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64-487: Broadmarsh is an historic area of Nottingham, England. The area was subjected to large scale slum clearance , creating large spaces used for regeneration. A shopping centre, car park, bus station and road complex created in the early 1970s cut-through the traditional thoroughfares from the city centre to the rail and canalside area. A large courts building was opened in 1981. The former shopping precinct known as The Broadmarsh Centre (rebranded in 2013 as intu Broadmarsh )

128-440: A COVID-safe environment. Provision was made during redevelopment for a new facility as part of the car park and bus station complex. As of January 2022, no opening date was anticipated as contractors were being invited to submit new estimates for fitting-out of the new building, with the books still in storage. The new library was opened on 28 November 2023 with a video-testimonial by Dolly Parton , whose own literary charity project,

192-574: A change in the regulations, or suggest an awareness raising campaign for consumers (but will not always recommend intervention and when this is the case, will ensure that any non intervention decision is well informed and open to public scrutiny). In 2006, the OFT restructured in response to Treasury proposals for splitting the department into separate consumer and competition regulators. The OFT argued that to protect consumers effectively, it had to be able to use both consumer law and competition law approaches in

256-406: A cost of £8 million. A mixed-use future development is possible. As of October 2021, the site remained only partly demolished due to Nottingham City Council's bid to obtain extra government funding. A new pedestrian covered walkway was created through the demolition site, linking the rail station area to the city centre, allowing for future clearance of the remaining 1970s structure. In that month,

320-558: A development that "respects the urban grain of the City Centre, with clear streets and urban blocks of buildings to provide for legibility, separate identity and future flexibility" with a clear north–south route linking Nottingham's Old Market Square and railway station, stating, "This route must take the form of a pedestrianised public street." In November 2002, plans to demolish the existing shopping centre, car park, and adjoining Broadmarsh bus station were approved. In April 2007,

384-571: A five-year period. Secretary of State for Scotland Godfrey Collins believed that one could visualise the end of Scottish slums by the end of 1938. Toward the end of 1936 throughout the United Kingdom, around 25,000 people living in slum housing were being rehoused each month, which had totalled around 450,000 by August 1936. Upon the outbreak of World War II, there were around 1,300 proposed slum clearance orders, of which 103 had been confirmed by January 1940, but virtually no slum housing

448-555: A holistic fashion. Moving away from division by legislative area, the OFT created divisions based on market sector. These officials are supported by a dedicated economics branch also including statisticians and financial analysts (the Office of the Chief Economist), a legal specialist, and a policy advisory branch. In May 2006, the OFT investigated the charges being imposed on customers of credit card companies. In its report,

512-598: A man in the state of California that misrepresented themselves as being British, it coordinated actions with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission , which began an enforcement action . Two years later a consent decree required the companies to end those practices and represent their location honestly. In September 2010, the OFT sent warnings to 129 firms after its review of debt management companies found widespread problems, with firms putting profits ahead of customer care. Since it issued that warning, 87 firms have surrendered their licenses. In March 2010, Consumer Focus submitted

576-567: A plan nearly identical to that proposed in 2002 was approved. The three-year redevelopment plan would have involved the demolition of much of the centre, the car park, and the adjoining bus station. In November 2011, it was announced that Capital Shopping Centres (CSC), owners of the Victoria Shopping Centre , just north of the city centre, had bought Westfield's stake in Broadmarsh. The purchase prompted an investigation by

640-470: A special smooth treatment to the surfacing was created under the elevated section of the tram lines , as part of the street scene regeneration. Close to Nottingham College, it forms part of an intended eventual walk-through to the city centre. The traffic flow around the old Broadmarsh centre was altered in September 2020, as part of the overall scheme to create a "pedestrian-friendly" area stretching to

704-487: A super complaint to the OFT raising concerns that transferring cash ISAs were taking too long and there were arbitrary rules preventing transfers into some of the most attractive accounts and that interest rates were not sufficiently transparent. The OFT responded in June 2011, with a number of recommendations to ensure that transfers of cash ISAs work better and that there is greater transparency of interest rates. This included

