81-557: Alan Edgar "Buddy" Owens (born May 23, 1948 in Mesa, Arizona ), known professionally as Buddy Alan , is an American country music artist. The son of Buck Owens and Bonnie Owens and stepson of Merle Haggard , Alan recorded four albums for Capitol Records in the 1970s. He also charted eight singles in the Top 40 on the Billboard country charts, including his No. 7 debut single "Let
162-479: A band might be friends with one village and raid another. When war occurred, the Spanish would send troops; after a battle both sides would "sign a treaty" and go home. The traditional and sometimes treacherous relationships continued after the independence of Mexico in 1821. By 1835 Mexico had placed a bounty on Apache scalps (see scalping ), but certain villages still traded with some bands. When Juan José Compà ,
243-492: A band would leave without permission, to raid, return to their homeland to forage, or to simply get away. The U.S. military usually had forts nearby to keep the bands on the reservations by finding and returning those who left. The reservation policies of the U.S. caused conflict and war with the various Apache bands who left the reservations for almost another quarter century. War between the Apaches and Euro-Americans has led to
324-597: A decade's worth of public opinion surveys. They determined that Mesa was the "most conservative American city of more than 250,000 residents". In 2017, the Pew Research Center also determined that Mesa was the most conservative city in the United States. According to the city's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: Numerous properties in the city are considered to be historical and have been included either in
405-427: A female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.20. The age distribution was 27.3% under 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 or older. The median age
486-787: A party of people in establishing a settlement in Arizona. They traveled south and settled on the north side of the present Mesa area. This settlement was initially known as Fort Utah and later as Jonesville. It was located near Lehi Road. In 1883, it was named Lehi at the suggestion of Brigham Young, Jr. About this same time, another group dubbed the First Mesa Company arrived from Utah and Idaho. Their leaders were Francis Martin Pomeroy, Charles Crismon , George Warren Sirrine and Charles I. Robson. Rather than accepting an invitation to settle at Jones's Lehi settlement, they moved up onto
567-601: A plains route as well, perhaps concurrently, but to date the earliest evidence has been found in the mountainous Southwest. The Plains Apache have a significant Southern Plains cultural influence. When the Spanish arrived in the area, trade between the long-established Pueblo peoples and the Southern Athabaskan was well established. They reported the Pueblo exchanged maize and woven cotton goods for bison meat, and hides and materials for stone tools. Coronado observed
648-640: A refurbishment and expansion of the mall has been planned. Mesa Riverview is a new outdoor destination retail center in the northwestern corner of the city, near Loop 202 and Dobson Road. At build-out the center will include 1,300,000 square feet (120,000 m ) of retail space. Located in East Mesa is Superstition Springs Business Park. It includes the Superstition Springs Center , a shopping mall owned by Macerich . It features an outdoor amphitheatre and fountain which convert to
729-503: A stage. Anchor stores at the mall are Dillard's , JCPenney , and Macy's . Mission Community Church , previously known as Superstition Springs Community Church, was initially named after this business park . Almost all of the city of Mesa is served by public schools operated by Mesa Public Schools ; however, the southern portion is served by Gilbert Public Schools , the Higley Unified School District and
810-517: A stereotypical focus on certain aspects of Apache cultures. These have often been distorted through misunderstanding of their cultures, as noted by anthropologist Keith Basso : Of the hundreds of peoples that lived and flourished in native North America, few have been so consistently misrepresented as the Apacheans of Arizona and New Mexico. Glorified by novelists, sensationalized by historians, and distorted beyond credulity by commercial film makers,
891-580: Is Main Street (former US 60/70/80/89), serving Downtown Mesa. The primary north–south arterials include Country Club Drive, Gilbert Road, and Power Road. Public transportation in Mesa is provided by Valley Metro via bus and light rail ( Valley Metro Rail ). The light rail section in Mesa spans about four miles from Sycamore/Main St. in the west of the city, through downtown to Gilbert/Main St . Until July 2008, Mesa
