead, the goal of therapy is normally to reduce the person's discomfort with their paraphilia and limit the risk of any harmful, anti-social, or criminal behavior. Both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological methods are available to these ends. Cognitive behavioral therapy , at times, can help people with extreme paraphilic disorders develop strategies to avoid acting on their interests. Patients are taught to identify and cope with factors that make acting on their interests more likely, such as stress. It

4557-461: The NOS category. It also provided seven nonexhaustive examples of NOS paraphilias, which besides zoophilia included exhibitionism , necrophilia , partialism , coprophilia , klismaphilia , and urophilia . The DSM-IV (1994) retained the sexual disorders classification for paraphilias, but added an even broader category, "sexual and gender identity disorders ", which includes them. The DSM-IV retained

4650-596: The Wilson Sex Fantasy Questionnaire exam determined that males with a pronounced degree of fetish interest had a greater number of older brothers, a high 2D:4D digit ratio (which would indicate excessive prenatal estrogen exposure), and an elevated probability of being left-handed , suggesting that disturbed hemispheric brain lateralization may play a role in paraphilic attractions. Behavioral explanations propose that paraphilias are conditioned early in life, during an experience that pairs

4743-483: The act itself usually involved a deity in zoomorphic form, such as Zeus seducing Europa , Leda and Persephone while disguised as a bull, a swan and a serpent, respectively. Zeus was also depicted, in the form of an eagle, abducting Ganymede , an act that alludes to both bestiality and pederastry. Some fragments of Hittite law include prohibitions of and permissions to engage in specific acts of bestiality. Havelock Ellis pointed to an example of sexual masochism in

SECTION 50

#1732790402510

4836-615: The assertion of their dominance over subjects. Their actions show severe sadomasochism as well as the early-onset behaviors of the community. The relationship between a dominant and submissive revolves around consent and guidelines. Within the world of BDSM, consent is a core focus and requirement because it is what separates sexual sadism from coercive sexual sadism disorder in the DSM-5. Sexual sadism disorder and sexual masochism disorder have been changed in order to differentiate between consensual and non consensual partners. As well as meeting

4929-406: The commitment made in the document. Some ceremonies become quite elaborate, and can be as involved as a wedding or any similar ritual. Some people maintain a special room or area, called a dungeon or playroom, that contains special equipment, such as shackles , handcuffs , whips , queening stools , and spanking benches or a Berkley horse , for example, used for play scenes, or they may visit

5022-441: The data seemed to suggest paraphilias and homosexuality as two distinct categories but regarded the conclusion as "quite tentative" given the current limited understanding of paraphilias. Paraphilias typically arise in late adolescence or early adulthood. Persons with paraphilias are generally egosyntonic and view their paraphilias as something inherent in their being, although they recognize that their sexual fantasies lie outside

5115-467: The definition of what makes a sexual interest normal or atypical remains controversial. The exact number and taxonomy of paraphilia is under debate; Anil Aggrawal has listed as many as 549 types of paraphilias . Several sub-classifications of paraphilia have been proposed; some argue that a fully dimensional, spectrum, or complaint-oriented approach would better reflect the evident diversity of human sexuality . Although paraphilias were believed in

5208-549: The diagnosis and classification of paraphilias across cultures or religions "is complicated by the fact that what is considered deviant in one cultural setting may be more acceptable in another setting". Some argue that cultural relativism is important to consider when discussing paraphilias, because there is wide variance concerning what is sexually acceptable across cultures. Consensual adult activities and adult entertainment involving sexual roleplay , novel, superficial, or trivial aspects of sexual fetishism , or incorporating

5301-753: The diagnosis must meet criteria of paraphilia and one of the following: 1) a marked distress associated with arousal pattern (but not one that comes from rejection or fear of rejection); 2) the person has acted on the arousal pattern towards unwilling others or others considered as unable to give consent ; 3) a serious risk of injury or death. The list of the paraphilic disorders includes: Exhibitionistic Disorder, Voyeuristic Disorder, Pedophilic Disorder, Coercive Sexual Sadism Disorder , Frotteuristic Disorder, Other Paraphilic Disorder Involving Non-Consenting Individuals, and Other Paraphilic Disorder Involving Solitary Behaviour or Consenting Individuals. As of now, disorders associated with sexual orientation have been removed from

