105-459: Oscar Boetticher Jr. ( / ˈ b ɛ t ɪ k ər / BET -i-kər ; July 29, 1916 – November 29, 2001), known as Budd Boetticher , was an American film director. He is best remembered for a series of low-budget Westerns he made in the late 1950s starring Randolph Scott . Boetticher was born in Chicago. His mother died in childbirth and his father was killed in an accident shortly afterward. He
210-414: A "good bad man" in this film and gave one of his finest performances. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote: Randolph Scott, who begins to look and act more and more like William S. Hart , herein shapes one of the truest and most appreciable characters of his career as the party's scout. In 1941 Scott also co-starred with a young Gene Tierney in another Western, Belle Starr . followed by
315-609: A Southern drawl that offset his limitations. During the early 1950s, Scott was a consistent box-office draw. In the annual Motion Picture Herald Top Ten Polls , his name appeared on the list for four consecutive years, from 1950 to 1953. Scott also appeared in Quigley's Top Ten Money Makers Poll , from 1950 to 1953. Scott was born January 23, 1898, in Orange County, Virginia , and reared in Charlotte, North Carolina ,
420-709: A Woman starring George Gobel and Diana Dors had its Los Angeles opening. In it, Wayne had a cameo as himself. On October 2, John Huston 's The Barbarian and the Geisha , in which Wayne played the lead and clashed with his director all the way, had its New York opening. Howard Hawks 's Rio Bravo premiered on March 18, 1959. In it, Wayne plays the lead with a supporting cast including Dean Martin , Ricky Nelson , Angie Dickinson , Walter Brennan and Ward Bond . John Ford's The Horse Soldiers had its world premiere in Shreveport, Louisiana on June 18. Set during
525-461: A back injury prevented him from achieving this goal. Scott then transferred to the University of North Carolina , where he majored in textile engineering and manufacturing. He eventually dropped out and went to work as an accountant in the textile firm where his father, a CPA, was employed. Around 1927, Scott developed an interest in acting and decided to make his way to Los Angeles and seek
630-720: A career in the motion picture industry. Scott's father had become acquainted with Howard Hughes and provided a letter of introduction for his son to present to the eccentric millionaire film maker. Hughes responded by getting Scott a small part in a George O'Brien film called Sharp Shooters (1928). A print of the film survives in the UCLA Film and Television Archive . In the next few years, Scott continued working as an extra and bit player in several films, including Weary River (1929) with Richard Barthelmess , The Far Call (1929), The Black Watch (1929) (directed by John Ford with John Wayne also uncredited) and uncredited as
735-815: A cattleman driving his herd on the Chisholm Trail in Red River (1948), a Civil War veteran whose niece is abducted by a tribe of Comanches in The Searchers (1956), a troubled rancher competing with a lawyer ( James Stewart ) for a woman's hand in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), and a cantankerous one-eyed marshal in True Grit (1969), for which he received the Academy Award for Best Actor . Wayne
840-612: A centurion in George Stevens 's The Greatest Story Ever Told . On April 6, he shared the screen with Kirk Douglas and Patricia Neal in Otto Preminger 's In Harm's Way . On June 13, he acted in Henry Hathaway's The Sons of Katie Elder with Dean Martin . In 1966, Wayne appeared in a cameo role for Melville Shavelson 's Cast a Giant Shadow starring Kirk Douglas. On May 24, 1967, Wayne played
945-798: A crew member on Of Mice and Men (1939) and A Chump at Oxford (1940). A chance encounter with Rouben Mamoulian landed him a job as technical advisor on Blood and Sand (1941). He stayed on in Hollywood working at Hal Roach Studios doing a variety of jobs. Boetticher received an offer to work at Columbia Pictures as an assistant director on The More the Merrier (1943). The studio liked his work and he stayed to assist on Submarine Raider (1942), The Desperadoes (1943), Destroyer (1943), U-Boat Prisoner (1944), and Cover Girl (1944), promoted to first assistant director. Some of these were Columbia's most prestigious films and Boetticher
1050-633: A deal with Fox. They put him in Jesse James (1939), a lavish highly romanticized account of the famous outlaw ( Tyrone Power ) and his brother Frank ( Henry Fonda ). Scott was billed fourth as a sympathetic marshal after the James brothers; it was his first film in color. Scott was reunited with Temple in Susannah of the Mounties (1939), Temple's last profitable film for Fox. The studio gave him
1155-522: A feature, The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond (1960). He directed the first three episodes of Maverick starring James Garner then had a fundamental disagreement with writer/producer Roy Huggins involving the lead character's dialogue and never directed the series again. Boetticher spent most of the 1960s south of the border pursuing his obsession, the documentary of his friend, the bullfighter Carlos Arruza , turning down profitable Hollywood offers and suffering humiliation and despair to stay with
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#17327795072581260-596: A film about the crews who put out oil rig fires. Katharine Ross played a supporting role. On June 13, 1969, Henry Hathaway's True Grit premiered. For his role as Rooster Cogburn, Wayne won the Best Actor Oscar at the Academy Awards . In November of that year another film starring Wayne was released, Andrew V. McLaglen's The Undefeated with Rock Hudson . On June 24, 1970, Andrew V. McLaglen's Chisum started to play in cinemas. Wayne took
1365-566: A film noir, The Killer Is Loose (1956). He also directed episodes of The Count of Monte Cristo . Boetticher finally achieved his major breakthrough when he teamed up with actor Randolph Scott and screenwriter Burt Kennedy to make Seven Men from Now (1956). It was the first of the seven films (last in 1960) that came to be known as the Ranown Cycle. He was reunited with Scott and Kennedy on The Tall T (1957); they were joined by producer Harry Joe Brown , who would produce
