80-449: Bruin , (from Dutch for "brown"), is an English folk term for brown bear . Bruin , Bruins or BRUIN may also refer to: Brown bear 15, see text and article The brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) is a large bear native to Eurasia and North America . Of the carnivorans , it is rivaled in size only by its closest relative, the polar bear , which is much less variable in size and slightly bigger on average. The brown bear
160-502: A printer to be the first English retailer of printed books. His parentage and date of birth are not known for certain, but he may have been born between 1415 and 1424, perhaps in the Weald or wood land of Kent , perhaps in Hadlow or Tenterden . In 1438 he was apprenticed to Robert Large , a wealthy London silk mercer . Shortly after Large's death, Caxton moved to Bruges , Belgium,
240-468: A 2017 phylogenetic study revealed nine clades, including one representing polar bears. As of 2005 , 15 extant, or recently extinct, subspecies were recognized by the general scientific community. DNA analysis shows that, apart from recent, human-caused population fragmentation , brown bears in North America are generally part of a single interconnected population system, with the exception of
320-509: A boat sailing from London to Zeeland was becalmed, and landed on the Kent side of the Thames . A mercer called Sheffield was from the north of England. He went into a house and asked the "good wyf" if he could buy some " egges ". She replied that she could not speak French, which annoyed him, as he could also not speak French. A bystander suggested that Sheffield was asking for " eyren ", which
400-533: A crossbreeding of a brown bear with a polar bear . It has occurred both in captivity and in the wild. In 2006, the occurrence of this hybrid was confirmed by testing the DNA of a strange-looking bear that had been shot in the Canadian Arctic , and seven more hybrids have since been confirmed in the same region, all descended from a single female polar bear. Previously, the hybrid had been produced in zoos and
480-419: A female for her entire oestrus period of approximately two weeks, but usually are unable to retain her for the entire time. Copulation is prolonged and lasts for over 20 minutes. William Caxton William Caxton ( c. 1422 – c. 1491 ) was an English merchant, diplomat and writer. He is thought to be the first person to introduce a printing press into England in 1476, and as
560-408: A head-and-body length of 1.4 to 2.8 m (4 ft 7 in to 9 ft 2 in) and a shoulder height of 70 to 153 cm (28 to 60 in). The tail is relatively short, as in all bears, ranging from 6 to 22 cm (2.4 to 8.7 in) in length. The smallest brown bears, females during spring among barren-ground populations, can weigh so little as to roughly match the body mass of males of
640-536: A polar bear are quite different, being notably shorter but broader with a strong curve and sharper point. The species has large paws; the rear feet measure 21 to 36 cm (8.3 to 14.2 in) long, while the forefeet tend to measure 40% less. Brown bears are the only extant bears with a hump at the top of their shoulder, which is made entirely of muscle. This feature developed presumably to impart more force in digging, which helps during foraging and facilitates den construction prior to hibernation. Brown bears inhabit
720-709: A steady succession of editions of the small popular pamphlets which were started in Caxton's time. In 1820, a memorial tablet to Caxton was provided in St Margaret's by the Roxburghe Club and its President, Earl Spencer . In November 1954, a memorial to Caxton was unveiled in Westminster Abbey by J. J. Astor , chairman of the Press Council . The white stone plaque is on the wall next to
800-465: A successful male will mate with two females in a span of one to three weeks. The adult female brown bear is similarly promiscuous, mating with up to four, sometimes even eight, males while in heat and potentially mating with two in a single day. Females come into oestrus every three to four years, with an outside range of 2.4 to 5.7 years. The urine markings of a female in oestrus can attract several males via scent. Dominant males may try to sequester
880-480: A wealthy London mercer or dealer in luxury goods, who served as Master of the Mercers' Company, and Lord Mayor of London in 1439. After Large died in 1441, Caxton was left a small sum of money (£20). As other apprentices were left larger sums, it would seem that he was not a senior apprentice at this time. Caxton was making trips to Bruges by 1450 and had settled there by 1453, when he may have taken his Liberty of