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768-651: The Competition Commission , to enforce action, consumer awareness campaigns or to recommendations to government, which were published. Showing how competitive markets that work well are important for consumers, fair dealing businesses and economic performance; explaining its decisions transparently; promoting compliance by explaining to business what the law is and how the OFT will apply it; promoting consumer awareness and confidence; coordinating effectively with enforcement partners locally, nationally and internationally, and advising government on how to achieve

832-617: The Imagination Library , has donated books for the use of children since 1995. A 2017 plan to redevelop the adjacent land along Canal Street, for the benefit of Nottingham College , was approved. Work started on the £58m City Hub in 2018. It is a six-storey building designed by Sheffield-based architecture firm Bond Bryan. Constructed by Wates it was intended to provide training and employment opportunities including 24 work placements, 16 new jobs, 13 apprentice placements and training for 11 NVQs. A dedicated skating area using

896-610: The Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission , which was concerned the company's monopoly over the city's shopping centres could negatively impact competition. In February 2013, CSC changed its name to Intu Properties plc. The new owners wished to start an already planned development of the Victoria Centre, but Nottingham City Council insisted that Broadmarsh must be their "priority" and offered £50 million towards its redevelopment. A 2013 report mentioned that

960-549: The City Hub, with a bus-only lane being implemented. In March 2022, responding to a Freedom of Information request, it was confirmed that automatic cameras had instigated fines totalling over £965,000, allocated to Nottingham City Council. The Council commented that the money was used to pay for the camera system, with any surplus going towards "traffic initiatives". Responding to a Freedom of Information request in January 2022,

1024-553: The Enterprise Act 2002, the OFT explored how different market sectors operate, in order to help markets work well. It sometimes researched one particular market in detail or, for example, how codes of practice or professional rules operated across different markets in a range of businesses. The results of the research, which were published, helped the OFT to assess what action, if any, needed to be taken to protect consumers' interests. They could recommend stronger enforcement, or

1088-501: The NHS prescription channel in 2005. In March 2012, the OFT accepted undertakings from "daily deals" company MyCityDeal, which trades as Groupon , to change some of its trading practices following an OFT investigation. The investigation found widespread examples of Groupon's practices that breached consumer protection regulations. The OFT had specific concerns over practices involving reference pricing, advertising, refunds, unfair terms, and

1152-422: The OFT confirmed these charges were unlawful as they amounted to a penalty, rather than the actual losses suffered by the companies. It said it would be prepared to investigate any charge over £12 (£16 for Egg credit card accounts) indicating that £12 would not be a "fair and acceptable charge" itself. The OFT said it would be up to a court to determine such an amount based on the established legal precedent that

1216-431: The OFT issued a Statement of Objections against Booking.com , Expedia , and Intercontinental Hotels . In the OFT's provisional view the parties had infringed competition law. In January 2014, the OFT accepted commitments proposed by the defendant parties in lieu of any fines. The OFT's Rasmussen acknowledged there was a chance the set up could lead to further monopoly, but he said the OFT would be monitoring movements in

1280-469: The OFT's work consisted of analysing markets, enforcing consumer and competition law, merger control, licensing and supervisory work (of consumer credit, estate agency, anti money-laundering supervision), advocacy, delivering information, education programmes and campaigns to business and consumers. The OFT investigated markets to see whether they were working well for consumers and customers. Where appropriate, studies led to market investigation references to

1344-657: The United Kingdom Clearance of slum areas resumed and increased after the war, while the 1960s saw the largest number of house renewal schemes pursued by local authorities, particularly in Manchester where it was reported around 27% 'may' have been unfit for human habitation, although the majority were well built solid structures that could have been renovated or repurposed. Housing, churches, schools and pubs that formed close-knit communities were devastated, with families dispersed across other areas. Towards

