Breda Castle is a castle in the city of Breda , in the Netherlands .
66-536: In the 12th century, a fortress was located at Breda . The city of Breda came into existence near the fortress. In 1353, the Duke of Brabant sold Breda to Jan II of Polanen (Baron of Breda). He reinforced the castle with four towers and a channel. His daughter Johanna of Polanen married in 1403 the German count Engelbert I of Nassau . Their son John IV of Nassau enlarged the castle. Henry III of Nassau-Breda changed
132-746: A Low Countries derby ( Derby der Lage Landen ), is a sports event between Belgium and the Netherlands. Belgium separated in 1830 from the (northern) Netherlands. The new country took its name from Belgica , the Latinised name for the Low Countries, as it was known during the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648). The Low Countries were in that war divided in two parts. On one hand, the northern Federated Netherlands or Belgica Foederata rebelled against King Philip II of Spain ; on
198-620: A residentiestad (residence city). The presence of the Orange-Nassau family attracted other nobles, who built palatial residences in the old quarters of the city. The most impressive one, built by the Italian architect Thomas Vincidor de Bologna for the first Dutch prince, was the first renaissance-style palace built north of the Alps. In the 15th century the city's physical, economic and strategic importance expanded rapidly. A great church
264-534: A sugar factory, supplying its best-known products. Breda formerly housed the largest brewery in the Netherlands ( Oranjeboom ). The multinational Interbrew took over the brewery in 1995 and then closed it in 2004. Production of the Breda brand was moved to both Bremen and Leuven until 2008, when Randalls Brewery (in Guernsey) acquired the licence. Guernsey is now the only place in the world where draught Breda
330-455: A conquest of the Low Countries with the shortest possible notice, to forestall the French, and prevent Allied air power from threatening the strategic Ruhr Area of Germany. It would also provide the basis for a long-term air and sea campaign against Britain. As much as possible of the border areas in northern France should be occupied. Germany's Blitzkrieg tactics rapidly overpowered
396-497: A couple of years the event was free of charge to the public, due to sponsoring by a major bank. When the sponsorship ended a relative high fee was charged to enter the event. In 2024 together Breda and Tilburg host the Special Olympics National Games. The biggest national sports event aseptically for people with a mental disability. 2500 athletes competed in 21 sports. Between August 8 and 20 - 2023
462-556: A population of 184,126 in 2021; the metropolitan area had a population of 324,812. In the 11th century, Breda was a direct fief of the Holy Roman Emperor , its earliest known lord being Henry of Brunesheim (1080–1125). The city of Breda obtained a municipal charter in 1252. After that Breda had the rights to build fortifications. The city constructed brick walls and Roman-style gates. In 1327, Adelheid of Gaveren sold Breda to Duke Johannes III of Brabant . In 1350,
528-644: Is NAC Breda . The club plays in the Eredivisie and their home stadion is the Rat Verlegh Stadion . The club became National Champion, once in 1921. The former Cadet football association ‘Velocitas’ of the military academy won the Holdertbeker (the predecessor of the KNVB Cup ) in 1899-1900. Besides NAC there are more amateur football clubs among others; Breda also plays a big role in
594-460: Is West Brabantian , which is very similar to colloquial Dutch . As in other cities and villages in the south of the Netherlands, 40 days before Easter the citizens of Breda celebrate Carnaval . A four day chain of foolish events, silliness, nonsensical costumes and a small beer on the side. During the event the mayor of the city, symbolically turns over the keys to the city to “ Prince Carnaval ” and his ‘Council of 11’. Breda has 4 festive monarchs,
660-658: Is a city and municipality in the southern part of the Netherlands , located in the province of North Brabant . The name derived from brede Aa ('wide Aa' or 'broad Aa') and refers to the confluence of the rivers Mark and Aa . Breda has 185,072 inhabitants on 13 September 2022 and is part of the Brabantse Stedenrij ; it is the ninth largest city/municipality in the country, and the third largest in North Brabant after Eindhoven and Tilburg . It
726-435: Is also focused on art related to the colour red. Activities during the festival are lectures, workshops and demonstrations. The festival attracts attendance from 20 countries and was free due to sponsorship of the local government. Furthermore, some people referred to Breda as the opposite of burning man. As the festival grew bigger they needed a new spot to host the ever growing event. Breda's only professional football club ,