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#1732780178472960-711: A wealthy cultured city in which he was settled by 1450. Successful in business, he became governor of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London ; on his business travels, he observed the new printing industry in Cologne , which led him to start a printing press in Bruges in collaboration with Colard Mansion . When Margaret of York , sister of Edward IV , married the Duke of Burgundy , they moved to Bruges and befriended Caxton. Margaret encouraged Caxton to complete his translation of
1040-431: A yellowish-brown or whitish collar across the neck, chest, and shoulders. Even within well-defined subspecies, individuals may show highly variable hues of brown. North American grizzlies can be from dark brown (almost black) to cream (almost white) or yellowish-brown and often have darker-colored legs. The common name "grizzly" stems from their typical coloration, with the hairs on their back usually being brownish-black at
1120-552: Is Thomas Caxton of Tenterden , Kent, who was like William, a mercer . He was one of the defendants in a case in the Court of Common Pleas in Easter term 1420: Kent. John Okman, versus "Thomas Kaxton, of Tentyrden, mercer", and Joan who was the wife of Thomas Ive, executors of Thomas Ive, for the return of two bonds (scripta obligatoria) which they unjustly retain. Caxton's date of birth is unknown. Records place it in 1415–1424, based on
1200-426: Is a sexually dimorphic species, as adult males are larger and more compactly built than females. The fur ranges in color from cream to reddish to dark brown. It has evolved large hump muscles, unique among bears, and paws up to 21 cm (8.3 in) wide and 36 cm (14 in) long, to effectively dig through dirt. Its teeth are similar to those of other bears and reflect its dietary plasticity . Throughout
1280-453: Is asserted by making a frontal orientation, showing off canine teeth, muzzle twisting, and neck stretching, to which a subordinate will respond with a lateral orientation, by turning away and dropping the head, and by sitting or lying down. During combat, bears use their paws to strike their opponents in the chest or shoulders and bite the head or neck. Several different facial expressions have been documented in brown bears. The "relaxed-face"
1360-525: Is from, as most accepted subtypes vary widely in size. This is in part due to sexual dimorphism , as male brown bears average at least 30% larger than females in most subtypes. Individual bears vary in size seasonally, weighing the least in spring due to lack of foraging during hibernation, and the most in late fall, after a period of hyperphagia to put on additional weight to prepare for hibernation. Brown bears generally weigh 80 to 600 kg (180 to 1,320 lb), with males outweighing females. They have
1440-404: Is harsher and is made continuously (approximately twice per second). Growls and roars are made when aggressive. Growling is "harsh" and " guttural " and can range from a simple grrr to a rumble. A rumbling growl can escalate to a roar when the bear is charging. Roaring is described as "thunderous" and can travel 2 km (1.2 mi). Mothers and cubs wanting physical contact will bawl, which
1520-564: Is heard as waugh!, waugh! . Brown bears usually inhabit vast home ranges; however, they are not highly territorial. Several adult bears roam freely over the same vicinity without contention, unless rights to a fertile female or food sources are being contested. Despite their lack of traditional territorial behavior, adult males seem to have a "personal zone" within which other bears are not tolerated if they are seen. Males always wander further than females, due to such behavior giving increasing access to both females and food sources. Females have
1600-416: Is made during everyday activities, a face where the ears pointed to the sides and the mouth closed or slackly open. During social play, bears make "relaxed open-mouth face" in which the mouth is open, with a curled upper lip and hanging lower lip, and the ears alert and shifting. When looking at another animal at a distance, the bear makes an "alert face" as the ears are cocked and alert, the eyes wide open with
1680-1036: Is one of eight extant species in the bear family Ursidae and of six extant species in the subfamily Ursinae . Giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) [REDACTED] Spectacled bear ( Tremarctos ornatus ) [REDACTED] Sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) [REDACTED] Sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus ) [REDACTED] Asian black bear ( Ursus thibetanus ) [REDACTED] American black bear ( Ursus americanus ) [REDACTED] Polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) [REDACTED] Brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) [REDACTED] Giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) [REDACTED] Spectacled bear ( Tremarctos ornatus ) [REDACTED] Sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) [REDACTED] Sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus ) [REDACTED] Asian black bear ( Ursus thibetanus ) [REDACTED] American black bear ( Ursus americanus ) [REDACTED] Polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) [REDACTED] Brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) [REDACTED] The brown bear
