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94-736: Starting with crime and noir comics, Bendis eventually moved to mainstream superhero work. While at Marvel Comics , Bendis worked with Bill Jemas and Mark Millar as the writer on the first book of the Ultimate Marvel imprint, Ultimate Spider-Man , which debuted in 2000. He relaunched the Avengers franchise with New Avengers in 2004, wrote the Marvel storylines " Avengers Disassembled " (2004-2005), " Secret War " (2004–2005), " House of M " (2005), " Secret Invasion " (2008), " Siege " (2010) and " Age of Ultron " (2013), and co-created

188-686: A character and pen name. In such novels, clues may be analyzed by the protagonist in tandem with the viewer, generating the possibility of understanding the narrative before it is revealed in the book. Past the Golden Age, events such as the Great Depression and the transition between World Wars ushered in a change in American crime fiction. There was a shift into hard-boiled novels and their depictions of realism. Dashiell Hammett and his work, including Red Harvest (1929), offered

282-526: A college-aged Peter Parker, and was written to tie-into the then-unreleased 2002 film Spider-Man . The pilot episode that Bendis wrote became the third episode aired. His dismay at being credited for something written by someone else, and the multitude of corporate and legal departments involved in the animation process soured him on the show. Bendis was one of the writers on the Ultimate Spider-Man animated series, which debuted in 2012. He

376-649: A humorous caricature sketched in a few minutes for a small fee. Caricature artists can sometimes be hired for parties, where they will draw caricatures of the guests for their entertainment. There are numerous museums dedicated to caricature throughout the world, including the Museo de la Caricatura of Mexico City , the Muzeum Karykatury in Warsaw , the Caricatura Museum Frankfurt ,

470-541: A mode of escapism to cope with other aspects of their lives. Crime fiction provides distraction from readers' personal lives through a strong narrative at a comfortable distance. Forensic crime novels have been referred to as "distraction therapy", proposing that crime fiction can improve mental health and be considered as a form of treatment to prevent depression. In the history of crime fiction, some authors have been reluctant to publish their novels under their real names. More recently, some publish pseudonymously because of

564-400: A more realistic social perspective to crime fiction, referencing events such as the Great Depression . James M. Cain contributed The Postman Always Rings Twice (1934). This novel includes a married woman trying to murder her own husband with the assistance of a potential suitor. This theme extends to his other work, Double Indemnity (1934). Such elements of the book were a reference to

658-549: A much-loved movie entitled The Lady Vanishes (1938), and Ira Levin 's (born 1929) science-fiction thriller The Boys from Brazil (1976), which was filmed in 1978 . Older novels can often be retrieved from the ever-growing Project Gutenberg database. Caricature A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or other artistic drawings (compare to: cartoon ). Caricatures can be either insulting or complimentary, and can serve

752-563: A new Moon Knight series with Maleev, which concluded with issue 12. In 2012, in conjunction with Marvel Studios' feature film The Avengers , Bendis began writing a new Avengers comic, Avengers Assemble . Bendis wrote the first eight issues of Avengers Assemble , a series that premiered in March 2012 that featured a new incarnation of the Zodiac, as well as the return of the Guardians of

846-458: A period within that of "nine years" living as a stereotypical 'starving artist'. In 1996–1997, Bendis moved from Caliber to Image Comics , where Jinx and his other previous crime comics were published by Image's Shadowline arm in trade paperback . At Image, he also produced five more issues of Jinx . Impressed with A.K.A. Goldfish , Image founder Todd McFarlane sought out Bendis, which led to his writing Sam and Twitch . Although set in

940-401: A planned, but ultimately unproduced, Nick Fury story. Marvel Comics President Bill Jemas , on the recommendation of Quesada, hired Bendis to write Ultimate Spider-Man , which debuted in 2000, and was targeted at the new generation of readers. Bendis adapted the 11-page origin story of Spider-Man from 1962's Amazing Fantasy #15 into a seven issues story arc, with Peter Parker becoming

1034-431: A political purpose, be drawn solely for entertainment, or for a combination of both. Caricatures of politicians are commonly used in newspapers and news magazines as political cartoons , while caricatures of movie stars are often found in entertainment magazines . In literature, a caricature is a distorted representation of a person in a way that exaggerates some characteristics and oversimplifies others. The term

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1128-433: A prelude to Secret Invasion . After Marvel's 2006 " Civil War " storyline, Bendis helmed another Avengers revival, launching Mighty Avengers with Frank Cho in 2007. Post-"Secret Invasion", Bendis left Mighty Avengers with issue #20 and wrote Secret Invasion: Dark Reign , a one-shot that preceded another ongoing Avengers series, Dark Avengers . In 2009, Bendis and former Daredevil collaborator Maleev launched