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#1732791695650972-475: Is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona , United States. It is the third-most populous city in Arizona, after Phoenix and Tucson , the 36th-most populous city in the U.S., and the most populous city that is not a county seat (except for independent cities Washington, D.C. and Baltimore which are not part of any county). The city is home to 504,258 people as of 2020. It is the most populous city in
1053-579: Is different from that used in Phoenix and other portions of the metropolitan area. Center Street, running north to south, bisects Mesa into eastern and western halves and serves as the east and west numbering point of origin within Mesa. Streets west of Center St., such as W. University Drive or W. Main St. are considered to be in West Mesa, whereas streets east of Center St., such as E. University or E. Main St., are considered to be in East Mesa. Located in
1134-418: Is elected to represent the city at large and also has a four-year term. Both Councilmembers and mayors cannot serve more than two consecutive terms. A partial term does not count towards these two consecutive terms; for instance, Mayor John Giles served a partial term from 2014 to 2016 then served two consecutive terms from 2016 to 2024. In a 2014 study, academic researchers from MIT and UCLA analyzed over
1215-474: Is home to the largest relief airport in the Phoenix area, Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport , located in the southeastern corner of the city. In separate studies in 2014 and 2017, researchers determined Mesa to be "America's most conservative city". The history of Mesa dates back at least 2,000 years to the arrival of the Hohokam people. The Hohokam, whose name means "All Used Up" or "The Departed Ones", built
1296-629: Is in Phoenix. Mesa has five sister cities , as designated by Sister Cities International : Apache The Apache ( / ə ˈ p æ tʃ i / ə- PATCH -ee ) are several Southern Athabaskan language –speaking peoples of the Southwest , the Southern Plains and Northern Mexico . They are linguistically related to the Navajo . They migrated from the Athabascan homelands in
1377-633: Is located in the far southeastern area of the city and provides alternate but limited air service when compared to Sky Harbor International Airport . Phoenix-Mesa Gateway was formerly Williams Gateway Airport , and before that, Williams Air Force Base , which closed in 1993. Williams Gateway was announced as a new Focus City for Allegiant Air . Service started October 25, 2007. The public hospital system, Valleywise Health (formerly Maricopa Integrated Health System), operates Valleywise Community Health Center – Mesa and Valleywise Behavioral Health Center – Mesa. Its sole hospital, Valleywise Health Medical Center,
1458-689: Is now Mexico to be Apache. In addition, an Apache individual has different ways of identification with a group, such as a band or clan, as well as the larger tribe or language grouping, which can add to the difficulties in an outsider comprehending the distinctions. In 1900, the US government classified the members of the Apache tribe in the United States as Pinal Coyotero , Jicarilla , Mescalero , San Carlos , Tonto , and White Mountain Apache. The different groups were located in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. In
1539-412: Is politically autonomous. Historically, the Apache homelands have consisted of high mountains, sheltered and watered valleys, deep canyons, deserts, and the southern Great Plains , including areas in what is now Eastern Arizona, Northern Mexico ( Sonora and Chihuahua ) and New Mexico , West Texas , and Southern Colorado . These areas are collectively known as Apacheria . The Apache tribes fought
1620-668: Is the most divergent dialect, and that Dilzhe'e is a remnant, intermediate member of a dialect continuum that previously spanned from the Western Apache language to the Navajo. John Upton Terrell classifies the Apache into western and eastern groups. In the western group, he includes Toboso, Cholome, Jocome, Sibolo or Cibola, Pelone, Manso, and Kiva or Kofa. He includes Chicame (the earlier term for Hispanized Chicano or New Mexicans of Spanish/ Hispanic and Apache descent) among them as having definite Apache connections or names which
1701-778: The Apache Tribe of Oklahoma . The nine Apache tribes formed a nonprofit organization, the Apache Alliance. Tribal leaders convene at the Apache Alliance Summits, meetings hosted by a different Apache tribe each time. The member tribes are the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Fort Sill Apache Tribe, Jicarilla Apache Tribe, Mescalero Apache Tribe, San Carlos Apache Tribe, Tonto Apache Tribe, White Mountain Apache Tribe, Yavapai-Apache Nation, In 2021, "Lipan Apaches were present" at
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#17327916956501782-816: The Athabaskan language family. Other Athabaskan-speaking people in North America continue to reside in Alaska , western Canada , and the Northwest Pacific Coast . Anthropological evidence suggests that the Apache and Navajo peoples lived in these same northern locales before migrating to the Southwest sometime between AD 1200 and 1500. The Apaches' nomadic way of life complicates accurate dating, primarily because they constructed less substantial dwellings than other Southwestern groups. Since