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#17327801784721760-518: Is smaller than the others, and is usually absent in adults. It is usually lost at an early age, leaving no trace of its alveolus in the jaw. The first three molars of the lower jaw are very weak, and are often lost at an early age. The teeth of brown bears reflect their dietary plasticity and are broadly similar to those of other bears. They are reliably larger than teeth of American black bears , but average smaller in molar length than those of polar bears . Brown bears have large, curved claws, with
1840-577: Is sometimes referred to as the bruin , from Middle English . This name originated in the fable History of Reynard the Fox , translated by William Caxton , from the Middle Dutch word bruun or bruyn , meaning "brown". In the mid-19th-century United States, the brown bear was given the nicknames "Old Ephraim" and "Moccasin Joe". The scientific name of the brown bear, Ursus arctos , comes from
1920-648: Is thought to have evolved from the Etruscan bear ( Ursus etruscus ) in Asia during the early Pliocene . A genetic analysis indicated that the brown bear lineage diverged from the cave bear species-complex approximately 1.2–1.4 million years ago, but did not clarify if U. savini persisted as a paraspecies for the brown bear before perishing. The oldest brown bear fossils occur in Asia from about 500,000 to 300,000 years ago. They entered Europe 250,000 years ago and North Africa shortly after. Brown bear remains from
2000-512: Is uncertain, but estimates from the records of his burial in St. Margaret's, Westminster , suggest that he died near March 1492. However, George D. Painter makes numerous references to the year 1491 in his book William Caxton: a biography as the year of Caxton's death since 24 March was the last day of the year according to the calendar that used at the time and so the year change had not yet happened. Painter writes, "However, Caxton's own output reveals
2080-590: The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye , a collection of stories associated with Homer 's Iliad , which he did in 1471. On his return to England, heavy demand for his translation prompted Caxton to set up a press at Westminster in 1476. Although the first book that he is known to have produced was an edition of Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , he went on to publish chivalric romances, classical works and English and Roman histories and to edit many others. He
2160-530: The Eurasian brown bear and is believed to have a population of only about 50 bears. The brown bear is considered to be one of the most popular of the world's charismatic megafauna . It has been kept in zoos since ancient times, and has been tamed and trained to perform in circuses and other acts. For thousands of years, the brown bear has had a role in human culture , and is often featured in literature , art , folklore , and mythology . The brown bear
2240-578: The Golden Legend was based on the French translation of Jean de Vignay . Caxton produced chivalric romances (such as Fierabras ), the most important of which was Sir Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur (1485); classical works; and English and Roman histories. These books appealed to the English upper classes in the late 15th century. Caxton was supported by (but not dependent on) members of
2320-551: The Last Glacial Maximum (>25,000 BP). Brown-bear fossils discovered in Ontario , Ohio , Kentucky , and Labrador show that the species occurred farther east than indicated in historic records. In North America, two types of the subspecies Ursus arctos horribilis are generally recognized—the coastal brown bear and the inland grizzly bear. A grizzly–polar bear hybrid is a rare ursid hybrid resulting from
2400-549: The Mercers' Company . There, he was successful in business and became governor of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London . His trade brought him into contact with Burgundy and it was thus that he became a member of the household of Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy , the third wife of Charles the Bold and sister of two kings of England: Edward IV and Richard III . That led to more continental travel, including to Cologne , in