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1408-477: The United Kingdom's economic regulator . The intention was for the OFT to make markets work well for consumers, ensuring vigorous competition between fair-dealing businesses and prohibiting unfair practices such as rogue trading, scams , and cartels . Its role was modified and its powers changed by the Enterprise Act 2002 . The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) announced reforms to

1472-476: The announcement of funding was made in January 2023, after postponement from October 2022, Nottingham's bid was unsuccessful. The shopping centre was built in the early 1970s, in an area known as Broad Marsh, that was historically boggy ground , on the outskirts of the medieval town. It was once occupied by the Franciscan Friary known as Greyfriars, Nottingham , which was dissolved in 1539. The area

1536-708: The area of their own choice. Few comprehensive studies were conducted at the time on the effect on communities being broken up and resettled. In 2002, the Labour government launched the Housing Market Renewal Initiative scheme, aiming to demolish, refurbish or construct new housing, which ran until 2011. Known as the Pathfinder programme, areas of housing were demolished and replaced with new houses that were aimed towards aspirational tenants, rather than for residents that had formerly lived in

1600-771: The area. Areas in Liverpool, such as the Welsh Streets and the Granby Streets , were threatened with demolition under the scheme but were saved and have since been regenerated and modernised. Office of Fair Trading The Office of Fair Trading ( OFT ) was a non-ministerial government department of the United Kingdom , established by the Fair Trading Act 1973 , which enforced both consumer protection and competition law , acting as

1664-485: The break-up of communities. Demolition programmes throughout the 20th century were successful in removing the worst of the country's housing stock and helped improve the quality of homes available for the poor and working class. Generally, no account of the incident or impact of housing clearance was taken before the 2000s. Between 1895 and 1918, Liverpool engaged in wide-scale slum clearances, and constructed more homes than any authority outside of London . New housing

1728-477: The car park project, although they had reservations about usage as the shopping centre rebuild was not undertaken, it was hoped the nearby College and Castle would offset the loss of shoppers. The design allowed for a high-level footbridge. The central library originally located at Angel Row off the city centre was closed during the COVID-19 restrictions, with re-opening abandoned due to difficulties in making

1792-594: The centre was "half-empty". The deputy leader of Nottingham City Council said the council would withhold planning permission for the development of the Victoria Centre until they "see bulldozers going into the Broadmarsh Centre". A new plan for a limited redevelopment of some of the centre received planning approval in June 2015. The plans included the retention of most of the fabric of the 1970s' mall and existing tenants, including Boots , Wilko and BrightHouse , with some cosmetic updating. A nine-screen cinema

1856-478: The centre, as a framework and basis for extensive soft landscaping , provisionally entitled The Frame . When the announcement of funding was made in January 2023, Nottingham's bid to finish the Broadmarsh was unsuccessful, as was the bid for the nearby Island Quarter development. The city council vowed to continue pursuing outside funding to achieve The Frame concept. 2024 saw the city council allocating "...up to £100,000..." to an outside consultancy to ascertain

1920-431: The commercial viability of creating a medical multi-scanning facility within the site. The 1970s multi-storey car park with bus station underneath was demolished between 2017 and 2018. In October 2021, it was announced that the new multi-storey car park with 1,200 spaces, 90 motorcycle bays and 81 electric charge points was finished with anticipated opening on 1 November. Nottingham City Council were obligated to finish

1984-680: The concept of general improvement areas, where improvement grants were available. It was estimated in 1970 that around 5 million people lived in condemned houses. The criteria to determine the type of house that could be defined as a slum were amended in the 1969 housing act, typically being applied to houses unfit for habitation and those beyond reasonable repair cost. In some cases, a slum clearance area could be declared without swift action, such as in South Kilburn where 342 unfit houses were identified in 1965 yet only 22 had been demolished by 1970, with local MP Laurence Pavitt commenting that

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2048-562: The consumer protection and competition regimes. Under the provisions of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 , the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) was established on 1 April 2014, combining many of the functions of the OFT and the Competition Commission and superseding both. Regulation of the consumer credit sector passed from the OFT to the new Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) from April 2014. The majority of