5394-550: The disorder were to be provided by the clinician as a "supplementary term" to the sexual deviation diagnosis; there were no restrictions in the DSM-I on what this supplementary term could be. Researcher Anil Aggrawal writes that the now-obsolete DSM-I listed examples of supplementary terms for pathological behavior to include "homosexuality, transvestism , pedophilia , fetishism , and sexual sadism , including rape , sexual assault , mutilation." The DSM-II (1968) continued to use

5487-402: The dominant and submissive roles, possibly several times. In contrast, the terms top and bottom refer to the active ( agent ) and passive ( patient ) roles, respectively. In a given scene, there is no requirement that the dominant also be the top, or that the submissive be the bottom, although this is often the case. The term vanilla refers to normative ("non- kinky ") sex and relationships,

5580-425: The essential intensity, trust, and intimacy that are required to make any deep relationship possible. Based on gender (of the dominant or submissive), D/s can be divided into the following sub-types: BDSM is the sexual practices of bondage and pain / torture , dominant and submissive, as well as sadomasochism. D/s participants often refer to their activity as "play", with an individual play session being called

5673-419: The exact actions planned, though within defined limits subject to a safeword, reasonable care, common sense, or other restrictions. The consent is given with the intent of its being irrevocable under normal circumstances. As such, it is a show of extreme trust and understanding and is usually undertaken only by partners who know each other well, or otherwise agree to set clear, safe limits on their activities. It

SECTION 60

#1732790402510

5766-561: The fact that all erotic experiences are performed in a safe, legal, and consensual practice as well as benefiting both parties. The consensual practice is what helps distinguish BDSM participants from a psychiatric diagnosis of a sexual disorder. The community of BDSM has adopted the saying "Safe, Sane, Consensual" (SSC) and "Risk-Aware Consensual Kink" (RACK) and a new addition "Caring, Communication, Consent, and Caution" (4Cs). Consent has also been categorized into three groups: surface, scene, and deep consent. Surface consent has been defined as

5859-461: The fifteenth century. The report, written by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola , described a man who could only be aroused by being beaten with a whip dipped in vinegar. Wilhelm Stekel also noted that Rousseau also discussed his own masochism in his Confessions . Other similar instances of persistent paraphilic fantasies were reported between 1516 and 1643 by Coelius Sedulius , Rhodiginus , Brundel and Meibomius . In American psychiatry, prior to

5952-481: The following: Clinical literature contains reports of many paraphilias, only some of which receive their own entries in the diagnostic taxonomies of the American Psychiatric Association or the World Health Organization . There is disagreement regarding which sexual interests should be deemed paraphilic disorders versus normal variants of sexual interest. The DSM-IV-TR also acknowledges that

6045-401: The general category of sexual deviation was meant to describe the sexual preference of individuals that was "directed primarily toward objects other than people of opposite sex, toward sexual acts not usually associated with coitus , or toward coitus performed under bizarre circumstances, as in necrophilia , pedophilia, sexual sadism, and fetishism." Except for the removal of homosexuality from

6138-462: The individual or harm to others. The DSM-5 adds a distinction between paraphilias and "paraphilic disorders" , stating that paraphilias do not require or justify psychiatric treatment in themselves, and defining paraphilic disorder as "a paraphilia that is currently causing distress or impairment to the individual or a paraphilia whose satisfaction has entailed personal harm, or risk of harm, to others". The DSM-5 Paraphilias Subworkgroup reached

6231-412: The more familiarity between the two the less negotiation needed. The extent of negotiation depends on the partner's involvement, for example, less risk behavior the less negotiation needed. Safewords are verbal codes both partners can recognize as the end or altering of activities done in a BDSM scene. It is an important asset to continue the consent through the relationship and scene itself. The use of

6324-460: The new criteria to be classified as one or the other, for example, the person being diagnosed must be experiencing personal distress about their paraphilia rather than distress coming from society's disapproval. The growth of dominant and submissive behavior, sadomasochism, and other BDSM activity is evident through its history, from ancient times through the separation from disorder to consensual-community participant. Dominance and submission have

6417-761: The norm and may attempt to conceal them. Paraphilic interests are rarely exclusive and some people have more than one paraphilia. Some people with paraphilias may seek occupations and avocations that increase their access to objects of their sexual fantasies (e.g. voyeurs working in rental properties to "peep" on others or pedophiles working with Boy Scouts ). Research has found that some paraphilias, such as voyeurism and sadomasochism , are associated with more lifetime sexual partners, contradicting theories that paraphilias are associated with courtship disorders and arrested social development. Scientific literature includes some single-case studies of very rare and idiosyncratic paraphilias. These include an adolescent male who had