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#1732802441052792-603: Is brewed. However, the decline of industrial activity did not harm the city's economy. Nowadays, Breda is a service oriented economy based on business, trade and logistics. A growing number of international companies choose to establish their head office for Benelux operations and manufacturing in Breda. Examples of these companies are 3M Abbott Laboratories , Alfa Laval , Amgen , Dockwise , ExxonMobil , General Electric , General Motors , Krohne Oil & Gas , Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers , Scania , Texaco , and Toshiba . Also,
858-518: Is called ‘ Middelbaar Beroepsonderwijs ' (MBO). This type of education is called ‘Hoger Beroepsonderwijs’ (HBO) The city center contains old buildings and portions of the singels ( moats ) and the harbour. Focal point is the Grote Markt, the main square with pubs and sidewalk cafes. Park Valkenberg is a major public park, halfway between the main railway station Breda and the Grote Markt. Major historic buildings include: The spoken dialect
924-513: Is equidistant from Rotterdam and Antwerp . As a fortified city , it was of strategic military and political significance. Although a direct fiefdom of the Holy Roman Emperor , the city obtained a municipal charter ; the acquisition of Breda, through marriage, by the House of Nassau ensured that Breda would be at the center of political and social life in the Low Countries . Breda had
990-537: Is the blind poet Bernlef , from c. 800 , who sang both Christian psalms and pagan verses. Bernlef is representative of the coexistence of Christianity and Germanic polytheism in this time period. The earliest examples of written literature include the Wachtendonck Psalms , a collection of twenty five psalms that originated in the Moselle-Frankish region around the middle of
1056-514: Is visited by a large Polish contingent and the city of Breda reserves a special portion of the festivities for the fallen Polish soldiers. A museum and a monument honoring Maczek and the Polish 1st Armoured Division stands in the city center. General Maczek and many soldiers of his division are buried in the nearby Polish military cemetery. Breda was the site of one of the first panopticon prison establishments, Koepelgevangenis . This prison housed
1122-700: Is with around 2000 members, the largest club of its kind in the Netherlands. Beside the usual athletics sports at their own track, they offer, nordic walking , tai chi , bootcamp and parasports . And a lot more... Every year in October, the Bredase Singelloop [ nl ] is a major road running event on the half marathon distance with a field of national and international athletes. Similar events are held in Princenhage (10 van ’t Aogje) and Haagse Beemden (Haagse Beemden Loop) although
1188-618: The Austrian Netherlands . The United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) temporarily united the Low Countries again before it split into the three modern countries of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. During the early months of World War I (around 1914), the Central Powers invaded the Low Countries of Luxembourg and Belgium in what has been come to be known as the German invasion of Belgium . It led to
1254-496: The Dutch Revolt . Each of the provinces had its own laws, customs and political practices. The new policy, imposed from the outside, angered many inhabitants, who viewed their provinces as distinct entities. It and other monarchical acts, such as the creation of bishoprics and promulgation of laws against heresy , stoked resentments, which fired the eruption of the Dutch Revolt . After the northern Seven United Provinces of
1320-592: The Dutch revolt . Thus, the baron of Breda was also Count of Nassau in the Holy Roman Empire , Prince of Orange , and (the main) stadtholder in the Dutch Republic (from 1572 to 1650, 1672–1702, 1747–1795). Breda remained part of the barony of Breda until it was captured by French revolutionary forces in 1795. The acquisition of the city by the House of Orange-Nassau marked its emergence as
1386-652: The Franco-Flemish School were highly sought by the leading classes of all Europe. In 1477 the Burgundian holdings in the area passed through an heiress— Mary of Burgundy —to the Habsburgs . Charles V, who inherited the territory in 1506, was named ruler by the States General and styled himself as Heer der Nederlanden ( lit. ' Lord of the Netherlands ' ). He continued to rule
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#17328024410521452-489: The Free County of Burgundy , which were part of their realm but geographically disconnected from the Low Countries. Governor Mary of Hungary used both the expressions les pays de par deça and Pays d'Embas ("lands down here"), which evolved to Pays-Bas or Low Countries . Today the term is typically fitted to modern political boundaries and used in the same way as the term Benelux . The name of