2480-644: The Pyrenees in 2010, in a range shared between Spain, France, and Andorra , and some 210 animals in Asturias , Cantabria , Galicia , and León , in the Picos de Europa and adjacent areas in 2013 ) in the west, to Russia in the east, and from Sweden and Finland in the north to Romania (5,000–6,000), Bulgaria (900–1,200), Slovakia (with about 600–800 animals), Slovenia (500–700 animals), and Greece (with Karamanlidis et al. 2015 estimating >450 animals) in
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2560-500: The withers . The winter hairs are thin, yet rough to the touch. The summer fur is much shorter and sparser, with its length and density varying among geographic ranges. Adults have massive, heavily built, concave skulls, which are large in proportion to the body. The projections of the skull are well developed. Skull lengths of Russian brown bears tend to be 31.5 to 45.5 cm (12.4 to 17.9 in) for males, and 27.5 to 39.7 cm (10.8 to 15.6 in) for females. Brown bears have
2640-449: The "biting face" is similar to the "relaxed open-mouth face" except the ears are flattened and the eyes are wide enough to expose the sclera . Both the "jaw gape face" and the "biting face" are made when the bear is aggressive and can quickly switch between them. Brown bears also produce various vocalizations. Huffing occurs when the animal is tense, while woofing is made when alarmed. Both sounds are produced by exhalations, though huffing
2720-811: The 1940s and 1990s. Brown bears in Central Asia are primarily threatened by climate change . In response to this, conservationists plan on building wildlife corridors to promote easy access from one brown bear population to another. In Himalayan Nepal , farmers may kill brown bears in revenge for livestock predation. A 2014 study revealed that brown bears peaked in activity around the morning and early evening hours. Although activity can happen day or night, bears that live in locations where they are apt to interact with humans are more likely to be fully nocturnal. In areas with little interaction, many adult bears are primarily crepuscular , while yearlings and newly independent bears appear to be most active throughout
2800-410: The English language further toward standardisation. It is asserted that the spelling of "ghost" with the silent letter h was adopted by Caxton from the influence of Flemish spelling habits. In Caxton's prologue to the 1490 edition of his translation of Virgil 's Aeneid , called by him Eneydos , he refers to the problems of finding a standardised English. Caxton recounts what took place when
2880-615: The IUCN. However, the California grizzly bear , Ungava brown bear , Atlas bear , and Mexican grizzly bear , as well as brown bear populations in the Pacific Northwest , were hunted to extinction in the 19th and early 20th centuries and many of the southern Asian subspecies are highly endangered. The Syrian brown bear ( U. a. syriacus ) is very rare and it has been extirpated from more than half of its historic range. One of
2960-609: The Japanese island of Hokkaidō , which holds the largest number of non-Russian brown bears in eastern Asia, with about 2,000–3,000 animals. While the brown bear's range has shrunk and it has faced local extinctions, it remains listed as a least-concern species by the IUCN , with a total population of approximately 200,000. As of 2012 , the brown bear and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as threatened by
3040-531: The John Rylands Library, Westminster Abbey, and Cambridge University Library. Caxton printed 80 percent of his works in the English language. He translated a large number of works into English and performed much of the translation and the editing work himself. He is credited with printing as many as 108 books, 87 of which were different titles, including the first English translation of Aesop's Fables (26 March 1484 ). Caxton also translated 26 of
3120-707: The Latin ursus , meaning "bear", and the Greek ἄρκτος / arktos , also meaning "bear". Carl Linnaeus scientifically described the species under the name Ursus arctos in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae . Brown bear taxonomy and subspecies classification has been described as "formidable and confusing", with few authorities listing the same set of subspecies. There are hundreds of obsolete brown-bear subspecies. As many as 90 subspecies have been proposed. A 2008 DNA analysis identified as few as five main clades , which comprise all extant brown bear species, while
3200-464: The London dialect. That facilitated the expansion of English vocabulary, the regularisation of inflection and syntax and a widening gap between the spoken and the written words. Richard Pynson started printing in London in 1491 or 1492 and favoured what came to be called Chancery Standard , largely based on the London dialect. Pynson was a more accomplished stylist than Caxton and consequently pushed