2112-565: The contract to start work on the long-awaited redevelopment of the centre with phased-demolition of the Broadmarsh starting in October 2019. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic , redevelopment work was halted in March 2020. Despite a relaxation of rules allowing construction projects to continue, contractors failed to return to the site in May 2020, with equipment and scaffolding being removed in June 2020, and

2176-536: The council confirmed that, for the period of 1 December 2021 to 12 December 2021, a total of 2,066 Penalty Charge Notices were issued for two camera locations on Canal Street. The council confirmed in February 2022 that it had placed a maintenance contract with the supplier of the ANPR camera system covering the city, at a cost £187,000 for the period of October 2021 to the end of September 2022. Slum clearance in

2240-524: The country's poorest dwellings were in the North West region. In Manchester, many dwellings were considered uninhabitable, with an estimated 54,700 dwellings, representing 27.1% of the total, being unfit for habitation. Around three-quarters of the region's poorest residences were located in a belt of land dominated by Manchester and Liverpool. The decline of the region was noted in comparison to comments made by antiquary John Leland , who in 1538 described

2304-492: The diligence of its interactions with merchants. Groupon engaged openly and constructively throughout the investigation and signed undertakings that it will change its practices to comply with the law. In September 2012, the OFT commenced an investigation into the hotel online booking sector. The complainant, a small online travel agent, Skoosh, claimed that the hotels it bought room bookings from were under pressure from other resellers to maintain minimum prices. On 31 July 2012,

2368-431: The end of the decade, a housing act in 1969 provided financial encouragement for authorities and landlords to improve existing housing stock and extend the life of many older properties. By 1985, England and Wales had seen over 1.5 million houses declared unfit or demolished over a 30-year period, displacing over 3.6 million people. The Labour government in 2002 launched the Housing Market Renewal Initiative scheme, with

2432-416: The five years ending June 1965, Manchester was ahead of the other cities in the number of houses either demolished or compulsory purchased with a view to demolition. Towards the end of the 1960s, slum clearances and the consequent destruction of communities were causing concerns for the government. The Housing Act 1969 was introduced to help authorities overcome problems with slum clearances by introducing

2496-481: The following agreements from cash ISA provider to: In April 2011, the OFT fined Reckitt Benckiser £10.2 million after it found that it had abused its dominant position in the market for the National Health Service (NHS) supply of alginate and antacid heartburn medicines. The OFT found that Reckitt Benckiser abused its dominant position by withdrawing and de-listing Gaviscon Original Liquid from

2560-570: The former multi-storey car park and bus station . The intended demolition of the remaining precinct structure was delayed due to the City Council trying to obtain funding from central government under the Levelling up funding scheme announced in 2021. The funding bid was rejected in October 2021, meaning demolition work on the eastern end was further delayed until a new bid for £20 million funding could be submitted after early 2022. When

2624-522: The funding bid was rejected, meaning demolition work on the eastern end was further delayed until a new bid for extra funding can be submitted after spring 2022. Demolition of the western end of the former shopping area continued as some funding had been obtained from D2N2 , the LEP for East Midlands. In December 2021, the scheme for redevelopment was reported. The concept, headed by designer Thomas Heatherwick , allows for retention of some structural remains of

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2688-538: The houses deemed unfit in 1955 and was one of 38 local authorities classed as having clearance problems requiring special attention. From 1964 to 1969, 385,270 houses in England were demolished or condemned during slum-clearance schemes. Slum clearance accelerated during the 1960s: 10,000 more slum houses were demolished during 1968 than in 1963. In a speech in the House of Commons in 1965, Alf Morris noted that 20% of

2752-544: The housing problem was of the most importance to his constituents. In September 1971, the National House Condition Survey estimated that there were around 1.2 million unfit properties in England and Wales, of which 700,000 (58%) fell within existing or proposed areas for clearance. By the early 1970s, new housing estates were mostly occupied by residents who had been displaced by slum clearance or those who were deemed in greatest need. However that