1470-417: A film, now apparently lost , made by a Poverty Row studio called Headline Pictures. A silent film by the same name from 1922, directed by Edward Dillon, has apparently been preserved, however, at Filmmuseum Amsterdam. He followed that movie with a supporting part in a Warner Bros. production starring George Arliss , A Successful Calamity (1932). Scott's first role under his new Paramount contract
1575-472: A guest on radio programs, such as: The Hedda Hopper Show and The Louella Parsons Show . He made a number of appearances in dramatic roles, mainly recreations for radio of his own film roles, on such programs as Screen Directors Playhouse and Lux Radio Theatre . For six months in 1942, Wayne starred in his own radio adventure series, Three Sheets to the Wind , produced by film director Tay Garnett . In
1680-480: A huge box-office flop at the time, but came to be highly regarded by modern critics. After the commercial failure of The Big Trail , Wayne was relegated to small roles in A pictures, including Columbia's The Deceiver (1931), in which he played a corpse. He appeared in the serial The Three Musketeers (1933), an updated version of the Alexandre Dumas novel in which the protagonists were soldiers in
1785-628: A hugely popular adaptation of the Broadway musical. RKO liked Scott and kept him on for Village Tale (1935), directed by John Cromwell, and She (1935), an adaptation of the novel by H. Rider Haggard from the makers of King Kong . Scott went back to Paramount for So Red the Rose (1935) with Margaret Sullavan , then was reunited with Astaire and Rogers at RKO in Follow the Fleet (1936). It
1890-642: A man who shod horses for Hollywood studios. He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay . He played football for the 1924 league champion Glendale High School team. Wayne applied to the U.S. Naval Academy , but was not accepted due to poor grades. Instead, he attended the University of Southern California (USC), majoring in pre-law . He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternities. Wayne, who stood 6 feet 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches (1.94 metres) tall, also played on
1995-820: A member of the Three Stooges ) for the Victory Committee showcases, and he also raised food for the government on a ranch that he owned. In 1942 and 1943 Scott appeared in several war films, notably To the Shores of Tripoli (1942) at Fox, Bombardier (1943) at RKO, the Canadian warship drama Corvette K-225 (1943) (produced by Howard Hawks ), Gung Ho! at Universal and China Sky (1945) at RKO. He also made The Desperadoes (1943), Columbia Pictures ' first feature in Technicolor . The film
2100-849: A picture. We had all these people who later became stars, or didn't, like George Macready and Nina Foch , and you never had anybody any good. I don't mean that they weren't good but they weren't then, and neither were we." Boetticher was commissioned as an Ensign in the U.S. Naval Photographic Science Laboratory . He made documentaries and service films including The Fleet That Came to Stay (1945) and Well Done . Boetticher left Columbia. He directed some films for Eagle Lion , Assigned to Danger (1948) and Behind Locked Doors (1949). At Monogram Pictures he directed Roddy McDowall in Black Midnight (1949) and Killer Shark (1950). In between he made The Wolf Hunters (1949). He began directing for television with Magnavox Theatre –
2205-657: A production of The Three Musketeers that was released theatrically in some markets as The Blade of the Musketeers . Boetticher got his first big break when he was asked to direct Bullfighter and the Lady for John Wayne 's production company, Batjac , based loosely on Boetticher's own adventures studying to be a matador in Mexico. It was the first film he signed as Budd Boetticher, rather than his given name, and it earned him an Oscar nomination for Best Original Story. But
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#17327795072582310-772: A prop boy and extra. Wayne later credited his walk, talk, and persona to his acquaintance with Wyatt Earp , who was good friends with Tom Mix. Wayne soon moved to bit parts , establishing a longtime friendship with the director who provided most of those roles, John Ford. Early in this period, he had a minor, uncredited role as a guard in the 1926 film Bardelys the Magnificent . Wayne also appeared with his USC teammates playing football in Brown of Harvard (1926), The Dropkick (1927), and Salute (1929) and Columbia 's Maker of Men (filmed in 1930, released in 1931). While working for Fox Film Corporation in bit roles, Wayne
2415-622: A role which Wayne had wanted, but turned down. Upon its theatrical release, it grossed $ 13,406,138 domestically. About $ 6 million were earned as US theatrical rentals . The film received positive reviews. It was named one of the Ten Best Films of 1976 by the National Board of Review. Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times ranked The Shootist number 10 on his list of the 10 best films of 1976. The film
2520-584: A spy film with Elisabeth Bergner , Paris Calling (1941). Scott's only role as a truly evil villain was in Universal 's The Spoilers (1942), an adaptation of Rex Beach 's 1905 tale of the Alaskan gold rush also starring Marlene Dietrich and John Wayne . The Dietrich -Scott- Wayne combination led to Universal casting the trio that same year in Pittsburgh , a war-time action-melodrama. Scott
2625-515: A sympathetic one, and not the actual villain (which was played by Humphrey Bogart ). There were frequent disputes between director Michael Curtiz , actors and producer Hal Wallis about script changes. But Curtiz recalled that Scott tried to stay out of those arguments: "Randy Scott is a complete anachronism," said Curtiz. "He's a gentleman. And so far he's the only one I've met in this business..." According to Nott, Curtiz and Scott got along well both personally and creatively, with Scott giving one of