3280-599: The Pleistocene period are common in the British Isles , where, amongst other factors, they may have contributed to the extinction of cave bears ( Ursus spelaeus ). Brown bears first emigrated to North America from Eurasia via Beringia during the Illinoian Glaciation . Genetic evidence suggests that several brown bear populations migrated into North America, aligning with the glacial cycles of
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3360-496: The Pleistocene. The founding population of most North American brown bears arrived first, with the genetic lineage developing around ~177,000 BP . Genetic divergences suggest that brown bears first migrated south during MIS-5 (~92,000–83,000 BP), upon the opening of the ice-free corridor, After a local extinction in Beringia ~33,000 BP, two new but closely related lineages repopulated Alaska and northern Canada from Eurasia after
3440-538: The Yukon and Northwest Territories , south through British Columbia , and through the western half of Alberta . The Alaskan population is estimated at a healthy 30,000 individuals. In the lower 48 states, they are repopulating slowly, but steadily along the Rockies and the western Great Plains. In Europe, in 2010, there were 14,000 brown bears in ten fragmented populations, from Spain (estimated at only 20–25 animals in
3520-718: The advantage of inhabiting smaller territories, which decreases the likelihood of encounters with male bears who may endanger their cubs. In areas where food is abundant, such as coastal Alaska, home ranges for females and males are up to 24 km (9.3 sq mi) and 89 km (34 sq mi), respectively. Similarly, in British Columbia , bears of the two sexes travel in relatively compact home ranges of 115 and 318 km (44 and 123 sq mi). In Yellowstone National Park , home ranges for females are up to 281 km (108 sq mi) and up to 874 km (337 sq mi) for males. In Romania ,
3600-470: The approximate time of his death, for none of his books can be later than 1491, and even those which are assignable to that year are hardly enough for a full twelve months' production; so a date of death towards autumn of 1491 could be deduced even without confirmation of documentary evidence." Wynkyn de Worde , a Fleming, became the owner of the printing plant after Caxton's death and carried it on for forty-three years. Wynkyn prospered, continuing to put out
3680-406: The base and whitish-cream at the tips, giving them their distinctive "grizzled" color. Apart from the cinnamon subspecies of the American black bear ( U. americanus cinnamonum ), the brown bear is the only modern bear species to typically appear truly brown. The brown bear's winter fur is very thick and long, especially in northern subspecies, and can reach 11 to 12 cm (4.3 to 4.7 in) at
3760-697: The bears of the Alexander Archipelago is unusual in that these island populations carry polar bear DNA, presumably originating from a population of polar bears that was left behind at the end of the Pleistocene , but have since been connected with adjacent mainland populations through the movement of males, to the point where their nuclear genomes indicate more than 90% brown bear ancestry. MtDNA analysis revealed that brown bears are apparently divided into five different clades, some of which coexist or co-occur in different regions. The brown bear
3840-598: The book by hand and so he "practiced and learnt" how to print it. His translation had become popular in the Burgundian court, and requests for copies of it were the stimulus for him to set up a press. Bringing the knowledge back to England, he set up the country's first-ever press in The Almonry area of Westminster in 1476. The first book known to have been produced there was an edition of Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales (Blake, 2004–07). Another early title
3920-546: The broadest range of habitats of any living bear species. They seem to have no altitudinal preferences and have been recorded from sea level to an elevation of 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in the Himalayas . In most of their range, brown bears seem to prefer semi-open country, with a scattering of vegetation, that can allow them a resting spot during the day. However, they have been recorded as inhabiting every variety of northern temperate forest known to occur. This species
4000-434: The broadest skull of any extant ursine bear. The width of the zygomatic arches in males is 17.5 to 27.7 cm (6.9 to 10.9 in), and 14.7 to 24.7 cm (5.8 to 9.7 in) in females. Brown bears have strong jaws: the incisors and canine teeth are large, with the lower canines being strongly curved. The first three molars of the upper jaw are underdeveloped and single-crowned with one root. The second upper molar