2816-545: The market. In March 2014, the price comparison site, Skyscanner , challenged the OFT's decision with the United Kingdom's Competition Appeal Tribunal . In a "parting shot", one week prior to the transfer of the OFT's responsibilities to the CMA, the Office recommended that an investigation into market conditions in the public sector ICT market should be undertaken. The OFT was criticized for being ineffective and for many of its investigations leading to no action, in contrast to

2880-404: The mid-1950s. In 1960, 50 local authority clearance figures suggested long-term problems in addressing slums. Through the period 1955–1960, of the estimated 416,706 dwellings deemed unfit, only 62,372 had been cleared by 1960. The authority with the highest number of unfit homes was Liverpool with around 88,000, closely followed by Manchester. By March 1963, Liverpool had only cleared around 10% of

2944-424: The more vigorous approach of United States ( United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division ) and European Union ( Directorate-General for Competition ) regulators. Criticism has been levied, among others, in the cases of: The National Audit Office issued a report in March 2009 on the OFT's competition enforcement work which indicated progress in 7 out of 10 objectives, but also concluded: According to

3008-419: The most effective regime for competition and consumers. The OFT worked under a structure arranged by markets rather than legislation with a Services, Infrastructure and Public Markets group and a Goods and Consumer group. Officials specialising in the different legal and regulatory regimes worked closely together in each of these two groups. This enabled the OFT to look more easily at whole markets and to use all

3072-497: The only recoverable cost would be actual costs incurred, i.e., liquidated damages . The credit card companies did not produce evidence of their actual costs to the OFT, instead insisting their charges are in line with clear policy and information provided to customers. Charges have been as much as £38 per item, which campaigners argue is well beyond the cost of sending a computerised letter. In 2009, after customers complained to OFT about deceptive practices by two websites operated by

3136-468: The poorest people, whom they aimed to support, from that intended: new housing built to replace demolished slum dwellings was often too costly to rent for poorer families, who had lost their homes to make way for newer developments; these typically became occupied instead by the upper working class. In the period following the 1970s, opinions started to change towards the view that clearance was less than effective and too costly, both fiscally and in terms of

3200-488: The primary objective to demolish housing considered undesirable and replace with new developments. Also known as the Pathfinder programme, the scheme ended in 2011, due to the Conservative austerity program. From the late 19th century up to the 1970s, clearance of slum housing was seen as an expensive undertaking with numerous problems, although generally considered a necessity to achieve a higher standard of living. In

3264-891: The problem of inner-city slums. Clearance strategies were used predominantly during the early 20th century for redeveloping urban communities, such as in relation to the Housing Act 1930 (also known as the Greenwood Act), which required councils to prepare slum clearance plans, and some progress was made before the start of the World War II . Up to February 1932, 394 clearance areas were declared in England and Wales, affecting 64,000 people. Estimates in 1933 by local authorities in Scotland suggested that nearly 62,000 new homes needed to be built to replace demolished slum housing, of which around 90% were expected to be built within

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3328-611: The public as part of the City of Caves museum beneath the shopping centre, and are protected as a Scheduled Monument. The shopping centre, designed by the architects Turner, Lansdown, Holt and Partners was originally intended to be an Arndale Centre , and the associated parking structure – once voted the "ugliest building in Nottingham" – was known as the Arndale Car Park. Nottingham Corporation Estates Committee decided that

3392-406: The public right of way though the centre being closed by Intu citing safety concerns. Work was halted in June 2020, owing to the owners Intu Properties entering administration. By early July 2020, the part-demolished shopping centre had closed and the site was handed back to the freeholder, Nottingham City Council. On 6 August 2020, it was announced that the centre would be completely demolished at