1518-660: The German regions of East Frisia , Guelders and Cleves . During the Middle Ages , the Low Countries were divided into numerous semi-independent principalities . Historically, the regions without access to the sea linked themselves politically and economically to those with access to form various unions of ports and hinterland , stretching inland as far as parts of the German Rhineland . Because of this, nowadays not only physically low-altitude areas, but also some hilly or elevated regions are considered part of
1584-457: The Kingdom of France or the Holy Roman Empire . While the further history the Low Countries can be seen as the object of a continual struggle between these two powers, the title of Duke of Lothier was coveted in the low countries for centuries. In the 14th and 15th century, separate fiefs came gradually to be ruled by a single family through royal intermarriage . This process culminated in
1650-566: The Netherlands (Dutch: de Nederlanden ), is a coastal lowland region in Northwestern Europe forming the lower basin of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta and consisting today of the three modern " Benelux " countries: Belgium , Luxembourg , and the Netherlands (Dutch: Nederland , which is singular). Geographically and historically, the area can also include parts of France (such as Nord and Pas-de-Calais ) and
1716-534: The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands . This ended the second English-Dutch war. The Stadtholder - later King William III of England - built on the castle between 1686 and 1695, but he and his successors spent little time there. During the period of French occupation in the 18th century, the castle was a military barracks and military hospital. William I of the Netherlands placed it at
1782-572: The Roman provinces of Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior . They were inhabited by Belgic and Germanic tribes . In the 4th and 5th century, Frankish tribes had entered this Roman region and came to run it increasingly independently. They came to be ruled by the Merovingian dynasty , under which dynasty the southern part (below the Rhine ) was re- Christianised . By the end of the 8th century,
1848-631: The Austrian Succession , which ultimately led to the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle . During the Second World War , the city was under German occupation for over four years. During Operation Pheasant Breda was liberated following a successful outflanking manoeuvre planned and performed by forces of 1st Polish Armoured Division of General Maczek on 28 October 1944. Each year during Liberation Day festivities, Breda
1914-615: The European Para Championships were held in Breda. 1500 athletes from 45 country’s participated in the event. In 2011, the ParaGamesBreda received 3000 athletes from 40 country’s. In 2017 the NAC Breda Stadion was one of the hosts of the ‘Women’s European Football Championship.’ Together with Enschede , Deventer , Rotterdam , Tilburg , Doetinchem and Utrecht . The dutch women won
1980-419: The German occupation of the two countries. However, the German advance into France was quickly halted, causing a military stalemate for most of the war. In the end, a total of approximately 56,000 people were killed in the invasion. During World War II , when Adolf Hitler 's gaze turned his strategy west toward France, the Low Countries were an easy route around the imposing French Maginot Line . He ordered
2046-647: The Low Countries formed a core part of a much expanded Francia and the Merovingians were replaced by the Carolingian dynasty . In 800, the Pope crowned and appointed Charlemagne Emperor of the re-established Roman Empire . After the death of Charlemagne , Francia was divided in three parts among his three grandsons. The middle slice, Middle Francia , was ruled by Lothair I , and thereby also came to be referred to as "Lotharingia" or "Lorraine". Apart from
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2112-601: The Low Countries, including Luxembourg and the south of Belgium. Within the European Union , the region's political grouping is still referred to as the Benelux (short for Belgium-Netherlands-Luxembourg). During the Roman Empire , the region contained a militarised frontier and contact point between Rome and Germanic tribes . The Low Countries were the scene of the early independent trading centres that marked
2178-638: The Netherlands. However, in official use, the name of the Dutch kingdom is still Kingdom of the Netherlands , Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (plural). This name derives from the 19th-century origins of the kingdom which originally included present-day Belgium. In Dutch, and to a lesser extent in English, the Low Countries colloquially means the Netherlands and Belgium, sometimes the Netherlands and Flanders —the Dutch-speaking north of Belgium. For example,