1222-442: A series in 1999 entitled "Pan Classic Crime", which includes a handful of novels by Eric Ambler , but also American Hillary Waugh 's Last Seen Wearing ... . In 2000, Edinburgh -based Canongate Books started a series called "Canongate Crime Classics" —both whodunnits and roman noir about amnesia and insanity —and other novels. However, books brought out by smaller publishers such as Canongate Books are usually not stocked by

1316-465: A steamy sex scene between Sharon Stone and William Baldwin straight from the 1993 movie , and again, Bret Easton Ellis 's American Psycho (1991). Bloomsbury Publishing PLC , though, have launched what they call "Bloomsbury Film Classics"—a series of original novels on which feature films were based. This series includes, for example, Ethel Lina White 's novel The Wheel Spins (1936), which Alfred Hitchcock —before he went to Hollywood—turned into

1410-412: A still from the movie on the front cover and the film credits on the back cover of the book—yet another marketing strategy aimed at those cinemagoers who may want to do both: first read the book and then watch the film (or vice versa). Recent examples include Patricia Highsmith 's The Talented Mr. Ripley (originally published in 1955), Ira Levin 's Sliver (1991), with the cover photograph depicting

1504-513: A story forward in order to unravel mysteries. Likewise, the feature of detectives was popularized by Edgar Allan Poe and Conan Doyle . Hard-boiled detective stories attracted a decent amount of attention to the genre in America and France as well. Within crime fiction, it can also be common to use dark themes from real life, such as slavery , organized crime , and more. Aside from general themes, referencing instances of crime in real life

1598-447: A system proposed by Akleman et al. provides warping tools specifically designed toward rapidly producing caricatures. There are very few software programs designed specifically for automatically creating caricatures. Computer graphic system requires quite different skill sets to design a caricature as compared to the caricatures created on paper. Thus, using a computer in the digital production of caricatures requires advanced knowledge of

1692-672: A valuable tool for political campaigning and both Gillray and Rowlandson established their reputations as caricaturists working as 'hired guns' in the 1784 Westminster election . Their skills continued to be in high demand; in the turbulent period of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars caricature became an increasingly important communication medium. Gillray became the leading political caricaturist of his time, famous across Europe, while Rowlandson's vast output used caricature for both political and social caricature and for comic book illustration. Published from 1868 to 1914,

1786-465: A vested owner about developing a property as a tangible asset with the future in mind," rather than only working on his own characters under his own terms. In 1998, Bendis co-wrote and illustrated the Eliot Ness -starring Torso with Marc Andreyko, again for Image, and in 2000 he produced three issues of the autobiographical Fortune and Glory for Oni Comics . That same year saw the debut of

1880-467: A wide and passionate following on both sides of the Atlantic, and when Doyle killed off Holmes in " The Final Problem ", the public outcry was so great, and the publishing offers for more stories so attractive, that he was reluctantly forced to resurrect him. In Italy, early translations of English and American stories and local works were published in cheap yellow covers, thus the genre was baptized with

1974-535: Is Agatha Christie , whose texts, originally published between 1920 and her death in 1976, are available in UK and US editions in all English-speaking nations. Christie's works, particularly featuring detectives Hercule Poirot or Miss Jane Marple , have given her the title the Queen of Crime, and made her one of the most important and innovative writers in the development of the genre. Her most famous novels include Murder on

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2068-491: Is Florida -based author Carl Hiaasen , who has been publishing books since 1981, all of which are readily available. From time to time, publishing houses decide, for commercial purposes, to revive long-forgotten authors, and reprint one or two of their more commercially successful novels. Apart from Penguin Books , which for this purpose have resorted to their old green cover and dug out some of their vintage authors. Pan started

2162-514: Is also common in several works of crime fiction. These reflections of reality can be expressed in many ways. For instance, crime fiction in Spain expressed grievances with authority, which was opposite to the instances in Japan that credited the government's functionality. Espionage is another prominent inclusion in many works of crime fiction. It includes the use of political intrigue, morality, and

2256-599: Is another early courtroom drama , presented as a suspenseful comedy. The earliest known modern crime fiction is E. T. A. Hoffmann 's 1819 novella "Mademoiselle de Scudéri". Also, Thomas Skinner Surr 's anonymous Richmond is from 1827 ; another early full-length short story in the genre is The Rector of Veilbye by Danish author Steen Steensen Blicher , published in 1829. A further example of crime detection can be found in Letitia Elizabeth Landon 's story The Knife , published in 1832, although here