3456-414: The same report, in 2007 to 2008 the OFT estimated that its competition enforcement work led to direct savings to consumers worth £77m per year and that its market studies work had saved consumers £98 million in 2007 to 08; the OFT costs for these areas of work in the same year were approximately £26 million of its £78 million expenditure in 2007 to 208. The following bodies and companies were designated by

3520-466: The tools available to improve them if they were not operating effectively. The OFT used consumer and competition enforcement, market studies and references, education and communication in appropriate combination. These market sector groups sat alongside other OFT groups, mergers, and cartels and criminal enforcement. The OFT was situated off Fleet Street, near Blackfriars station . It was next to St Bride's Church . Based on expanded powers granted under

3584-426: The town of Manchester as "the fairest, best builded" town he had seen. Morris considered that Manchester had shown "more vigour courage and compassion" than other cities in tackling the slum housing problem, with 4,000 houses demolished both in 1963 and in 1964, in line with set targets. When comparing slum clearances undertaken by Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Liverpool, Sheffield and Bristol, figures suggested that for

3648-546: The trade name Arndale should be removed from the title. The centre, built at a cost of £7m was officially opened on 25 March 1975 by Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester and the Duchess of Gloucester . The centre underwent a major cosmetic refurbishment in 1988 at a cost of £9m. Nottingham City Council , owners of the land leasehold on the centre, had as of 2013 been attempting to encourage development at Broadmarsh for "almost two decades". Their 2002 development brief called for

3712-401: The years following World War II, areas affected by slum clearance were usually replaced by social housing, while many of the newer houses had priority allocation given to those who had lost their previous home through demolition. Throughout Britain and other developed countries, historical housing literature suggests that slum clearance and housing renewal policies have had the opposite effect on

3776-499: Was cleared during the 15 years following the outbreak of war. The drive to clear slum houses resumed in 1955, particularly in Manchester where 68,000 were deemed to be unfit. By 1957, slum clearances were well under way according to Henry Brooke , the Minister of Housing and Local Government , who stated that houses condemned or demolished had gone up from 20,000 in 1954 to 35,000 by 1956, while rehousing over 200,000 people during

3840-501: Was cleared of all buildings to accommodate the new shopping centre. During preparation of the site, many caves and cellars dug into the soft sandstone foundations of the city were rediscovered (both ancient and more recent). The caves were to be destroyed as part of the construction, but activism by residents and historians allowed the caves to be preserved. The caves were excavated by staff from Nottingham City Council 's museums service and local history enthusiasts. Some were opened to

3904-477: Was intended for tenants displaced by demolition of their old home, although not everyone displaced was re-homed, and only those who could pay the rent were offered a new home. In Leeds , where many slum clearances were of back-to-back houses , the land they occupied was very small and usually incapable of supporting any new profitable developments; this impacted upon site-value compensation. While new council housing had been built, little had been done to resolve

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3968-410: Was located slightly south of the centre of Nottingham , on land owned by Nottingham City Council and formerly leased to Intu Properties . It was partly demolished during renovation work by the intu group. Following Intu's financial collapse resulting in administration during 2020, the council have undertaken public consultations to find an acceptable outcome for eventual redevelopment, including

4032-760: Was not always the case. The construction of the Byker Wall in Newcastle upon Tyne was intended to provide modern social housing for the residents of Byker , an area of run-down back-to-back housing. Although the new development won many awards, fewer than 20% of the original 1,700 Byker residents were eventually housed there by 1976. Data from the Ministry of Housing and Local Government suggests that clearances between 1955 and 1985 resulted in around 1.5 million properties demolished and affected about 3.7 million people, although this does not account for people who left

4096-470: Was to be constructed at a remodelled south-eastern corner, along with new leisure and restaurant spaces. Drury Walk was planned as "Bridlesmith Square", providing a new area outside intu Broadmarsh, targeted at upmarket brands. Counter to the 2002 Development Brief, the new walkway between the city centre and station was planned to be within the existing enclosed shopping mall, under a new glass roof. Construction company Sir Robert McAlpine  Ltd were given

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