2244-513: The Prince of Breda, Princenhage, Haagse Beemden and the Baron of Ginneken. For the occasion the city is renamed to ‘Kielengat’. Musically, the carnaval events traditionally are enlivened by wind bands called ‘Dweilorkesten' (Mop Orchestra’s). All pubs and bars participate in the event and on Sunday and Monday a large parade of floats and foolish creations slides through the streets. The events ends on
2310-673: The army and the civil service. The exiled Stuart Charles II of England resided in Breda for a little over a month of his time in exile during the Cromwellian Commonwealth and Protectorate , thanks to the proximity of Charles's sister Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange , the widow of Prince William II of Orange (died 1650). Based mostly on suggestions by the Parliamentarian General George Monck , Charles II's Declaration of Breda (1660) announced his conditions for accepting
2376-463: The castle into a Renaissance palace in 1536. He died in 1538 and his son René of Châlon finished the castle and built a chapel in 1540. René of Châlon died without any children and the castle became property of his German cousin, William I of Orange , during his battle with the Spanish, it had a military function again ( Dutch revolt ). In 1667 the Treaty of Breda was signed by England, France and
2442-659: The city again surrendered to the Spaniards, now led by Spinola ; the event was immortalized by Diego Velázquez . In the Siege of Breda of 1637 the city was recaptured by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange , after a four-month siege, and in 1648 it was finally ceded to the Dutch Republic by the Treaty of Westphalia . In 1646, Frederick Henry founded the Orange College of Breda , modelled on Saumur , Geneva , and Oxford , intending it to train young men of good family for
2508-766: The city center and the southern part of Breda. Known shopping centers are De Barones and 't Sas. Major shopping streets are the Eindstraat, Ginnekenstraat [ nl ] , Wilhelminastraat and Ginnekenweg. A market is held on the Grote Markt every Tuesday and Friday from 09:00 to 13:00. A book and antique market is held on Wednesday from 09:00 to 17:00. Breda became since 1970 a more specific education city and student city . In 2012 there were 27,000 students registered in Middelbaar- and Hoger Onderwijs . Secondary education consists of; Some schools offer bilingual English/Dutch education. This type of education
2574-412: The city center. All other brands had to park at a dedicated parking outside the city center. At the peak over 10,000 motorcycles visited the city and attracted an audience of a 100,000 people. 2010 was the 22nd and last official edition. Due to the large number of people, the city council demanded strict security measurements for the following years. This was the moment that the volunteer organization pulled
2640-514: The complete Breda region. The tours ended on the Church square next to the Grote Kerk in the center, where, coincidentally, a rockband was playing. Redhead Day (nl; Roodharigedag) is a festival that between 2007 and 2011 took place in Breda during first weekend of September. Since 2019 the festival relocated to Tilburg . The two-day festival is a gathering of people with natural red hair, but
2706-413: The country of the Netherlands has the same etymology and origin as the name for the region Low Countries, due to "nether" meaning "low". In the Dutch language itself De Lage Landen is the modern term for Low Countries, and De Nederlanden (plural) is in use for the 16th century domains of Charles V , the historic Low Countries, while Nederland (singular) is the normal Dutch name for the country of
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2772-587: The crown of England, which he was to regain a few months later in the year. The Treaty of Breda was signed in the city on 31 July 1667, bringing to an end the Second Anglo-Dutch War in which the Dutch faced the same Charles II who had been their guest. Between 1746 and 1748 it was the site of the Congress of Breda , a series of talks between Britain and France aimed at bringing an end to the War of
2838-658: The defences of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. All three countries were occupied from May 1940 until early 1945. During the occupation, their governments were forced into exile in Britain. In 1944, they signed the London Customs Convention , laying the foundation for the eventual Benelux Economic Union , an important forerunner of the EEC (later the EU ). One of the Low Countries' earliest literary figures
2904-812: The disposal of the Royal Military Academy in 1826. Thomas Vincidor built three wings and later King William II of the Netherlands built the fourth wing. The entrance gate is from the 16th century. Between 1746 and 1748 it was the site of the Breda Peace Talks between Britain and France during the War of the Austrian Succession . The talks formed the foundation for the eventual peace settlement at Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle . Breda Breda ( / ˈ b r eɪ d ə / BRAY -də , also UK : / ˈ b r iː d ə / BREE -də , US : / b r eɪ ˈ d ɑː / bray- DAH , Dutch: [breːˈdaː] )