1863-682: The East Valley of the Phoenix metropolitan area . It is bordered by Tempe on the west, the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community on the north, Chandler and Gilbert on the south along with Queen Creek , and Apache Junction on the east. At least ten colleges and universities are located in Mesa, as is the Mesa Arizona Temple , one of the first LDS temples constructed outside of Utah. The city
1944-611: The Kiowa . Other names for them include Ná'įįsha, Ná'ęsha, Na'isha, Na'ishandine, Na-i-shan-dina, Na-ishi, Na-e-ca, Ną'ishą́, Nadeicha, Nardichia, Nadíisha-déna, Na'dí'į́shą́ʼ, Nądí'įįshąą, and Naisha. Western Apache include Northern Tonto, Southern Tonto, Cibecue, White Mountain, and San Carlos groups. While these subgroups spoke the same language and had kinship ties, Western Apaches considered themselves as separate from each other, according to Goodwin. Other writers have used this term to refer to all non-Navajo Apachean peoples living west of
2025-621: The Mescalero are headquartered in Mescalero, New Mexico . The Western Apache, located in Arizona, is divided into several reservations, which crosscut cultural divisions. The Western Apache reservations include the Fort Apache Indian Reservation , San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation , Camp Verde Indian Reservation , and Tonto-Apache Reservation . The Chiricahua were divided into two groups after they were released from being prisoners of war. The majority moved to
2106-615: The National Register of Historic Places or the listings of the Mesa Historic Properties . Mesa has over 2,280 acres of parkland in the city limits. Its largest is Red Mountain Park which spans 1,146 acres. It includes a lake, playgrounds, a basketball court and a cement volleyball court. Mesa is home to numerous championship golf courses, including the original course in town, Mesa Country Club. This course
2187-779: The Queen Creek Unified School District , and a small western portion is served by the Tempe Elementary School District and the Tempe Union High School District . Pilgrim Lutheran School is a Christian Pre-K-8 school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod in Mesa. More than 40,000 students are enrolled in more than 10 colleges and universities located in Mesa. Mesa is home to Mesa Community College ,
2268-627: The Sonoran Desert , Mesa has a hot desert climate ( Köppen : BWh ), with mild winters and very hot summers. According to the 2020 Census, the racial composition of Mesa was: According to the 2010 Census, the racial composition of Mesa was: As of the census of 2010, there were 439,041 people, 146,643 households, and 99,863 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,171.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,224.4/km ). There were 175,701 housing units at an average density of 1,405.7 per square mile (542.7/km ). The racial make-up of
2349-645: The Tonkawa tribe in Oklahoma. Historically, they moved from what is now the Southwest into the Southern Plains before 1650. In 1719, French explorer Jean Baptiste Bénard de La Harpe encountered the Lipan Apache near what is now Latimer County, Oklahoma . Some Lipan people were moved further east, into present day Louisiana, largely through enslavement of women & children by Caddo tribes and French Settlers. Upon gaining their freedom, they settled in
2430-625: The United States went to war against Mexico in 1846, many Apache bands promised U.S. soldiers safe passage through their lands. When the U.S. claimed former territories of Mexico in 1846, Mangas Coloradas signed a peace treaty with the nation, respecting them as conquerors of the Mexicans' land. An uneasy peace with U.S. citizens held until the 1850s. An influx of gold miners into the Santa Rita Mountains led to conflict with
2511-527: The invading Spanish and Mexican peoples for centuries. The first Apache raids on Sonora appear to have taken place during the late 17th century. In 19th-century confrontations during the American Indian Wars , the U.S. Army found the Apache to be fierce warriors and skillful strategists. Federally recognized Apache tribes are: The Jicarilla are headquartered in Dulce, New Mexico , while
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2592-433: The mesa that serves as the city's namesake. They dug irrigation canals and used some of the original Hohokam canals. By April 1878, water was flowing through them. The Second Mesa Company arrived in 1879 and settled to the west of the First Mesa Company because of more available farmland. This settlement was originally called Alma and later Stringtown. It was located near where Alma School Road. On July 17, 1878, Mesa City