2350-654: Is derived for the Italian caricare —to charge or load. An early definition occurs in the English doctor Thomas Browne 's Christian Morals , published posthumously in 1716. Expose not thy self by four-footed manners unto monstrous draughts, and Caricatura representations. with the footnote: When Men's faces are drawn with resemblance to some other Animals, the Italians call it, to be drawn in Caricatura Thus,

2444-576: Is his biological daughter. He and his wife adopted their two younger daughters, one of whom is African-American, and the other of whom is Ethiopian. Their names are Tabatha (adopted in June 2011) and Sabrina. Bendis mentioned in a July 2013 post on his Tumblr account that they had a newborn son, who is named London. Crime fiction Crime fiction , detective story , murder mystery , mystery novel , and police novel are terms used to describe narratives that centre on criminal acts and especially on

2538-492: Is in order – or the art can be employed to make a serious social or political point. A caricaturist draws on (1) the natural characteristics of the subject (the big ears, long nose, etc.); (2) the acquired characteristics (stoop, scars, facial lines etc.); and (3) the vanities (choice of hair style, spectacles, clothes, expressions, and mannerisms). There have been some efforts to produce caricatures automatically or semi-automatically using computer graphics techniques. For example,

2632-517: Is used predominantly for a portrait of a recognizable individual (much as originally used to describe the works of Pier Leone Ghezzi ), while the more recent term 'cartoon', popularised in the 19th century from its use in Punch magazine, is used for any other form of comic image, including political satire. Some of the earliest caricatures are found in the works of Leonardo da Vinci , who actively sought people with deformities to use as models. The point

2726-737: The Book of Tobit , Urashima Tarō from ancient Japan , the One Thousand and One Nights ( Arabian Nights ), and more. One example of a story of this genre is the medieval Arabic tale of " The Three Apples ", one of the tales narrated by Scheherazade in the Arabian Nights . In this tale, a fisherman discovers a heavy locked chest along the Tigris River, and he sells it to the Abbasid Caliph , Harun al-Rashid , who then has

2820-733: The Golden Apple Comics chain [of comic shops] in Los Angeles . Bendis's best-known early work, Jinx , starring the titular bounty hunter in a crime noir version of the Sergio Leone film The Good, the Bad and the Ugly , began publication in 1996, and ran for seven issues from Caliber. He characterizes much of this period of his professional life in terms of working as "a graphic artist for almost twelve years", undergoing

2914-468: The Gray and Snyder trial. Raymond Chandler was a significant author who managed to see some works made into films. In 1944, he argued for the genre to be seen critically in his essay from ‘ The Simple Art of Murder .’ Crime fiction provides unique psychological impacts on readers and enables them to become mediated witnesses through identifying with eyewitnesses of a crime. Readers speak of crime fiction as

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3008-518: The Spawn universe, Bendis approached Sam and Twitch primarily as a crime comic. He wrote Sam and Twitch for twenty issues, as well as most of the first ten issues of Hellspawn , another Spawn spin-off title. This non-creator-owned work allowed him to, in the words of Rich Kriener in The Comics Journal , "[add] the responsibility of caretaker to his resume, in that he would answer to

3102-533: The Starjammers story, which gained him an A+ grade for imagination and inventiveness. At 19, Bendis began attending the Cleveland Institute of Art , while working at a downtown comic book store where he eventually sold some of his early work. Between the ages of 20 and 25, he sent in a large number of submissions to comics companies, although he ultimately abandoned this approach to breaking into

3196-413: The " Heroic Age ". Also in 2010, Bendis launched Scarlet through Icon Comics , his first new creator-owned comic book in over a decade, re-teaming once again with Maleev. In February 2011, Icon released the all-ages graphic novel , Takio by Bendis and his Powers collaborator Mike Oeming, and in mid-2011 a maxiseries called Brilliant with artist Bagley. Bendis's other 2011 projects included

3290-490: The 18th century, because of England's liberal political traditions, relative freedom of speech, and burgeoning publishing industry, London was a hot bed for the development of modern forms of caricature. William Hogarth (1697–1764) elevated satirical art into an accepted art form and a succeeding generation of talented artists including names such as James Gillray (1757–1815), Thomas Rowlandson (1756–1827) and Isaac Cruikshank (1757–1815) advanced it further. Caricature became