2730-750: A vengeance-driven cowpoke who "predates the Budd Boetticher / Burt Kennedy heroes by nearly a decade," and The Walking Hills (1949), a modern-day tale of gold hunters directed by John Sturges . They followed it with The Doolins of Oklahoma (1949), The Nevadan (1950), Santa Fe (1951), Man in the Saddle (1951), Hangman's Knot (1952), The Stranger Wore a Gun (1953) (shot in 3-D), Ten Wanted Men (1955), and A Lawless Street (1955) (with Angela Lansbury .) John Wayne Marion Robert Morrison (May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), professionally known as John Wayne and nicknamed "
2835-562: A week of basic training at the Army's Infantry Training Center at Fort Ord in northern California. Morrow noted that the instructors who worked with the cast at Fort Ord had one common request: not to act like John Wayne. "Poor John," Morrow told a reporter. "I wonder if he knows he's almost a dirty word in the Army." On February 20, 1963, Wayne acted in a segment of How the West Was Won directed by John Ford. On June 12, Wayne played
2940-505: A well budgeted Western The Texans (1938) with Joan Bennett then he starred in The Road to Reno (1938) at Universal. One missed opportunity came about around this time. Due to his Southern background, Scott was considered for the role of Ashley Wilkes in Gone with the Wind , but it was Leslie Howard who eventually got the part. Scott's contract with Paramount ended and he signed
3045-536: Is also remembered for his roles in The Quiet Man (1952) with Maureen O'Hara , Rio Bravo (1959) with Dean Martin , and The Longest Day (1962). In his final screen performance, he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in The Shootist (1976). Wayne made his last public appearance at the Academy Awards ceremony on April 9, 1979, and died of stomach cancer two months later. In 1980, he
3150-553: The Three Mesquiteers Westerns, whose title was a play on the Dumas classic. He was mentored by stuntmen in riding and other Western skills. Stuntman Yakima Canutt and Wayne developed and perfected stunts and onscreen fisticuffs techniques that are still in use. One of the main innovations with which Wayne is credited in these early Poverty Row Westerns is allowing the good guys to fight as convincingly as
3255-838: The American Film Institute selected Wayne as one of the greatest male stars of classic American cinema. Wayne was born in Winterset, Iowa , but grew up in Southern California . After losing his football scholarship to the University of Southern California due to a bodysurfing accident, he began working for the Fox Film Corporation . He appeared mostly in small parts, but his first leading role came in Raoul Walsh 's Western The Big Trail (1930), an early widescreen film epic that
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3360-538: The French Foreign Legion in then-contemporary North Africa. He played the lead, with his name over the title, in many low-budget Poverty Row Westerns, mostly at Monogram Pictures and serials for Mascot Pictures Corporation . By Wayne's own estimation, he appeared in about 80 of these horse operas from 1930 to 1939. In Riders of Destiny (1933), he became one of the first singing cowboys of film, albeit via dubbing. Wayne also appeared in some of
3465-513: The Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides , Scotland. He was raised Presbyterian. Wayne's family moved to Palmdale, California , and then in 1916 to Glendale at 404 Isabel Street, where his father worked as a pharmacist. He attended Glendale Union High School , where he performed well in both sports and academics. Wayne was part of his high school's football team and its debating team. He
3570-720: The Office of Strategic Services (OSS), precursor to the modern CIA , but his bid was ultimately unsuccessful. Wayne toured U.S. bases and hospitals in the South Pacific for three months in 1943 and 1944, with the USO . During this trip, he carried out a request from William J. Donovan , head of the OSS, to assess whether General Douglas MacArthur , commander of the South West Pacific Area , or his staff were hindering
3675-518: The USC football team under coach Howard Jones . A broken collarbone injury curtailed his athletic career; Wayne later noted that he was too terrified of Jones' reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury, a bodysurfing accident. He lost his athletic scholarship, and without funds, had to leave the university. As a favor to coach Jones, who had given silent Western film star Tom Mix tickets to USC games, director John Ford and Mix hired Wayne as
3780-412: The 1930s, Ford had difficulty getting financing for what was to be an A-budget film. After rejection by all the major studios, Ford struck a deal with independent producer Walter Wanger in which Claire Trevor —a much bigger star at the time—received top billing. Stagecoach was a huge critical and financial success, and Wayne became a mainstream star. Cast member Louise Platt credited Ford as saying at
3885-532: The 1940s, and he had begun to wear a hairpiece by the end of the decade. He was occasionally seen in public without the hairpiece (such as, according to Life , at Gary Cooper 's funeral). During an appearance at Harvard University , Wayne was asked by a student, "Is it true that your toupée is real mohair ?" He responded: "[...] sir, that's real hair. Not mine, but real hair." A close friend, California Congressman Alphonzo E. Bell Jr. , wrote of Wayne: "Duke's personality and sense of humor were very close to what
3990-549: The American Midwest, particularly in the area around Seymour, Indiana , soon after the American Civil War . Scott renewed his acquaintance with producer Harry Joe Brown at Columbia with Gunfighters (1947). They began producing many of Scott's Westerns, including several that were shot in the two-color Cinecolor process. Their collaboration resulted in the film Coroner Creek (1948) with Scott as
4095-621: The Bad Men (1948) at RKO and Canadian Pacific (1949), then they did Fighting Man of the Plains (1950) and The Cariboo Trail (1950) at Fox. Scott also made Rage at Dawn in 1955 for Nat Holt, which was released by RKO starring Scott and Forrest Tucker , and featuring Denver Pyle , Edgar Buchanan , J. Carrol Naish and Myron Healey . It purports to tell the true story of the Reno Brothers , an outlaw gang which terrorized