6510-450: The official, ideological norm." Psychiatrist Glen Gabbard writes that despite efforts by Wilhelm Stekel and John Money, "the term paraphilia remains pejorative in most circumstances." In the late 19th century, psychologists and psychiatrists started to categorize various paraphilias as they wanted a more descriptive system than the legal and religious constructs of sodomy , as well as perversion . In 1914, Albert Eulenburg observed

6603-444: The paraphilic stimulus with intense sexual arousal. Susan Nolen-Hoeksema suggests that, once established, masturbatory fantasies about the stimulus reinforce and broaden the paraphilic arousal. Although paraphilic interests in the general population were believed to be rare, research has shown that fantasies and behaviors related to voyeurism, sadomasochism and couple exhibitionism are not statistically uncommon among adults. In

6696-434: The precautions to the events, coercion and sexual assault still occur inside and outside the community. There are many forms to this that include, knowingly violating consent, accidental violations, and misunderstandings from the lack of communication towards definitions and agreed-upon activities. The National Coalition for Sexual Freedom (NCSF) is an educational organization that is driven to propose positive and safe sex that

6789-604: The previous year. In 2017, a Belgian study of BDSM interest in the general population, with a sample size of 1,027, found that 46.8% of the total sample had ever performed at least one BDSM-related activity. An additional 22% had fantasized about it, and 12.5% performed at least one BDSM-related activity on a regular basis. A 2019 publication states that a minority of the population engages or fantasizes about BDSM activity. A national study with 2,800 participants showed that about 14% of men and 11% of women had participated in some sort of BDSM related activity and from those results, it

6882-451: The publication of the DSM-I, paraphilias were classified as cases of " psychopathic personality with pathologic sexuality". The DSM-I (1952) included sexual deviation as a personality disorder of sociopathic subtype. The only diagnostic guidance was that sexual deviation should have been "reserved for deviant sexuality which [was] not symptomatic of more extensive syndromes, such as schizophrenic or obsessional reactions". The specifics of

6975-493: The rest are males. A study by the California Graduate Institute in 2008 found that 61 percent of men were exclusively or mainly dominant (26 percent were exclusively or mainly submissive), while 69 percent of women were exclusively or mainly submissive (30 percent were exclusively or mainly dominant). A study in 2008 found that only 2.2% of men and 1.3% of women had participated in a BDSM activity in

7068-498: The role of owner or caretaker and the other takes the part of a pet or animal, can also be D/s play. A classic example of a D/s role is the "sissy" maid , where an adult male dresses in cartoonish female clothing and performs stereotypical female chores such as housecleaning or serving tea. Cross-dressing in D/s does not always involve a desire to be sissified or made into caricatures of women or to serve: for example, others may desire to be made as beautiful as possible and interact on

7161-424: The rules are kept and followed. They have consequences for people who break the built trust and disobey the rule of consent and boundaries. Some punishments include being blacklisted from the community and labeled as a "predator." Being blacklisted includes being personally ridiculed by individual members, as well as exclusion from play parties, clubs, and organizations held by the community. Although they take all

7254-478: The same types of paraphilias listed in DSM-III-R, including the NOS examples, but introduced some changes to the definitions of some specific types. The DSM-IV-TR describes paraphilias as "recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors generally involving nonhuman objects, the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner, or children or other nonconsenting persons that occur over

7347-403: The sexual scenes is required to ensure that the BDSM play is enjoyable and safe for both parties involved. The discussion of what activities are available and the mutual definition of the play is the only way both the dominant and submissive will be able to comfortably perform. There is a complexity to negotiation depending on the trust and emotional attachment the partners have towards each other,

7440-536: The side effects, the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry recommends that hormonal treatments only be used when there is a serious risk of sexual violence, or when other methods have failed. Surgical castration has largely been abandoned because these pharmacological alternatives are similarly effective and less invasive. In the United States, since 1990 a significant number of states have passed sexually violent predator laws . Following

7533-711: The sub-work group doesn't actually bother to define paraphilia. But a paraphilic disorder is defined: that's when an atypical sexual interest causes distress or impairment to the individual or harm to others." Interviewed by Dreger, Ray Blanchard , the Chair of the Paraphilias Sub-Work Group, stated, "We tried to go as far as we could in depathologizing mild and harmless paraphilias, while recognizing that severe paraphilias that distress or impair people or cause them to do harm to others are validly regarded as disorders." Charles Allen Moser stated that this change