3384-540: The 1920s to 1954, was a period of time featuring the creation of renowned works by several authors. Many of these authors were British. Agatha Christie wrote The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926) and The Murder at the Vicarage (1930). These novels commonly prioritized the allure of exploring mysteries in the plot over in-depth character development. Dorothy L. Sayers contributed the Wimsey novels. Her work focused on

3478-583: The 19th century was Fergus Hume 's The Mystery of a Hansom Cab (1886), set in Melbourne, Australia. The evolution of the print mass media in the United Kingdom and the United States in the latter half of the 19th century was crucial in popularising crime fiction and related genres. Literary 'variety' magazines, such as Strand , McClure's , and Harper's , quickly became central to

3572-557: The Galaxy , which teamed with the Avengers against Thanos. Bendis concluded his stint on Avengers and New Avengers in 2012 with the "End Times" arc. His final issue of Avengers , released September 2012, was a "jam issue", featuring splash pages by Marvel artists including Walt Simonson , Jim Cheung , and Leinil Yu . Following Marvel's "Marvel NOW!" relaunch of its titles, Bendis took on writing duties on All New X-Men , which saw

3666-518: The London weekly magazine Vanity Fair became famous for its caricatures of famous people in society. In a lecture titled The History and Art of Caricature , the British caricaturist Ted Harrison said that the caricaturist can choose to either mock or wound the subject with an effective caricature. Drawing caricatures can simply be a form of entertainment and amusement – in which case gentle mockery

3760-550: The New Avengers / X-Men crossover, " House of M ", which would retroactively be considered the second act of a three-act super-event beginning with "Avengers Disassembled" and culminating in the Bendis-written 2008 storyline " Secret Invasion ". Bendis also wrote the storyline " Secret War ", which was published between 2004 and 2005. The series, which was not connected to the 1984 miniseries Secret Wars , served as

3854-524: The Orient Express (1934), Death on the Nile (1937), and the world's best-selling mystery And Then There Were None (1939). Other less successful, contemporary authors who are still writing have seen reprints of their earlier works, due to current overwhelming popularity of crime fiction texts among audiences. One example is Val McDermid , whose first book appeared as far back as 1987; another

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3948-459: The Thief" and "Ali Khwaja", contain two of the earliest fictional detectives , who uncover clues and present evidence to catch or convict a criminal, with the story unfolding in normal chronology and the criminal already being known to the audience. The latter involves a climax where titular detective protagonist Ali Khwaja presents evidence from expert witnesses in a court. " The Hunchback's Tale "

4042-533: The US. As used by S. S. Van Dine , fictional character Philo Vance also took advantage of an inflated personality and a high-class background in a plethora of novels. In 1929, Father Ronald Knox wrote the ‘Detective Story Decalogue,’ mentioning some conditions of the era. Early foreshadowing and functioning roles for characters were discussed, as well as other items. Ellery Queen was featured in several novels written by Frederic Dannay and Manfred Lee , serving as both

4136-606: The Ultimate line, including Ultimate Marvel Team-Up , which Bendis pitched to Marvel as a follow-up to Ultimate Spider-Man , as well as Ultimate Fantastic Four , Ultimate X-Men , Ultimate Origins , Ultimate Six , the first three issues of Ultimate Power , and the Ultimate Comics: Doomsday metaseries . In 2011, Bendis and artist Sara Pichelli created the Miles Morales character as

4230-468: The alias Cyril Hare , in which he made use of his profoundly extensive knowledge of the English legal system. When he was still young and unknown, award-winning British novelist Julian Barnes (born 1946) published some crime novels under the alias Dan Kavanagh. Other authors take delight in cherishing their alter egos ; Ruth Rendell (1930–2015) wrote one sort of crime novels as Ruth Rendell and another type as Barbara Vine ; John Dickson Carr also used

4324-408: The average person, in his caricature the ears will be much larger than normal. Brennan's system implemented this idea in a partially automated fashion as follows: the operator was required to input a frontal drawing of the desired person having a standardized topology (the number and ordering of lines for every face). She obtained a corresponding drawing of an average male face. Then, the particular face

4418-400: The belief that since the large booksellers are aware of their historical sales figures, and command a certain degree of influence over publishers, the only way to "break out" of their current advance numbers is to publish as someone with no track record. In the late 1930s and 1940s, British County Court Judge Arthur Alexander Gordon Clark (1900–1958) published a number of detective novels under