4200-760: The Civil War, Wayne shares the lead with William Holden . Wayne notoriously portrayed Genghis Khan in The Conqueror (1956), which was panned by critics. In 1960, Wayne directed and produced The Alamo portraying Davy Crockett , with Richard Widmark as Jim Bowie . Wayne was nominated for an Oscar as the producer in the Best Picture category. That year Wayne also played the lead in Henry Hathaway 's North to Alaska also starring Stewart Granger and Ernie Kovacs . In 1961, Wayne shared
4305-578: The Desert . The film was popular and Scott would go on to make ten "B" Western films loosely based on the novels of Zane Grey . Many of these Grey adaptations were remakes of earlier silent films or even retitled versions of more recent movies. In an effort to save on production costs, Paramount utilized stock footage from the silent version and even hired some of the same actors, such as Raymond Hatton and Noah Beery , to repeat their roles, meaning that sometimes their ages would vary eight or more years during
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4410-654: The Duke ", was an American actor who became a popular icon through his starring roles in films which were produced during Hollywood's Golden Age , especially in Western and war movies. His career flourished from the silent era of the 1920s through the American New Wave , as he appeared in a total of 179 film and television productions. He was among the top box-office draws for three decades and appeared with many other important Hollywood stars of his era. In 1999,
4515-498: The Duke . His divorce from Esperanza Baur, a Mexican former actress, was stormy. She believed that Wayne and co-star Gail Russell were having an affair, a claim that both Wayne and Russell denied. The night the film Angel and the Badman (1947) wrapped, the usual party was held for cast and crew, and Wayne came home very late. Esperanza was in a drunken rage by the time he arrived, and she attempted to shoot him as he walked through
4620-673: The Range (1935) from Arthur Jacobson , and Rocky Mountain Mystery (1935) with Barton. Film historian William K. Everson refers to the Zane Grey series as being "uniformly good". He also writes: To the Last Man was almost a model of its kind, an exceptionally strong story of feuding families in the post- Civil War era, with a cast worthy of an "A" feature, excellent direction by Henry Hathaway, and an unusual climactic fight between
4725-631: The Rider in The Virginian (1929) with Gary Cooper . Scott also served as Cooper's dialect coach in this latter film. Scott was also uncredited on Dynamite (1929) directed by Cecil B. DeMille , and Ford's Born Reckless (1930). On the advice of Cecil B. DeMille , Scott gained much-needed acting experience by performing in stage plays with the Pasadena Playhouse . His stage roles during this period include: Scott appeared in
4830-565: The Sky (1953), The Wings of Eagles (1957), and Jet Pilot (1957). He appeared in nearly two dozen of John Ford's films over 20 years, including She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), The Quiet Man (1952), and The Wings of Eagles (1957). The first movie in which he called someone "Pilgrim", Ford's The Searchers (1956), is often considered to contain Wayne's finest and most complex performance. On May 14, 1958, Hal Kanter 's I Married
4935-648: The U.S. IV Corps in the Toul sector and Thiaucourt zone. After the Armistice of November 11, 1918 , ended the war, the 2nd TM Battalion took part in the post-war occupation of Germany as part of U.S. VI Corps . Following the armistice, Scott enrolled in the artillery Officer Candidate School , which was located in Saumur . He received his commission as a second lieutenant of Field Artillery in May 1919 and departed for
5040-429: The United States entered World War I . In July, Scott joined a unit of the North Carolina National Guard . He was trained as an artillery observer and earned promotion to corporal in October 1917 and sergeant in February 1918. In May 1918, Scott entered active duty at Fort Monroe , Virginia , as a member of the 2nd Trench Mortar Battalion. The battalion arrived in France in June 1918, and took part in combat with
5145-491: The United States soon afterwards. He arrived in New York City on June 6 and reported to Camp Mills , where he received his honorable discharge on June 13. Scott made use of his wartime experience in his acting career, including his training in horsemanship and the use of firearms . With his military career over Scott continued his education at Georgia Tech , where he was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order and set his sights on becoming an all-American football player. However
5250-480: The Westerns Man of the Forest (1933) and To the Last Man (1933), both with Hathaway from Zane Grey novels and featuring Noah Beery Sr. as the villain. Scott was loaned to Monogram Pictures for Broken Dreams (1933) then was back with Hathaway for The Last Round-Up (1934). Scott did three more Zane Grey Westerns without Hathaway: Wagon Wheels (1934) directed by Charles Barton (a remake of 1931's Fighting Caravans starring Gary Cooper ), Home on
5355-514: The Yukon " on Screen Guild Players and "A Lady Takes a Chance" for Old Gold Comedy Theatre . In 1946, after playing roles that had him wandering in and out of the saddle for many years, Scott appeared in Abilene Town , a UA release which cast him in what would become one of his classic images, the fearless lawman cleaning up a lawless town. The film "cemented Scott's position as a cowboy hero" and from this point on all but two of his starring films would be Westerns . The Scott Westerns of
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#17327795072585460-627: The bad guys, by not always making them fight clean. Wayne claimed, "Before I came along, it was standard practice that the hero must always fight clean. The heavy was allowed to hit the hero in the head with a chair or throw a kerosene lamp at him or kick him in the stomach, but the hero could only knock the villain down politely and then wait until he rose. I changed all that. I threw chairs and lamps. I fought hard and I fought dirty. I fought to win." Wayne's second breakthrough role came with John Ford's Stagecoach (1939). Because of Wayne's B-movie status and track record in low-budget Westerns throughout