4080-611: The brown bear's range has shrunk, and it has faced local extinctions across its wide range, it remains listed as a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with a total estimated population in 2017 of 110,000. Populations that were hunted to extinction in the 19th and 20th centuries are the Atlas bear of North Africa and the Californian , Ungavan and Mexican populations of
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#17327801784724160-521: The brown bear's range, it inhabits mainly forested habitats in elevations of up to 5,000 m (16,000 ft). It is omnivorous , and consumes a variety of plant and animal species. Contrary to popular belief, the brown bear derives 90% of its diet from plants. When hunting, it will target animals as small as insects and rodents to those as large as moose or muskoxen . In parts of coastal Alaska , brown bears predominantly feed on spawning salmon that come near shore to lay their eggs. For most of
4240-575: The coastal populations weigh about twice as much. The average weight of adult male bears, from 19 populations, was found to be 217 kg (478 lb) while adult females from 24 populations were found to average 152 kg (335 lb). Brown bears are often not fully brown. They have long, thick fur, with a moderately elongated mane at the back of the neck which varies somewhat across bear types. In India, brown bears can be reddish with silver-tipped hairs, while in China brown bears are bicolored, with
4320-479: The course of which he observed the new printing industry and was significantly influenced by German printing. He wasted no time in setting up a printing press in Bruges in collaboration with a Fleming , Colard Mansion , and the first book to be printed in English was produced in 1473: Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye was a translation by Caxton himself. In the epilogue of the book, Caxton tells how his "pen became worn, his hand weary, his eye dimmed" with copying
4400-437: The day. From summer through autumn, a brown bear can double its weight from what it was in the spring, gaining up to 180 kg (400 lb) of fat, on which it relies to make it through winter, when it becomes lethargic. Although they are not full hibernators and can be woken easily, both sexes prefer to den in a protected spot during the winter months. Hibernation dens may be located at any spot that provides cover from
4480-807: The door to Poets' Corner . The inscription reads: Near this place William Caxton set up the first printing press in England. In 1976 the Quincentenary of the Introduction of Printing into England exhibit was held at the British Library. There were forty-five events during the quincentenary including the Caxton International Congress at the Printing Historical Society , and exhibits at
4560-946: The elements and that can accommodate their bodies, such as a cave, crevice, cavernous tree roots, or hollow logs. Brown bears have one of the largest brains of any extant carnivoran relative to their body size and have been shown to engage in tool use, which requires advanced cognitive abilities. This species is mostly solitary, although bears may gather in large numbers at major food sources (e.g., open garbage dumps or rivers containing spawning salmon ) and form social hierarchies based on age and size. Adult male bears are particularly aggressive and are avoided by adolescent and subadult males, both at concentrated feeding opportunities and chance encounters. Females with cubs rival adult males in aggression and are much more intolerant of other bears than single females. Young adolescent males tend to be least aggressive and have been observed in nonantagonistic interactions with each other. Dominance between bears
4640-459: The fact that his apprenticeship fees were paid in 1438. Caxton would have been 14 at the date of apprenticeship, but masters often paid the fees late. In the preface to his first printed work The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye , he claims to have been born and educated in the Weald of Kent . Oral tradition in Tonbridge claims that Caxton was born there; the same with Tenterden. One of
4720-511: The front ones being larger than the back. They may reach 5 to 6 cm (2.0 to 2.4 in) and measure 7 to 10 cm (2.8 to 3.9 in) along the curve. Compared with the American black bear ( Ursus americanus ), the brown bear has longer and stronger claws, with a blunt curve. Due to their claw structure, in addition to their excessive weight, adult brown bears are not able to climb trees as well as black bears. In rare cases adult female brown bears have been seen scaling trees. The claws of