2970-575: The encouragement of the free flow of goods and craftsmen. Dutch and French dialects were the main languages used in secular city life. Historically, the term Low Countries arose at the Court of the Dukes of Burgundy , who used the term les pays de par deçà ("the lands over here") for the Low Countries as opposed to les pays de par delà ("the lands over there") for the Duchy of Burgundy and
3036-436: The evening before Ash Wednesday (Shrove Tuesday). The exclusive TV channel 'BaronieTV' broadcasts the events throughout the 'Barony of Breda'. Breda hosts the following museums: The Harley Dag was one of the biggest one-day motorcycle events of Europe, held on the third Sunday of August. The American motorcycle brands Harley Davidson and Indian were the main guests of the day. Other American brands were also welcomed to
3102-492: The fief was resold to Johannes II of Wassenaar (d. 1377). In 1403, the heiress of his line, Johanna of Polanen (1392–1445), married Engelbert I of Nassau (1370–1442; his sarcophagus is in the Grote Kerk in Breda). Through her, the city came into the possession of the House of Nassau , where it remained until 1795, passing to William I of Orange (1533–1584), stadtholder of Holland , Zeeland , and Utrecht and leader of
3168-582: The food industry is still largely represented by companies such as Anheuser-Busch InBev , Hero Group , Perfetti Van Melle and Royal Cosun [ nl ] . Furthermore, the city is host to the headquarters of the Royal Netherlands Air Force . Because of its central location between the ports of Antwerp and Rotterdam , the city also attracts logistics companies such as Van Wijngen International . Koch Media has its Benelux office in Breda. The main shopping areas of Breda are
3234-540: The hands of the Dutch and Maurice of Nassau , when a 68 men hand-picked force, concealed under the turf of a peat-boat, had contrived to enter the city in a daring plan devised by Adriaen van Bergen , known as the ruse with the Peat Ship of Breda . Around 1610 the construction of the Spanish Gate or "Spanjaardsgat" was started as a remembrance to that successful action. After a ten-month siege in 1624–25 ,
3300-537: The heirs. By streamlining the succession law in all Seventeen Provinces and declaring that all of them would be inherited by one heir, Charles effectively united the Netherlands as one entity. After Charles' abdication in 1555, the Seventeen Provinces passed to his son, Philip II of Spain . The Pragmatic Sanction is said to be one example of the Habsburg contest with particularism that contributed to
3366-505: The hockey department. B.H.V. Push [ nl ] supplied high-level players to the national women and men teams of the Netherlands and played in the Hoofdklasse them self. A few of Push’s national team players for example are: Bram Lomans , Matthijs Brouwer , Thom van Dijck , Joep de Mol , Floris Wortelboer , Teun Beins , Cécile Vinke and Malou Pheninckx . Breda's athletics club , A.V. Sprint [ nl ] ,
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#17328024410523432-486: The main church remained. In July 1581, during the Eighty Years' War , Breda was captured in a surprise attack and siege by Spanish troops then under the command of Claudius van Barlaymont , whose sobriquet was Haultpenne. Although the city had surrendered upon the condition that it would not be plundered, the troops vented their fury upon the inhabitants. In the resulting mayhem, known as Haultpenne's Fury , over 500 citizens were killed. In March 1590, Breda fell back into
3498-432: The maximum distances are 10 kilometer. The equestrian sports event ‘Outdoor Brabant’ started out as ‘Military Breda’ in the woods around Galder and a Four-in-hand Combined driving competition, near the village Princenhage. Later these merged and both moved to the southwest of Princenhage where the event changed into ‘Breda Hippique’. The event consists of Dressage , Eventing , Show jumping , and Combined driving. For
3564-473: The only German war criminals ever to be imprisoned in the Netherlands for their war crimes during the Second World War. Known as " The Breda Four ", or "Vier von Breda", they were Willy Paul Franz Lages , who was released in 1966 due to serious illness, Joseph Johann Kotalla , who died in prison in 1979, and Ferdinand aus der Fünten and Franz Fischer, who were both released in 1989 and died later
3630-446: The original coastal County of Flanders , which was within West Francia , the rest of the Low Countries were within the lowland part of this, " Lower Lorraine ". After the death of Lothair, the Low Countries were coveted by the rulers of both West Francia and East Francia . Each tried to swallow the region and to merge it with their spheres of influence. Thus, the Low Countries consisted of fiefs whose sovereignty resided with either