5565-399: The breathtaking scenery, it was filmed in two versions, a standard 35 mm version and another in the new 70 mm Grandeur film process, using an innovative camera and lenses. Many in the audience who saw it in Grandeur stood and cheered, but only a handful of theaters were equipped to show the film in its widescreen process, and the effort was largely wasted at the time. The film was considered
5670-482: The classic collaboration between director Budd Boetticher and star Randolph Scott , and Gun the Man Down (1956) with contract player James Arness as an outlaw. One of Wayne's most popular roles was in The High and the Mighty (1954), directed by William Wellman , and based on a novel by Ernest K. Gann . His portrayal of a heroic copilot won widespread acclaim. Wayne also portrayed aviators in Flying Tigers (1942), Flying Leathernecks (1951), Island in
5775-445: The film and television industry. Son Ethan was billed as John Ethan Wayne in a few films, and played one of the leads in the 1990s update of the Adam-12 television series. Ethan has also appeared on the History Channel show Pawn Stars to help authenticate merchandise supposedly related to his father's career. Granddaughter Jennifer Wayne, daughter of Aissa, is a member of the country music group Runaway June . In 1973, Wayne
5880-513: The film was edited drastically without his consent, and his career again seemed on hold. (The film has since been restored by the UCLA Film Archive and the restored print is sometimes referred to by its working title, Torero .) Boetticher signed a contract to direct for Universal-International where he specialised in Westerns. “I became a western director because they thought I looked like one and they thought I rode better than anyone else," said Boetticher later. "And I didn’t know anything about
5985-403: The front door. Wayne had several high-profile affairs, including one with Merle Oberon that lasted from 1938 to 1947. After his separation from Pilar, in 1973, Wayne became romantically involved and lived with his former secretary Pat Stacy (1941–1995) until his death in 1979. Stacy published a book about her life with him in 1983, titled Duke: A Love Story . Wayne's hair began to thin in
6090-483: The late 1940s would each be budgeted around US$ 1,000,000, equal to $ 15,600,000 today. Scott mostly made Westerns for producers Nat Holt or Harry Joe Brown at Warner Bros , although he did make Albuquerque (1948) at Paramount. The BFI Companion to the Western noted: In his earlier Westerns ... the Scott persona is debonair, easy-going, graceful, though with the necessary hint of steel. As he matures into his fifties his roles change. Increasingly Scott becomes
6195-401: The lead in Frontier Marshal (1939), playing Wyatt Earp , after which he went to Columbia to star in a medium budget action film, Coast Guard (1939). Back at Fox he was in a war movie, 20,000 Men a Year (1939). Scott went over to Warner Bros to make Virginia City (1940), billed third after Errol Flynn and Miriam Hopkins , playing Flynn's antagonist, a Confederate officer – but
6300-411: The lead in Burt Kennedy 's The War Wagon with Kirk Douglas as the second lead. His second movie that year, Howard Hawks's El Dorado , a highly successful partial remake of Rio Bravo with Robert Mitchum playing Dean Martin's original role, premiered on June 7. In 1968, Wayne co-directed with Ray Kellogg The Green Berets , the only major film made during the Vietnam War in support of
6405-403: The lead in his final John Ford film, Donovan's Reef , co-starring Lee Marvin . On November 13, another film starring Wayne premiered, Andrew V. McLaglen 's McLintock! , once again opposite Maureen O'Hara . In 1964, Wayne played the leading role in Henry Hathaway's Circus World with Claudia Cardinale and Rita Hayworth . On February 15, 1965, Wayne played the brief cameo role of
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#17327795072586510-513: The lead with Stuart Whitman in Michael Curtiz 's The Comancheros . On May 23, 1962, Wayne starred in John Ford's The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance with James Stewart. May 29 marked the premiere of Howard Hawks's Hatari! , shot on location in Africa with Wayne playing the lead capturing wild animals from the beds of trucks; all the scenes with animals in the film are real. On October 4, The Longest Day started its theatrical run, with Wayne memorably acting with an ensemble cast. Although
6615-450: The leading role of Jimmy Ringo in The Gunfighter (1950) to Gregory Peck due to his refusal to work for Columbia Pictures because its chief, Harry Cohn , had mistreated him years before when he was a young contract player. Cohn had bought the project for Wayne, but Wayne's grudge was too deep, and Cohn sold the script to Twentieth Century Fox , which cast Peck in the role Wayne badly wanted, but for which he refused to bend. Batjac ,
6720-549: The man who has seen it all, who has suffered pain, loss, and hardship, and who has now achieved (but at what cost?) a stoic calm proof against vicissitude. Scott's last non-Westerns were a mystery with Peggy Ann Garner at Fox, Home Sweet Homicide (1947), and a family drama for Bogeaus, Christmas Eve (1947). He also had a cameo in Warners' Starlift (1951). Scott did two Westerns for Nat Holt at RKO, Badman's Territory (1946) and Trail Street (1947). He followed it with another pair for Holt at that studio, Return of
6825-415: The name was set. Wayne was not even present for the discussion. His pay was raised to $ 105 a week. The Big Trail was to be the first big-budget outdoor spectacle of the sound era, made at a then-staggering cost over $ 2 million (over $ 32.8 million equivalent in 2021), using hundreds of extras and wide vistas of the American Southwest , still largely unpopulated at the time. To take advantage of
6930-430: The other top-level actors in the film accepted a token payment of only $ 10,000 each to play their roles, making the all-star cast feasible for the budget, Wayne was paid a quarter of a million dollars due to an earlier dispute with producer Darryl F. Zanuck . During this time, the cast of the television drama, Combat! , were preparing for the inaugural season. The principal cast (including Vic Morrow ) were to go through