4800-463: The grizzly bear of North America. Many of the populations in the southern parts of Eurasia are highly endangered as well. One of the smaller-bodied forms, the Himalayan brown bear , is critically endangered: it occupies only 2% of its former range and is threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its body parts. The Marsican brown bear of central Italy is one of several currently isolated populations of
4880-556: The largest are primarily threatened by overhunting . The use of land for agriculture may negatively effect brown bears. Additionally, roads and railway tracks could pose a serious threat, as oncoming vehicles may collide with crossing animals. Poaching has been cited as another mortality factor. In one instance, a 3-year-long survey in the Russian Far East detected the illegal shipping of brown bear gallbladders to Southeast Asian countries. The purpose and motive behind
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#17327801784724960-472: The largest home range was recorded for adult males (3,143 km ; 1,214 sq mi). In the central Arctic of Canada, where food sources are quite scarce, home ranges range up to 2,434 km (940 sq mi) for females and 8,171 km (3,155 sq mi) for males. The mating season occurs from mid-May to early July, shifting to later in the year the farther north the bears are found. Being serially monogamous , brown bears remain with
5040-575: The manors of Hadlow was Caustons, owned by the Caxton (De Causton) family. A house in Hadlow reputed to be the birthplace of William Caxton was dismantled in 1936 and incorporated into a larger house rebuilt in Forest Row , East Sussex . Further evidence for Hadlow is that various place names nearby are frequently mentioned by Caxton. Caxton was in London by 1438, when the registers of the Mercers' Company record his apprenticeship to Robert Large ,
5120-482: The mouth is closed or only open slightly. The "tense closed mouth face" is made with the ears laid back and the mouth closed, and occurs when the bear feels threatened. When approached by another individual, the animal makes a "puckered-lip face" with a protruding upper lip and ears that go from cocked and alert when at a certain distance to laid back when closer or when retreating. The "jaw gape face" consists of an open mouth with visible lower canines and hanging lips while
5200-738: The nobility and the gentry. He may also have been paid by the authors of works such as Lorenzo Gulielmo Traversagni, who wrote the Epitome margaritae eloquentiae , which Caxton published c. 1480 . The John Rylands Library in Manchester holds the second-largest collection of printing by Caxton, after the British Library 's collection. Of the Rylands collection of more than 60 examples 36 are complete and unsophisticated copies and four are unique. Caxton's precise date of death
5280-632: The population (or subspecies) in the Kodiak Archipelago , which has probably been isolated since the end of the last Ice Age . These data demonstrate that U. a. gyas , U. a. horribilis , U. a. sitkensis , and U. a. stikeenensis are not distinct or cohesive groups, and would more accurately be described as ecotypes . For example, brown bears in any particular region of the Alaska coast are more closely related to adjacent grizzly bears than to distant populations of brown bears. The history of
5360-414: The same mate for a couple of days to a couple of weeks. Outside of this narrow time frame, adult male and female brown bears show no sexual interest in each other. Females mature sexually between the ages of four and eight. Males first mate about a year later, when they are large and strong enough to compete with other males for mating rights. Males will try to mate with as many females as they can; usually
5440-418: The smallest living bear species, the sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus ), while the largest coastal populations attain sizes broadly similar to those of the largest living bear species, the polar bear . Brown bears of the interior are generally smaller, being around the same weight as an average lion , at an average of 180 kg (400 lb) in males and 135 kg (298 lb) in females, whereas adults of
5520-400: The smallest-bodied subspecies, the Himalayan brown bear ( U. a. isabellinus ), is critically endangered: it occupies only 2% of its former range and is threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its body parts. The Marsican brown bear in central Italy is believed to have a population of just 50 bears. The smallest populations are most vulnerable to habitat loss and fragmentation , whereas