2673-538: The 1930s, the anthropologist Greenville Goodwin classified the Western Apache into five groups (based on his informants' views of dialect and cultural differences): White Mountain, Cibecue, San Carlos, North Tonto, and South Tonto. Since then, other anthropologists (e.g. Albert Schroeder ) consider Goodwin's classification inconsistent with pre-reservation cultural divisions. Willem de Reuse finds linguistic evidence supporting only three major groupings: White Mountain, San Carlos, and Dilzhe'e (Tonto). He believes San Carlos
2754-436: The 1950s and 1960s. As late as 1960, half of the residents of Mesa made a living with agriculture, but that number declined substantially as Mesa's suburban growth continued on track with the rest of the Phoenix metro area. Mesa stretches 18 miles (29 km) from Price Road in the west to Meridian Road in the east and has a land area of 138.70 square miles (359.2 km ). Mesa employs a grid system for street numbering that
2835-405: The Apache in general. Another theory suggests the term comes from Yavapai ʔpačə meaning "enemy". The Zuni and Yavapai sources are less certain because Oñate used the term before he had encountered any Zuni or Yavapai. A less likely origin may be from Spanish mapache , meaning "raccoon". Modern Apache people use the Spanish term to refer to themselves and tribal functions, and so does
2916-540: The Apache peoples with the Dismal River culture , an archaeological culture known primarily from ceramics and house remains, dated 1675–1725, which has been excavated in Nebraska , eastern Colorado, and western Kansas . Although the first documentary sources mention the Apache, and historians have suggested some passages indicate a 16th-century entry from the north, archaeological data indicate they were present on
2997-491: The Apache. This period is sometimes called the Apache Wars . The United States' concept of a reservation had not been used by the Spanish, Mexicans or other Apache neighbors before. Reservations were often badly managed, and bands that had no kinship relationships were forced to live together. No fences existed to keep people in or out. It was common for a band to be allowed to leave for a short period of time. Other times
3078-604: The Chama on the east to the San Juan on the west. The ultimate origin is uncertain and lost to Spanish history. The first known written record in Spanish is by Juan de Oñate in 1598. The most widely accepted origin theory suggests Apache was borrowed and transliterated from the Zuni word ʔa·paču meaning "Navajos" (the plural of paču "Navajo"). J. P. Harrington reports that čišše·kʷe can also be used to refer to
3159-728: The Gulf of Mexico and Rio Grande. In the mid-18th century, some Lipan settled in and near Spanish missions in Texas . Clashes with Comanche forced them into southern Texas and northern Mexico. Briefly in the late 1830s, the Lipan allied with the Republic of Texas ; however, after Texas gained statehood in 1846, the Americans waged a brutal campaign against the Lipan, destroying Lipan villages and trying to force them from Texas. Most were forced onto
3240-569: The Hohokam had constructed hundreds of miles of canals, many of which are still in use. After the disappearance of the Hohokam and before the arrival of the early settlers, little is known; explorers did not venture into this area. By the late 19th century near present-day Mesa, U.S. Army troops relocated the Apache , opening the way for settlement. In March 1877, Mormon pioneer Daniel Webster Jones and Henry Clay Rogers left St. George , Utah. Jones had been asked by Mormon officials to direct
3321-718: The Media and Immersive eXperience Center in the ASU at Mesa City Center complex in 2022, offering programs from the Herberger Institute for Design and Arts including a film school with media production facilities and a theater. After launching a higher education initiative in 2012, Mesa became home to branch campuses of five private, liberal arts institutions: Albright College , Westminster College , Benedictine University , Upper Iowa University and Wilkes University . Albright College and Westminster College are no longer in
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3402-681: The Mescalero Reservation and formed, with the larger Mescalero political group, the Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation , along with the Lipan Apache . The other Chiricahua are enrolled in the Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma , headquartered in Apache, Oklahoma . The Plains Apache are located in Oklahoma, headquartered around Anadarko , and are federally recognized as
3483-731: The Mescalero Reservation and some went to Oklahoma. Mescaleros primarily live in Eastern New Mexico. A full list of documented plant uses by the Mescalero tribe can be found at http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/11/ (which also includes the Chiricahua; 198 documented plant uses) and http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/12/ (83 documented uses). Plains Apache (Kiowa-Apache, Naisha, Naʼishandine) are headquartered in Southwest Oklahoma. Historically, they followed