4512-508: The boundaries are indistinct. Crime fiction has several subgenres , including detective fiction (such as the whodunit ), courtroom drama , hard-boiled fiction, and legal thrillers . Proto-science and crime fictions have been composed across history, and in this category can be placed texts as varied as the Epic of Gilgamesh from Mesopotamia , the Mahabharata from ancient India ,

4606-729: The character to eventually evolve naturally. His depiction of Aunt May in Ultimate Spider-Man , for example, strongly resembles his mother. Bendis met his wife Alisa in 1995 through the Cleveland chapter of the Hillel Foundation , where Alisa worked and Bendis was a staff illustrator. The two were married within a year. Alisa Bendis manages JINXWORLD, the company through which Bendis produces his creator-owned and licensed comics work. They have four children, of which three are daughters. Bendis's oldest daughter, Olivia,

4700-426: The characters Riri Williams , Miles Morales , and Jessica Jones . Bendis has won five Eisner Awards for both his creator-owned work and his work on various Marvel Comics books. Though he has cited comic book writers such as Frank Miller and Alan Moore , Bendis' writing influences are less rooted in comics; drawing on the work of David Mamet , Richard Price , and Aaron Sorkin , whose dialogue, Bendis said,

4794-446: The chest broken open, only to find inside it the dead body of a young woman who was cut into pieces. Harun orders his vizier , Ja'far ibn Yahya , to solve the crime and find the murderer within three days, or be executed if he fails his assignment. The story has been described as a " whodunit " murder mystery with multiple plot twists . The story has detective fiction elements. Two other Arabian Nights stories, "The Merchant and

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4888-436: The comics industry, including Mike Oeming , Dave Mack and Marc Andreyko , and began the first in a series of independent noir fiction crime comics when he published two issues of Fire in 1993 and five issues of A.K.A. Goldfish in 1994 with Caliber. In 1995 he illustrated Flaxen from a script by James Hudnall , with David Mack providing inks to the story featuring former Playboy Playmate Susie Owens as mascot of

4982-542: The existence of spies. Prior media used the Cold War for inspiration and provided commentary on such events. Examples include numerous works by John le Carré and Gorky Park (1981), which was written by Martin Cruz Smith . Inspiration can be drawn from the legal system around the world, with varying degrees of realism. In these cases, a sense of morality and the more dubious parts of society are explored based on

5076-492: The first book on caricature drawing to be published in England was Mary Darly's A Book of Caricaturas ( c.  1762 ), the first known North American caricatures were drawn in 1759 during the battle for Quebec. These caricatures were the work of Brig.-Gen. George Townshend whose caricatures of British General James Wolfe , depicted as "Deformed and crass and hideous" (Snell), were drawn to amuse fellow officers. In

5170-466: The framework for the classic detective story. The detective's unnamed companion is the narrator of the stories and a prototype for the character of Dr. Watson in later Sherlock Holmes stories. Wilkie Collins ' epistolary novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, while The Moonstone (1868) is often thought to be his masterpiece. French author Émile Gaboriau 's Monsieur Lecoq (1868) laid

5264-458: The genre. Many stories often begin when the crime has already occurred. Such fiction also tends to draw from the cultural aspects in which the work originated, whether from recent events or from a general consensus and viewpoints. The use of serial killers and unreliable narrators exists in a decent variety of crime fiction as well. The plot-puzzle formula, which was frequent in the Golden Age, makes use of potential hints and solutions to drive

5358-465: The groundwork for the methodical, scientifically minded detective. The evolution of locked-room mysteries was one of the landmarks in the history of crime fiction. The Sherlock Holmes mysteries of Doyle's are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity of this genre. A precursor was Paul Féval , whose series Les Habits Noirs (1862–67) features Scotland Yard detectives and criminal conspiracies. The best-selling crime novel of

5452-646: The industry, considering it too much of a "lottery." Best known as a writer, Bendis started out as an artist, doing work for local magazines and newspapers, including caricature work. He worked at The Plain Dealer as an illustrator. Although he did not enjoy caricature work, it paid well and funded his interest in writing crime fiction for graphic novels . He eventually moved into both writing and illustrating his work, before he began producing work for Caliber Comics , including Spunky Todd . Through Caliber, he met many of his longtime friends and collaborators within

5546-525: The introduction of the Neil Gaiman character Angela into the Marvel Universe. On July 22, 2014, Random House published Bendis's instruction book on comics, Words for Pictures: The Art and Business of Writing Comics and Graphic Novels. The day after that book's publication, CBR.com published an interview in which Bendis talked about the course on writing Graphic Novels he had taught for