3696-434: The other, the southern Royal Netherlands or Belgica Regia remained loyal to the Spanish king. This divide laid the early foundation for the later modern states of Belgium and the Netherlands. The region politically had its origins in the Carolingian empire ; more precisely, most of the people were within the Duchy of Lower Lotharingia . After the disintegration of Lower Lotharingia, the Low Countries were brought under
3762-409: The plug and cancelled future editions of the event. In 2011 not all people heard of the cancelling so around 400 motorcycles and their owners visited the city anyway. Supporters who did know about it came up with the idea of the ‘No(n)-Harley-Dag’. Despite the official cancelling, coincidentally several of Breda’s motor tour clubs held their annual tour on the third Sunday of August and drove through
3828-421: The political secession of the autonomous Dutch Republic (or "United Provinces") in the north, the term "Low Countries" continued to be used to refer collectively to the region. The region was temporarily united politically between 1815 and 1839, as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , before this split into the three modern countries of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. The Low Countries were part of
3894-427: The reawakening of Europe in the 12th century. In that period, they rivalled northern Italy as one of the most densely populated regions of Western Europe. Guilds and councils governed most of the cities along with a figurehead ruler; interaction with their ruler was regulated by a strict set of rules describing what the latter could and could not expect. All of the regions mainly depended on trade, manufacturing and
3960-474: The rule of the House of Valois , who were the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy . At the height of Burgundian influence, the Low Countries became the political, cultural, and economic centre of Northern Europe , noted for its crafts and luxury goods, notably early Netherlandish painting , which is the work of artists who were active in the flourishing cities of Bruges , Ghent , Mechelen , Leuven , Tournai and Brussels , all in present-day Belgium. Musicians of
4026-437: The rule of various lordships until they came to be in the hands of the Valois Dukes of Burgundy . Hence, a large part of the Low Countries came to be referred to as the Burgundian Netherlands . After the reign of the Valois Dukes ended, much of the Low Countries were controlled by the House of Habsburg . This area was referred to as the Habsburg Netherlands , which was also called the Seventeen Provinces up to 1581. Even after
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#17328024410524092-437: The same year. The municipality of Breda is divided in 11 sectors: [REDACTED] Topographic map image of the city of Breda, March 2014. Click to enlarge. Historically, economic activities were mainly industrial. Breda was a center of the food- and drink industry. Companies like Hero (lemonade), Van Melle ( Mentos ), De Faam (liquorice) and Kwatta (chocolate) are famous throughout Western Europe . Breda also had
4158-423: The seventeen declared their independence from Habsburg Spain in 1581, the ten provinces of the Southern Netherlands remained occupied by the Army of Flanders under Spanish service and are therefore sometimes called the Spanish Netherlands . In 1713, under the Treaty of Utrecht following the War of the Spanish Succession , what was left of the Spanish Netherlands was ceded to Austria and thus became known as
4224-420: The territories as a multitude of duchies and principalities until the Low Countries were eventually united into one indivisible territory, the Seventeen Provinces , covered by the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 , while retaining existing customs, laws, and forms of government within the provinces. The Pragmatic Sanction transformed the agglomeration of lands into a unified entity, of which the Habsburgs would be
4290-500: The tournament in the De Grolsch Veste in Enschede. Religions in Breda (2014) In 2014, the largest religion in Breda was Christianity , comprising 50.4% of its population. The next largest faith is Islam adhered to by 3.6% of residents. Religiously unaffiliated people made up 44.9% of the population. The ethnic make-up of Breda, in 2020, was as follows: Low Countries The Low Countries ( Dutch : de Lage Landen ; French : les Pays-Bas ), historically also known as
4356-420: Was built in Brabantine Gothic style with an elegant 97-metre-high (318 ft) tower, called Grote Kerk (main church) or also Onze Lieve Vrouwe Kerk (Church of Our Lady). In 1534 Henry III of Nassau-Breda rebuilt the modest medieval fortifications in impressive style. In 1534, a fire destroyed over nine tenths of the city, close to 1300 houses, churches, and chapels, and the town hall. Only 150 houses and
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