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24-499: Geological characteristics of the Butana are sandy and stony soils, light non-cracking clay, and dark cracking clay; the superficial clays cover over 70% of the plain. Although there are very limited water resources, seasonal surface water wells and a few deep bore wells are present. A tropical continental climate provides rain in the southern section of the plain. Two vegetation zones feature a semi-desert Acacia shrub, short grasslands, and

48-572: A consequence of historical migrations that transpired during the period of Turkish rule and the Mahdist revolution , as well as shifts in the state's agricultural practices. The state is a natural geographical area on the slopes of the Ethiopian plateau and descend towards the rivers, valleys and creeks loaded with water as well as enjoying the state with the land of clay soil fertile and interspersed with some hills. A distinction can be made between

72-740: A general lack of effective water management . A major study into water use by agriculture, known as the Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture , coordinated by the International Water Management Institute , noted a close correlation between hunger , poverty , and water . However, it concluded that there was much opportunity to raise the productivity of rainfed farming. Managing rainwater and soil moisture more effectively and using supplemental and small-scale irrigation

96-466: A low woodland savannah. The region includes most of the state of Al Qadarif plus parts of the states of Kassala , River Nile , Khartoum , Al Jazirah and Sennar . The Butana plain occupies most of Butana. The name Butana is applied to many things which come from the region, such as the Butana breed of cattle, Butana sheep, Butana goats, et cetera. Historically, it was part of Alodia and later

120-464: A spectrum between rainfed and irrigated agriculture. There is a correlation between poverty , hunger, and water scarcity . The UN Millennium Development Project has identified the ‘hot spot’ countries in the world suffering from the largest prevalence of malnutrition . These countries coincide closely with those located in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid hydroclimates in the world (i.e., savanna and steppe ecosystems), where rainfed agriculture

144-619: Is a strong correlation between poverty, hunger and water scarcity in part because of the dependencies on rainfed agriculture in developing economies. Moreover, because of increased weather variability , climate change is expected to make rain-fed farmers more vulnerable to climate change . Rainfed agriculture is distinguished in most of the literature from irrigated agriculture , which applies water from other sources, such as freshwater from streams, rivers and lakes or groundwater . As farmers become more aware of and develop better water resource management strategies , most agriculture exists on

168-488: Is believed to hold the key to helping the greatest number of poor people. It called for a new era of water investments and policies for upgrading rainfed agriculture that would go beyond controlling field-level soil and water to bring new freshwater sources through better local management of rainfall and runoff . The importance of rainfed agriculture varies regionally, but it produces most food for poor communities in developing countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, more than 95% of

192-488: Is considered important for food security in Sudan's strategic center. Agriculture, which often relies on rain for irrigation, is the main economic activity, while trade in services on the borders with Ethiopia and Eritrea is also important. With the introduction of mechanized agricultural methods in 1945, arable land in the state was expanded until it reached 7,162,133 kilometers, while 2,376,563 kilometers of forest contributed to

216-682: Is one of the 18 wilayat or states of Sudan . It has an area of 75,263 km and an estimated population of approximately 2,208,385 (2018 est). Al Qadarif is the capital of the state; other towns include Doka and Gallabat . It includes the disputed Al Fushqa District . Gedaref State in Sudan is home to a diverse population composed of various ethnic groups, including representatives of different tribes. Additionally, individuals from regions outside Sudan, such as Eritreans , Ethiopians , Yemenis , Somalis , Chadians , Egyptian Copts , Armenians , Kurds , and more, contribute to this multicultural tapestry. This intricate social structure has evolved as

240-432: Is the dominant source of food and where water constitutes a key limiting factor to crop growth. Of the 850 million undernourished people in the world, essentially all live in poor, developing countries, which predominantly are located in tropical regions. Levels of productivity, particularly in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, are low due to degraded soils , high levels of evaporation , droughts , floods and

264-553: Is the main agricultural activity. These problems are exacerbated by adverse biophysical growing conditions and the poor socioeconomic infrastructure in many areas in the semi-arid tropics (SAT) . The SAT is the home to 38% of the developing countries’ poor, 75% of whom live in rural areas. Over 45% of the world's hungry and more than 70% of its malnourished children live in the SAT. Since the late 1960s, agricultural land use has expanded by 20–25%, which has contributed to approximately 30% of

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288-634: The Funj Sultanate of Sinnar . Butana was known as the "Island of Meroë" when it was part of the Kushitic kingdom of Meroë . The city of Meroë was about halfway between Atbarah and Khartoum , on the east side of the Nile river. There were two other major Meroitic cities in Butana, Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa . Today it is mainly inhabited by the Sudanese Arabs of Sudan , such as