5640-402: The investigation, either by an amateur or a professional detective, of a crime, often a murder. Most crime drama focuses on criminal investigation and does not feature the courtroom . Suspense and mystery are key elements that are nearly ubiquitous to the genre. It is usually distinguished from mainstream fiction and other genres such as historical fiction and science fiction , but

5734-437: The larger bookshops and overseas booksellers. The British Library has also (since 2012) started republishing "lost" crime classics, with the collection referred to on their website as the "British Library Crime Classics series". Sometimes, older crime novels are revived by screenwriters and directors rather than publishing houses. In many such cases, publishers then follow suit and release a so-called "film tie-in" edition showing

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5828-727: The late 1910s, Cheng began writing his own detective fiction series, Sherlock in Shanghai , mimicking Conan Doyle's style, but relating better to a Chinese audience. During the Mao era , crime fiction was suppressed and mainly Soviet-styled and anticapitalist. In the post-Mao era, crime fiction in China focused on corruption and harsh living conditions during the Mao era (such as the Cultural Revolution ). The Golden Age, which spanned from

5922-549: The long-delayed Spider-Woman , following up on her role in the "Secret Invasion" storyline. Spider-Woman was the first comic book to be offered simultaneously on the Internet as a "motion comic" and in comic stores in print form. Bendis re-teamed with Olivier Coipel for the 2009 crossover series " Siege ", which brought the "Dark Reign" storyline to a close, and with-it, Dark Avengers . Springboarding out of Siege , Bendis relaunched both Avengers and New Avengers as part of

6016-497: The names used for boxers mentioned by a corrupt boxing manager in the 2003 Daredevil movie. Also in 2001, Bendis helped launch Marvel's non- Comics Code -approved, adult MAX imprint with Alias , featuring former superhero Jessica Jones operating as a private investigator . The series ran for 28 issues before many of the characters moved to Bendis's mainstream Marvel Universe series The Pulse . In 2004 Powers moved from Image to Marvel's creator-owned imprint Icon , where it

6110-472: The new version of the Ultimate Spider-Man. Bendis wrote every issue of Ultimate Spider-Man, including its second iteration, Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man . Quesada offered Bendis the writing duties on Daredevil , which he took over in 2001, writing most of the subsequent 55 issues until 2006, collaborating mostly with artist Alex Maleev . As a major Daredevil author, Bendis's name is one of

6204-440: The other hand, Liang et al. argue that caricature varies depending on the artist and cannot be captured in a single definition. Their system uses machine learning techniques to automatically learn and mimic the style of a particular caricature artist, given training data in the form of a number of face photographs and the corresponding caricatures by that artist. The results produced by computer graphic systems are arguably not yet of

6298-444: The overall structure and function of popular fiction in society, providing a mass-produced medium that offered cheap, illustrated publications that were essentially disposable. Like the works of many other important fiction writers of his day—e.g. Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens —Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories first appeared in serial form in the monthly Strand in the United Kingdom. The series quickly attracted

6392-548: The past few years, initially at Portland State University , and beginning with the Fall 2013 semester, at the University of Oregon . His decision to teach came at the urging of Dark Horse Comics editor Diana Schutz . Among the works he employs as teaching guides are the works of Scott McCloud and Will Eisner . In November 2017, Bendis announced via Twitter that he would be working exclusively with DC Comics . His DC debut

6486-519: The police, and depicted the authorities and the wealthy in very negative terms. In China, crime fiction is a major literary tradition, with works dating to the Song, Ming and Qing dynasties. Modern Chinese crime fiction emerged from the 1890s, and was also influenced by translations of foreign works. Cheng Xiaoqing , considered the "Grand Master" of 20th-century Chinese detective fiction, translated Sherlock Holmes into classical and vernacular Chinese. In

6580-463: The political and public-figure satire, most contemporary caricatures are used as gifts or souvenirs, often drawn by street vendors. For a small fee, a caricature can be drawn specifically (and quickly) for a patron. These are popular at street fairs, carnivals, and even weddings, often with humorous results. Caricature artists are also popular attractions at many places frequented by tourists, especially oceanfront boardwalks , where vacationers can have

6674-400: The population variance of the feature should be taken into account. For example, the distance between the eyes varies less than other features, such as the size of the nose. Thus even a small variation in the eye spacing is unusual and should be exaggerated, whereas a correspondingly small change in the nose size relative to the mean would not be unusual enough to be worthy of exaggeration. On