5600-733: The south. In Asia, brown bears are found primarily throughout Russia, thence more spottily southwest to parts of the Middle East, including the Eastern Black Sea Region , Turkey which has 5,432 individuals of brown bear, to as far south as southwestern Iran , and to the southeast in Northeast China. Brown bears are also found in Western China , Kyrgyzstan , North Korea , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and India . A population of brown bears can be found on
5680-420: The titles himself. His major guiding principle in translating was an honest desire to provide the most linguistically exact replication of foreign language texts into English, but the hurried publishing schedule and his inadequate skill as a translator often led to wholesale transference of French words into English and to numerous misunderstandings. The English language was changing rapidly in Caxton's time, and
5760-505: The trade is unknown. An action plan in 2000 aimed to conserve brown bears in Europe by mitigating human–wildlife conflict , educating farm owners as to sustainable practices, and preserving and expanding remaining forests. Compensation was given to people who suffered losses of livestock , food supplies, or shelter. Growing bear populations were recorded in some countries, such as Sweden, where an increase of 1.5% per annum occurred between
5840-417: The woman said she understood. After recounting the interaction, Caxton wrote: "Loo what ſholde a man in thyſe dayes now wryte egges or eyren/ certaynly it is harde to playſe euery man/ by cauſe of dyuerſite ⁊ chaũge of langage" ("Lo, what should a man in these days now write: egges or eyren? Certainly it is hard to please every man because of diversity and change of language"). Works published by Caxton from
5920-470: The works that he was given to print were in a variety of styles and dialects. Caxton was a technician, rather than a writer, and he often faced dilemmas concerning language standardisation in the books that he printed. He wrote about that subject in the preface to his Eneydos . His successor Wynkyn de Worde faced similar problems. Caxton is credited with standardising the English language through printing by homogenising regional dialects and largely adopting
6000-501: The year, it is a usually solitary animal that associates only when mating or raising cubs. Females give birth to an average of one to three cubs that remain with their mother for 1.5 to 4.5 years. It is a long-lived animal, with an average lifespan of 25 years in the wild. Relative to its body size, the brown bear has an exceptionally large brain. This large brain allows for high cognitive abilities, such as tool use . Attacks on humans , though widely reported, are generally rare. While
6080-786: Was Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres ( Sayings of the Philosophers ), first printed on 18 November 1477, translated by Earl Rivers , the king's brother-in-law. Caxton's translations of the Golden Legend (1483) and The Book of the Knight in the Tower (1484) contain perhaps the earliest verses of the Bible to be printed in English. He produced the first translation of Ovid 's Metamorphoses in English. His translation of
6160-468: Was considered a " cryptid " (a hypothesized animal for which there is no scientific proof of existence in the wild). Analyses of the genomes of bears have shown that introgression between species was widespread during the evolution of the genus Ursus , including the introgression of polar-bear DNA introduced to brown bears during the Pleistocene. The brown bear is the most variable in size of modern bears. The typical size depends upon which population it
6240-457: Was named among the 100 Greatest Britons in a BBC poll. Caxton's family "fairly certainly" consisted of his parents, Philip and Dionisia, and a brother, Philip. However, the charters used as evidence there are for the manor of Little Wratting in Suffolk ; in one charter, this William Caxton is referred to as "otherwise called Causton saddler". One possible candidate for William's father
6320-648: Was once native to Europe, much of Asia, the Atlas Mountains of Africa, and North America, but are now extirpated in some areas, and their populations have greatly decreased in other areas. There are approximately 200,000 brown bears left in the world. The largest populations are in Russia with 130,000, the United States with 32,500, and Canada with around 25,000. Brown bears live in Alaska , east through
6400-487: Was the first to translate Aesop's Fables in 1484. Caxton was not an adequate translator, and under pressure to publish as much as possible as quickly as possible, he sometimes simply transferred French words into English; but because of the success of his translations, he is credited with helping to promote the Chancery English that he used to the status of standard dialect throughout England. In 2002, Caxton
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