7035-512: The play Under a Virginia Moon at the Vine Street Theatre in Hollywood in 1932. His performance garnered several screen test offers from the major movie studios . Scott eventually signed a seven-year contract with Paramount Pictures at a salary of US$ 400 per week (equivalent to $ 8,900 in 2023). In between his Pasadena Playhouse days and Vine Street Theatre performance Scott made his film debut. In 1931 Scott played his first leading role (with Sally Blane ) in Women Men Marry (1931),
7140-444: The plot of The African Queen along with Katharine Hepburn as his leading lady. In 1976, Wayne starred in Don Siegel 's The Shootist , also starring Lauren Bacall , Ron Howard and James Stewart . It was Wayne's final cinematic role, whose main character, J. B. Books, was dying of cancer, to which Wayne himself succumbed three years later. It contains numerous plot similarities to The Gunfighter of nearly 30 years before,
7245-505: The production company co-founded by Wayne in 1952, was named after the fictional shipping company Batjak in Wake of the Red Witch (1948), a film based on the novel by Garland Roark . (A spelling error by Wayne's secretary was allowed to stand, accounting for the variation.) Batjac (and its predecessor, Wayne-Fellows Productions) was the arm through which Wayne produced many films for himself and other stars. Its best-known non-Wayne productions were Seven Men From Now (1956), which started
7350-420: The project, including sickness, bankruptcy and confinement in both jail and asylum (all of which is detailed in his autobiography When in Disgrace ). Arruza was finally completed in 1968 and released in Mexico in 1971 and the US in 1972. Boetticher returned to Hollywood with the rarely seen A Time for Dying , a collaboration with Audie Murphy shot in 1969 and not released widely until 1982. He provided
7455-404: The role of an estranged father who must track down a gang who kidnapped his grandson. The film was a critically acclaimed hit. In 1972, Wayne starred in Mark Rydell 's The Cowboys . Vincent Canby of The New York Times , who did not particularly care for the film, wrote: "Wayne is, of course, marvelously indestructible, and he has become an almost perfect father figure". The same year, he
7560-506: The role of the owner of a cattle ranch, who finds out that a businessman is trying to own neighboring land illegally. On September 16, Howard Hawks ' Rio Lobo premiered. Wayne played Col. Cord McNally, who confronts Confederate soldiers who stole a shipment of gold at the end of the Civil War. This was another remake of Rio Bravo albeit without a second lead the box office caliber of Dean Martin or Robert Mitchum. In June 1971, George Sherman 's Big Jake made its debut. Wayne played
7665-505: The role throughout the series' run on NBC . Director Robert Rossen offered the starring role in All the King's Men (1949) to Wayne, but he refused, believing the script to be un-American in many ways. Broderick Crawford , who was eventually cast in the role, won the 1949 Oscar for best male actor, ironically beating out Wayne, who had been nominated for Sands of Iwo Jima (1949). He lost
7770-690: The same scene. For the 1933 films The Thundering Herd and Man of the Forest , Scott's hair was darkened and he sported a trim moustache so that he could easily be matched to footage of Jack Holt , the star of the silent versions. In between his work in the Zane Grey Western series, Paramount cast Scott in several non-Western roles, such as "the other man" in Hot Saturday (1932), with Nancy Carroll and Cary Grant . Scott returned to Zane Grey Westerns with Wild Horse Mesa (1932), then
7875-764: The second of six children born to parents of Scottish descent. His father was George Grant Scott, born in Franklin, Virginia , the first person licensed as a certified public accountant (CPA) in North Carolina. His mother was Lucille Crane Scott, born in Luray , Virginia, a member of a wealthy North Carolina family. Because of his family's financial status, Randolph was able to attend private schools, such as Woodberry Forest School . From an early age, Scott developed and displayed his athleticism, excelling in football , baseball, horse racing, and swimming. In April 1917,
7980-451: The series, an international spy/detective show, Wayne played Dan O'Brien, a detective who used alcoholism as a mask for his investigatory endeavors. The show was intended by Garnett to be a pilot of sorts for a film version, though the motion picture never came to fruition. No episodes of the series featuring Wayne seem to have survived, though a demonstration episode with Brian Donlevy in the leading role does exist. Wayne, not Donlevy, played
8085-603: The six remaining films. Boetticher directed the first three episodes of the TV series Maverick . He went back to working with Scott: Decision at Sundown (1957); Buchanan Rides Alone (1958) (not written by Kennedy); and Ride Lonesome (1959). Westbound (1959) was made with Scott but without Kennedy or Brown. Comanche Station (1960) was made with Scott and Kennedy. Boetticher returned to television, directing episodes of Hong Kong , Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre , Death Valley Days , and The Rifleman . He did
8190-490: The story for Don Siegel 's Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970). In later years, he was known for the documentary My Kingdom For... (1985) and his appearance as a judge in Robert Towne 's Tequila Sunrise (1988), and he was still actively attempting to get his screenplay "A Horse for Mr. Barnum" made, before his death in 2001. He and his wife Mary spent much of their later years traveling to film festivals around
8295-637: The time that Wayne would become the biggest star ever because of his appeal as the archetypal "everyman". America's entry into World War II resulted in a deluge of support for the war effort from all sectors of society, and Hollywood was no exception. Wayne was exempted from service due to his age (34 at the time of Pearl Harbor ) and family status (classified as 3-A – family deferment). Wayne repeatedly wrote to John Ford saying he wanted to enlist, on one occasion inquiring whether he could get into Ford's military unit. Wayne did not attempt to prevent his reclassification as 1-A (draft eligible), but Republic Studios