6768-485: The program's functionality. Rather than being a simpler method of caricature creation, it can be a more complex method of creating images that feature finer coloring textures than can be created using more traditional methods. A milestone in formally defining caricature was Susan Brennan's master's thesis in 1982. In her system, caricature was formalized as the process of exaggerating differences from an average face. For example, if Charles III has more prominent ears than

6862-446: The pseudonym Carter Dickson . Author Evan Hunter (which itself was a pseudonym) wrote his crime fiction under the name of Ed McBain. As crime fiction has expanded, there have been many common tropes that emerge from this category of fiction. Such occurrences can appear in a variety of subgenres and media. While the format may vary across different forms of crime fiction, there are many elements that are generally consistent throughout

6956-491: The reader to decipher. Famous writers include Leonardo Sciascia , Umberto Eco , and Carlo Emilio Gadda . In Spain, The Nail and Other Tales of Mystery and Crime was published by Pedro Antonio de Alarcón in 1853. Crime fiction in Spain (also curtailed in Francoist Spain ) took on some special characteristics that reflected the culture of the country. The Spanish writers emphasized the corruption and ineptitude of

7050-424: The return of the original 1960s X-Men to the present, Uncanny X-Men , whose focus shifts to Cyclops' team of X-Men going rogue after the events of "Avengers Vs. X-Men", and Guardians of the Galaxy , picking up where his Avengers Assemble run left off. Bendis wrote the " Age of Ultron " crossover storyline, which included an eponymous 10-issue miniseries, that was published between March and June 2013. Issue 10 saw

7144-493: The rules that the work provides. Melville Davisson Post ’s Rudolph Mason: The Strange Schemes (1896) and Harper Lee ’s To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) are notable examples. Additionally, stories like Double Indemnity (1934) are based on cases from reality. Only a select few authors have achieved the status of "classics" for their published works. A classic is any text that can be received and accepted universally, because they transcend context. A popular, well-known example

7238-472: The same quality as those produced by human artists. For example, most systems are restricted to exactly frontal poses, whereas many or even most manually produced caricatures (and face portraits in general) choose an off-center "three-quarters" view. Brennan's caricature drawings were frontal-pose line drawings. More recent systems can produce caricatures in a variety of styles, including direct geometric distortion of photographs. Brennan's caricature generator

7332-598: The screenplay adaptation of A.K.A. Goldfish for Miramax , and the screenplay adaptation of Jinx for Universal Pictures . In 2014, he wrote the plot of the Disney Infinity 2.0 video game. In 2013, he was named on IGN 's list of "The Best Tweeters in Comics", in part for his frequent Twitter posts highlighting the work of other creators. When creating characters, Bendis says that he always begins with someone he knows and builds upon that inspiration, allowing

7426-399: The source novels of both Thompson and Dashiell Hammett , which helped cement his love for crime stories . These, in turn, led him to discover the documentary Visions of Light , which taught him the visual "rules" of film noir , an important influence on him creatively. While in high school, he submitted a " Creative Writing assignment", a novelization of Chris Claremont 's X-Men and

7520-565: The spectacle of crime deduction. She also displayed an exaggerated form of aristocratic society, straying from a more realistic story. Other novelists tapped into this setting, such as Margery Allingham and Ngaio Marsh ; Allingham, Christie, Marsh and Sayers are known as the Queens of Crime . Other British authors are G. K. Chesterton with the Father Brown short stories, and Henry Christopher Bailey . The Golden Age also had roots in

7614-508: The streaming service HBO Max . The show is set to be based on his run of the comic book series and will not connect to the original animated series . In addition to his primary work in comics, Bendis has produced written work in several other media, such as video games , TV and film. Bendis was the co-executive producer and series- pilot writer for Mainframe Entertainment 's 2003 animated Spider-Man show, Spider-Man: The New Animated Series that aired on MTV and YTV , which features

7708-491: The superhero police/ noir detective series Powers , co-created with and drawn by Michael Avon Oeming and published by Image. Powers won major comics industry awards, including Harvey , Eisner , and Eagle Awards . Around the time Bendis began Sam and Twitch , his friend David Mack began working for Joe Quesada 's Marvel Knights imprint, which Bendis was a fan of. Based on Bendis' work on Jinx , Quesada invited him to pitch ideas for Marvel Knights , which included

7802-488: The term libri gialli or yellow books. The genre was outlawed by the Fascists during WWII , but exploded in popularity after the war, especially influenced by the American hard-boiled school of crime fiction. A group of mainstream Italian writers emerged, who used the detective format to create an antidetective or postmodern novel in which the detectives are imperfect, the crimes are usually unsolved, and clues are left for