7626-413: The superior position are called dominants — Doms (regardless of gender) or Dommes (female)—while those who take the subordinate position are called submissive , or subs . A switch is an individual who plays either role. Two switches together may negotiate and exchange roles several times in a session. The term dominatrix usually refers to a female sex worker who dominates others for pay while

7719-483: The term maledom is used for a sexually dominant male in BDSM practices. The dominant–submissive relationship fits within the overarching term BDSM and its lifestyle. BDSM stands for " bondage and discipline" (B&D), "domination and submission" (D&S), and "sadism and masochism" (S&M). Many misconceptions of this relationship and its associated activities come from the fact that early theorists conceptualized that sadomasochism and BDSM behavior were

7812-561: The term sexual deviations , no longer ascribed them under personality disorders but rather alongside them in a broad category titled "personality disorders and certain other nonpsychotic mental disorders". The types of sexual deviations listed in the DSM-II were: sexual orientation disturbance (homosexuality), fetishism, pedophilia, transvestitism, exhibitionism , voyeurism , sadism , masochism , and "other sexual deviation". No definition or examples were provided for "other sexual deviation" but

7905-433: The term sexual perversion or the epithet pervert have historically referred to gay men, as well as other non-heterosexuals (people who fall outside the perceived norms of sexual orientation). By the mid-20th century, mental health practitioners began formalizing "deviant sexuality" classifications into categories. Originally coded as 000-x63, homosexuality was the top of the classification list (Code 302.0) until

7998-461: The use of sex toys are not necessarily paraphilic. There is scientific and political controversy regarding the continued inclusion of sex-related diagnoses such as the paraphilias in the DSM, due to the stigma of being classified as a mental illness. Some groups, seeking greater understanding and acceptance of sexual diversity , have lobbied for changes to the legal and medical status of unusual sexual interests and practices. Charles Allen Moser ,

8091-418: The vanilla world being mainstream society outside of the BDSM subculture. The term comes from vanilla ice cream being considered the "default" flavor. The term power exchange refers to the empowerment of the dominant by the submissive's surrender to his/ her control. Power exchange is consensual and in reality, it is the submissive that has the underlying control during the relationship exchange. The dominant

8184-485: The writer or the person being written about. Also, some submissives eschew personal pronouns, instead referring to themselves as "this slave" or "Master Bob's girl". This is sometimes considered an expression of modesty, but it is an entirely optional method of depersonalizing a submissive during "play". It may have roots in the military , where new recruits are required to refer to themselves as "this recruit", rather than "I" or "me". There can be any number of partners in

8277-458: Was at one time discussed as a sexual deviation. Sigmund Freud and subsequent psychoanalytic thinkers considered homosexuality and paraphilias to result from psychosexual non-normative relations to the Oedipal complex , although not in the antecedent version of the 'Three Essays on Sexual Theory' where paraphilias are considered as stemming from an original polymorphous perversity. As such,

8370-463: Was concluded that approximately 10% of adults have joined in some part of the sexual behavior. A safeword is usually given to the submissive partner to prevent the dominant from overstepping physical and emotional boundaries. It is usually a code word, series of code words or other signal used to communicate physical or emotional state, typically when approaching, or crossing, a boundary. Safewords can have differing levels of urgency - some may bring

8463-428: Was founded in 1997. They conducted a survey with 4,598 participants in BDSM and 1,307 of them reported being touched without consent. Out of the participants, 26% reported they were attacked by a predator and 33% said they were coerced. 81% of the sample said that during the activity they wanted it to stop. It is important to include that participants of BDSM are not more likely to be coerced or sexually assaulted, there

8556-724: Was popularized by John Money in the 1980s as a non- pejorative designation for unusual sexual interests. It was first included in the DSM in its 1980 edition. To date there is no broad scientific consensus for definitive boundaries between what are considered "unconventional sexual interests", kinks , fetishes , and paraphilias. As such, these terms are often used loosely and interchangeably, especially in common parlance. Many terms have been used to describe atypical sexual interests, and there remains debate regarding technical accuracy and perceptions of stigma. Money described paraphilia as "a sexuoerotic embellishment of, or alternative to

8649-460: Was removed from the list, but ego-dystonic sexual orientation was still considered a deviation which was placed in subcategory "psychological and behavioural disorders associated with sexual development and orientation". In the ICD-11 (2022), "paraphilia" has been replaced with "paraphilic disorder". Any paraphilia and any other arousal pattern by itself no longer constitutes a disorder. To date,

#509490