8400-618: The top performances in his career. Scott went back to RKO to play the "other man" role in the Irene Dunne – Cary Grant romantic comedy My Favorite Wife (1940), a huge hit for RKO. For Universal , he starred with Kay Francis in When the Daltons Rode (1940). Back at Fox, Scott returned to Zane Grey country by co-starring with Robert Young in the Technicolor production Western Union , directed by Fritz Lang . Scott played
8505-576: The villain (Jack LaRue) and the heroine ( Esther Ralston , in an exceptionally appealing performance). Sunset Pass ... was not only one of the best but also one of the most surprising in presenting Randolph Scott and Harry Carey as heavies . The Zane Grey series films were a boon for Scott, as they provided him with "an excellent training ground for both action and acting". Paramount loaned Scott to RKO Radio Pictures to support Fred Astaire , Ginger Rogers and Irene Dunne in Roberta (1935),
8610-606: The war. Wayne wanted to make this movie because at that time Hollywood had little interest in making movies about the Vietnam War. During the filming of The Green Berets , the Degar or Montagnard people of Vietnam's Central Highlands, fierce fighters against communism, bestowed on Wayne a brass bracelet that he wore in the film and all subsequent films. Also that year, Wayne played the lead in Andrew V. McLaglen's Hellfighters ,
8715-965: The west.” His films there included The Cimarron Kid (1952) with Audie Murphy ; Bronco Buster (1952); Red Ball Express (1952), a World War II film; Horizons West (1952) with Robert Ryan ; City Beneath the Sea (1953), a treasure hunting film; Seminole (1953), a Western with Rock Hudson ; The Man from the Alamo (1953) with Glenn Ford ; Wings of the Hawk (1953) with Van Heflin ; and East of Sumatra (1953) with Chandler and Quinn. He started directing The Americano , an independent film with Ford, but quit. He returned to television with The Public Defender . In 1955, he helmed another bullfighting drama, The Magnificent Matador , at 20th Century-Fox, which began his frequent collaboration with cinematographer Lucien Ballard . They followed it with
8820-457: The work of the OSS. Donovan later issued Wayne an OSS Certificate of Service to memorialize Wayne's contribution to the OSS mission. By many accounts, his failure to serve in the military later became the most painful part of his life. His widow later suggested that his patriotism in later decades sprang from guilt, writing: "He would become a 'superpatriot' for the rest of his life trying to atone for staying home." Wayne's first color film
8925-731: The world, especially in Europe. His last public appearance, less than three months before his death, was at Cinecon, a classic film festival held in Hollywood, California. Randolph Scott George Randolph Scott (January 23, 1898 – March 2, 1987) was an American film actor, whose Hollywood career spanned from 1928 to 1962. As a leading man for all but the first three years of his cinematic career, Scott appeared in dramas, comedies, musicals , adventures, war , horror and fantasy films, and Westerns . Out of his more than 100 film appearances, more than 60 of them were Westerns. At 6 ft 2 in (188 cm), lanky and muscular, Scott displayed
9030-550: Was The Shepherd of the Hills (1941), in which he co-starred with his longtime friend Harry Carey . The following year, he appeared in his only film directed by Cecil B. DeMille , the Technicolor epic Reap the Wild Wind (1942), in which he co-starred with Ray Milland and Paulette Goddard ; it was one of the rare times he played a character with questionable values. Like most Hollywood stars of his era, Wayne appeared as
9135-587: Was a box office failure. In 1974, Wayne took on the role of the eponymous detective in John Sturges 's crime drama McQ . On March 25, 1975, Douglas Hickox 's Brannigan premiered. In it, Wayne played a Chicago police lieutenant named Jim Brannigan on the hunt in London for an organized-crime leader. On October 17, Rooster Cogburn started its theatrical run; Wayne reprised his role as U.S. Marshal Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn with strong elements of
9240-475: Was a box-office failure. He played leading roles in numerous B movies during the 1930s, most of them also Westerns, without becoming a major name. John Ford 's Stagecoach (1939) made Wayne a mainstream star, and he starred in 142 motion pictures altogether. According to biographer Ronald Davis, "John Wayne personified for millions the nation's frontier heritage." Wayne's other roles in Westerns included
9345-469: Was a love interest for Mae West in Go West, Young Man (1936) and was reunited with Irene Dunne in a musical, High, Wide and Handsome (1937). This last film, a musical directed by Rouben Mamoulian , featured Scott in his "most ambitious performance." Scott went to 20th Century Fox to play the romantic male lead in a Shirley Temple film, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938). At Paramount he made
9450-480: Was a small supporting part in a comedy called Sky Bride (1932) starring Richard Arlen and Jack Oakie . Following that, however, Paramount cast him as the lead in Heritage of the Desert (1932), his first significant starring role and also the one that established him as a Western hero. As with Women Men Marry , Sally Blane was his leading lady. Henry Hathaway made his directorial debut with Heritage of
9555-609: Was adopted by a wealthy couple, Oscar Boetticher Sr. (1867–1953) and Georgia ( née Naas) Boetticher (1888–1955), and raised in Evansville, Indiana , along with his younger brother, Henry Edward Boetticher (1924–2004). He attended Culver Military Academy , where he became friends with Hal Roach Jr. He was a star athlete at Ohio State University , until an injury ended his sports career. In 1939 he traveled to Mexico, where he learned bullfighting under Lorenzo Garza, Fermín Espinosa Saucedo and Carlos Arruza . Boetticher worked as