7896-447: The titular hero after the fifth issue, making the book a bestseller, often surpassing in sales those of the mainstream Marvel universe title, The Amazing Spider-Man . The Bendis/Bagley partnership of 111 consecutive issues made their partnership one of the longest in American comic book history, and the longest run by a Marvel creative team, beating out Stan Lee and Jack Kirby on Fantastic Four . Bendis subsequently wrote other books in

7990-459: The truth remains in doubt at the end. Better known are the earlier dark works of Edgar Allan Poe . His brilliant and eccentric detective C. Auguste Dupin , a forerunner of Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes , appeared in works such as " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " (1841), " The Mystery of Marie Rogêt " (1842), and " The Purloined Letter " (1844). With his Dupin stories, Poe provided

8084-553: The word "caricature" essentially means a "loaded portrait". In 18th-century usage, 'caricature' was used for any image that made use of exaggerated or distorted features; thus both for comic portraits of specific people and for general social and political comic illustrations such as the satires of James Gillray , Thomas Rowlandson and many others. The title of the British Caricature Magazine (1807-1819) exemplifies this usage. In modern usage, 'caricature'

8178-403: Was "the best in any medium." In addition to writing comics, Bendis has worked in television, video games and film. He has also taught courses on graphic novels at The University of Oregon and Portland State University . In 2014, Bendis wrote Words for Pictures: The Art and Business of Writing Comics and Graphic Novels, a book about comics published by Random House . Brian Michael Bendis

8272-951: Was born on August 18, 1967, in Cleveland , Ohio to a Jewish-American family. Bendis grew up in University Heights where, despite rebelling against a religious upbringing, he attended the Hebrew Academy of Cleveland , a private, modern Orthodox religious school for boys. He decided he wanted to be a comic book industry professional when he was 13, working on his own comics, including a Punisher versus Captain America story that he revised several times. A fan of Marvel Comics in particular, he emulated idols such as George Pérez , John Romita Sr. , John Romita, Jr. , Jack Kirby , Klaus Janson and Frank Miller . He later discovered crime comics by Jim Steranko and José Muñoz , which he traced back via Jim Thompson 's work to

8366-410: Was caricatured simply by subtracting from the particular face the corresponding point on the mean face (the origin being placed in the middle of the face), scaling this difference by a factor larger than one, and adding the scaled difference back onto the mean face. Though Brennan's formalization was introduced in the 1980s, it remains relevant in recent work. Mo et al. refined the idea by noting that

8460-502: Was credited as a developer and wrote several episodes for the TV adaptation of his comic, Powers , which starred Sharlto Copley and ran on PlayStation Network for two seasons from 2015 to 2016. Bendis's video game work includes Activision 's Ultimate Spider-Man video game , which Bendis wrote. He also wrote an Avengers game, which was never released. He was also a writer of Marvel's MMO, Marvel Heroes . His film work includes

8554-462: Was in Action Comics #1000 (June 2018). Ivan Reis drew the first issue of Bendis's The Man of Steel limited series, and collaborated with Bendis on the relaunched the ongoing Superman series in 2018. Bendis took over writing Action Comics following its 1,000th issue. On December 21, 2021, Bendis announced that he was developing an adult animated Legion of Super-Heroes series for

8648-566: Was relaunched as Powers Vol. 2 alongside another ex-Image series, David Mack 's Kabuki . Also in 2004, Bendis oversaw the closing issues of The Avengers as part of the crossover storyline " Avengers Disassembled ". This led directly to the Bendis-helmed relaunch of one version of the eponymous team in the pages of The New Avengers . Bendis's work on this storyline included the death of Avenger Hawkeye , which proved controversial. In 2005, with artist Olivier Coipel , Bendis wrote

8742-711: Was to offer an impression of the original which was more striking than a portrait. Caricature became popular in European aristocratic circles, notably through the works of the Italian Rococo artist Pier Leone Ghezzi . Caricature portraits were passed around for mutual enjoyment. and the fashion spread to Britain from visitors returning from the Grand Tour ; the much greater freedom of the press in England allowed its use in biting political satire and furthered its development as an art form in its own right. While

8836-424: Was used to test recognition of caricatures. Rhodes, Brennan and Carey demonstrated that caricatures were recognised more accurately than the original images. They used line drawn images but Benson and Perrett showed similar effects with photographic quality images. Explanations for this advantage have been based on both norm-based theories of face recognition and exemplar-based theories of face recognition. Beside

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