312-771: The Shukria clan , the Batahin , the Lahawiin, the Rufaa people , Rashaida , the Ansar , the Awazim, and other Arabian tribes. However, the Butana has been identified as mainly the domain of the powerful Shukria clan and their ruling family of "Abusin." The Shukria have, through power of arms, become overlords of the Butana since the 17th century. In local poetry, the Butana is numerously referred to as "the Butana of Abusin" in reference to

336-603: The Shukria tribal chief Ahmad Bey ibn 'Awad el Kerim of whom Sir Samuel Baker has left so vivid a portrait. It is also sometimes referred to as "the Butana of Abu Ali" in reference to a distant ancestor of Ahmed Bey Abusin credited for ensuring the triumph of the victorious Shukira in the 17th century. The hafir is an important source of water. 14°N 35°E  /  14°N 35°E  / 14; 35 Al Qadarif (state) Al Qadarif ( Arabic : القضارف Al Qaḍārif ), also spelt Gedaref or Gadarif ,

360-687: The farmed land is rainfed, while the corresponding figure for Latin America is almost 90%, for South Asia about 60%, for East Asia 65%, and for the Near East and North Africa 75%. Most countries in the world depend primarily on rainfed agriculture for their grain food. Despite large strides made in improving productivity and environmental conditions in many developing countries, a great number of poor families in Africa and Asia still face poverty, hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition where rainfed agriculture

384-458: The largest market for livestock and quarry state veterinarian. FAO, embracing presidency Rahad agricultural project also overlooking the road transit from Khartoum to Port Sudan. Alhawwath, which is the capital of the province of Rahad and mediates gardener production area and going through the railway line heading towards Port Sudan across the city of Kassala. Dawkah, the capital of the province of tippers and mediating agricultural production areas in

408-601: The neighboring States in pursuit of pasture and water. Industry in the state depend on agricultural products Kalsemsm, peanuts and sunflower Therefore, we find the most important industries represented in oils, soap and sweets industry. The factories are concentrated in the city of Gedaref. We are no workshops for the installation of tractors and harvesting combines and other agricultural machinery along with lathes that provide some spare parts and repair parts for machinery and rehabilitation service. Storage and processing of crops in grain silos and other stores. The banking system,

432-519: The prevalence of Acacia trees, which yield Gum arabic . Additionally, there exist 31 other forest reserves, similarly dominated by Acacia trees, with these forested areas spanning in size from 100 to 800 acres. Livestock estimated in Gedaref State about 5 million head of cattle various factions and builds up to 7 million head in the rainy season when seasonal pasture available to the mandate and pilgrimage destination Shepherds their animals from

456-797: The production of gum arabic . The distribution of agricultural areas is as follows: The agricultural projects in this region primarily depend on rain-fed irrigation and rainfall. Notable projects encompass Um Settat, sesame cultivation, Alvhqh, Labadi, and various others. The Rahad Agricultural Project utilizes irrigation from the Rahad River and the blue Nile River for both agricultural and industrial purposes. The most important crops are sesame, maize, millet, gum arabic, and sunflower. Important horticultural crops include lemon, and watermelon, as well as vegetables such as tomatoes, okra, squash, and others. Within Gedaref State, there are approximately 11 designated forest reserves, primarily characterized by

480-491: The southeastern part of the state. Tippers, it located on the Sudan-Ethiopian border and a center for cross-border trade to Ethiopia and across to all of Somalia and Djibouti in the event of Aaktmal continental road. Gouge bees, and is located near the tourist Dinder National Park Reserve, one of the most promising cities after the discovery of signs of mineral wealth is in gold ore and natural gas. Cottage cheese, one of

504-547: The state 24 branches of various banks which has 17 commercial and 7 specialized banks, in addition to the Bank of Sudan organizer of the banking activity and the supervisor of the application of the banking system of laws and policies of the central bank. The city of Gedaref eighteen branches of banks and three branches in FAO, and one branch each of the cities Alhawwath, acanthosis, Dawkah. The integration of Gedaref Investment Bank, which

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528-678: The state's border localities. Rainfed agriculture Rainfed agriculture is a type of farming that relies on rainfall for water. It provides much of the food consumed by poor communities in developing countries . E.g., rainfed agriculture accounts for more than 95% of farmed land in sub-Saharan Africa , 90% in Latin America , 75% in the Near East and North Africa , 65% in East Asia , and 60% in South Asia . There

552-435: The three geomorphic regions: The state is characterized by land suitable for agriculture. It has the largest projects in Sudan for rainfed agriculture , a mechanism used in various stages of agricultural production such as tractors and combine harvesters that rely on rainfall. State silos with large capacity are used to store grain. Al Qadarif also has the largest market for private crops such as sesame and sorghum. The state

576-487: Was established with the state savings bank in the framework of the policy of conciliation of Banks and adopted by the Central Bank of Sudan. Technical and mechanical services related to agriculture and the fight against agricultural pests. Gedaref serves as the state capital and the central hub for the state government, governor's office, and commercial activities. It provides essential urban services. Acanthosis, and

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