9660-550: Was also the president of the Latin Society and contributed to the school's newspaper sports column. A local fireman at the station on his route to school in Glendale started calling him "Little Duke" because he never went anywhere without his huge Airedale Terrier , Duke. He preferred "Duke" to "Marion", and the nickname stuck. Wayne attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale. As a teen, he worked in an ice-cream shop for
9765-502: Was another big hit. Scott was in a car drama at Paramount, And Sudden Death (1936), directed by Barton, then was loaned to independent producer Edward Small , to play Hawkeye in another adventure classic, The Last of the Mohicans , adapted from the 1826 novel by James Fenimore Cooper . A big hit, the film "gave Scott his first unqualified 'A' picture success as a lead." At this point Paramount only put Scott in "A" films. He
9870-546: Was billed above Wayne in both films but Wayne actually played the heroic leading man roles and enjoyed more screen time in each movie. Shortly after the United States entered World War II, Scott attempted to obtain an officer's commission in the Marines , but because of a back injury years earlier he was rejected. However, he did his part for the war effort by touring in a comedy act with Joe DeRita (who later became
9975-481: Was emphatically resistant to losing him, since he was their only A-list actor under contract. Herbert J. Yates , president of Republic, threatened Wayne with a lawsuit if he walked away from his contract, and Republic Pictures intervened in the Selective Service process, requesting Wayne's further deferment. U.S. National Archives records indicate that Wayne, in fact, did make an application to serve in
10080-649: Was encouraged by Pilar, an avid tennis player, to build the John Wayne Tennis Club in Newport Beach, California. In 1995, the club was sold to Ken Stuart , former general manager, and became the Palisades Tennis Club . In The Quiet Man (1952), Wayne tells Michaeleen "Óge" Flynn (portrayed by Barry Fitzgerald ) that he is six feet "four and a half" (194 cm), an assertion corroborated by Pilar's book John Wayne: My Life With
10185-594: Was given on-screen credit as " Duke Morrison " only once, in Words and Music (1929). Director Raoul Walsh saw him moving studio furniture while working as a prop boy and cast him in his first starring role in The Big Trail (1930). For his screen name, Walsh suggested "Anthony Wayne", after Revolutionary War General "Mad" Anthony Wayne . Fox Studios chief Winfield Sheehan rejected it as sounding "too Italian". Walsh then suggested "John Wayne". Sheehan agreed, and
10290-701: Was nominated for an Oscar, a Golden Globe , a BAFTA film award , and a Writers Guild of America award. Wayne was married three times and divorced twice. His wives included one of Spanish American descent, Josephine Alicia Saenz, and two from Latin America, Esperanza Baur and Pilar Pallete . He had four children with Josephine: Michael Wayne (1934–2003), Mary Antonia "Toni" Wayne LaCava (1936–2000), Patrick Wayne (born 1939), and Melinda Wayne Munoz (1940–2022). He had three more children with Pilar: Aissa Wayne (born 1956), John Ethan Wayne (born 1962), and Marisa Wayne (born 1966). Several of Wayne's children entered
10395-470: Was offered the chance to join the studio's directing program. Boetticher's first credited film as director was a Boston Blackie film One Mysterious Night (1944). It was followed by other "B" movies: The Missing Juror (1944), Youth on Trial (1945), A Guy, a Gal and a Pal (1945), and Escape in the Fog (1945). "They were terrible pictures”, he remarked in 1979. "We had eight or ten days to make
10500-468: Was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the highest civilian honor of the United States. Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison on May 26, 1907, at 224 South Second Street in Winterset, Iowa . The local paper, Winterset Madisonian , reported on page 4 of the edition of May 30, 1907, that Wayne weighed 13 lb (around 6 kg) at birth. Wayne claimed his middle name
10605-627: Was produced by Harry Joe Brown , with whom Scott would form a business partnership several years later. Scott was one of many Universal stars who made a cameo in Follow the Boys (1944). He was in a "northern" with Gypsy Rose Lee , Belle of the Yukon (1944), and made a swashbuckler film for producer Benedict Bogeaus alongside Charles Laughton , the cheaply made production Captain Kidd (1945). Scott performed on two radio shows in 1945: " Belle of
10710-623: Was selected in the last round of the NFL draft by the Atlanta Falcons for his past football experience, though the pick was disallowed by league officials as he was 64 years old at the time. On February 7, 1973, Burt Kennedy's The Train Robbers opened; Wayne appeared alongside Ann-Margret , Rod Taylor and Ben Johnson . On June 27, Andrew V. McLaglen's Cahill U.S. Marshal premiered, with Wayne, George Kennedy and Gary Grimes . It
10815-468: Was soon changed from Robert to Michael when his parents decided to name their next son Robert, but extensive research has found no such legal change, although it might have been changed informally or the documentation may have been lost. Wayne's legal name apparently remained Marion Robert Morrison his entire life although to this day his original name is almost always referred to as Marion Michael Morrison. Wayne's father, Clyde Leonard Morrison (1884–1937),
10920-656: Was the romantic male lead in Hello, Everybody! (1933). The Thundering Herd (1933) was another Zane Grey Western with Hathaway, then he was in two horror movies, Murders in the Zoo (1933) with Lionel Atwill and Supernatural (1933) with Carole Lombard . After the Western Sunset Pass (1933), Paramount loaned Scott to Columbia , to play Bebe Daniels 's love interest in a minor romantic comedy called Cocktail Hour (1933). Back at Paramount, Scott acted in
11025-590: Was the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison (1845–1915). Wayne's mother, the former Mary "Molly" Alberta Brown (1885–1970), was from Lancaster County, Nebraska . Wayne had Scottish , Scotch-Irish , English , and Irish ancestry. His great-great-grandfather Robert Morrison (b. 1782) left County Antrim , Ireland, with his mother, arriving in New York in 1799 and eventually settling in Adams County, Ohio . The Morrisons were originally from
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