3564-456: The Plains and in the mountainous Southwest indicate that the people took multiple early migration routes. In general, the recently arrived Spanish colonists, who settled in villages, and Apache bands developed a pattern of interaction over a few centuries. Both raided and traded with each other. Records of the period seem to indicate that relationships depended on the specific villages and bands:
3645-467: The Plains people wintering near the Pueblo in established camps. Later Spanish sovereignty over the area disrupted trade between the Pueblo and the diverging Apache and Navajo groups. The Apache quickly acquired horses, improving their mobility for quick raids on settlements. In addition, the Pueblo were forced to work Spanish mission lands and care for mission flocks; they had fewer surplus goods to trade with their neighbors. In 1540, Coronado reported that
3726-566: The Rio Grande (thus failing to distinguish the Chiricahua from the other Apacheans). Goodwin's formulation: "all those Apache peoples who have lived within the present boundaries of the state of Arizona during historic times with the exception of the Chiricahua, Warm Springs, and allied Apache, and a small band of Apaches known as the Apache Mansos, who lived in the vicinity of Tucson ." The Apache and Navajo speak related languages of
3807-527: The Southern Athabaskan, adapted many of their neighbors' technology and practices into their own cultures. Thus sites where early Southern Athabaskans may have lived are difficult to locate and even more difficult to firmly identify as culturally Southern Athabaskan. Recent advances have been made in the regard in the far southern portion of the American Southwest. There are several hypotheses about Apache migrations. One posits that they moved into
3888-515: The Southwest from the Great Plains. In the mid-16th century, these mobile groups lived in tents, hunted bison and other game, and used dogs to pull travois loaded with their possessions. Substantial numbers of the people and a wide range were recorded by the Spanish in the 16th century. In April 1541, while traveling on the plains east of the Pueblo region, Francisco Coronado referred to
3969-518: The Spanish associated with the Apache. In a detailed study of New Mexico Catholic Church records, David M. Brugge identifies 15 tribal names that the Spanish used to refer to the Apache. These were drawn from records of about 1,000 baptisms from 1704 to 1862. The list below is based on Foster and McCollough (2001), Opler (1983b, 1983c, 2001), and de Reuse (1983). The term Apache refers to six major Apache-speaking groups: Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Plains, and Western Apache. Historically,
4050-572: The Top 20 with "Cowboy Convention", a duet with Owens' guitarist Don Rich , and earned a Most Promising Male Artist award from the Academy of Country Music . He continued to chart into the 1970s, but retired from the music business in 1978 to attend college. After that, he became a music director at local radio stations, and was voted four times as Billboard Music Director of the Year. Mesa, Arizona Mesa ( / ˈ m eɪ s ə / MAY -sə )
4131-464: The US government. However, Apache language speakers also refer to themselves and their people in the Apache term Indé meaning "person" or "people". A related Southern Athabascan–speaking tribe, the Navajo, refer to themselves as the Diné . The fame of the tribes' tenacity and fighting skills, probably bolstered by dime novels , was widely known among Europeans. In early 20th century Parisian society,
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#17327916956504212-586: The World Keep On A-Turnin'", a duet with Buck. Alan Edgar Owens was born May 22, 1948, in Mesa, Arizona , to country music artist Buck Owens and his then-wife, Bonnie Owens . He founded a rock band called the Chosen Few at age 14 before turning his interests to country music. When Bonnie Owens divorced Buck and married Merle Haggard , Alan moved to Arizona with his mother and new stepfather. Crediting himself as Buddy Alan, he charted for
4293-591: The cattle. They have dogs which they load to carry their tents, poles, and belongings. The Spanish described Plains dogs as very white, with black spots, and "not much larger than water spaniels." Plains dogs were slightly smaller than those used for hauling loads by modern Inuit and northern First Nations people in Canada. Recent experiments show these dogs may have pulled loads up to 50 pounds (20 kg) on long trips, at rates as high as two or three miles per hour (3 to 5 km/h). The Plains migration theory associates
4374-462: The city is provided by two airports. Falcon Field , located in the northeastern part of the area, was established as a training field for British RAF pilots during World War II and was transferred to the city at the end of the war. Falcon Field has 605 aircraft based there. Boeing builds the AH-64 Apache attack helicopter at a facility adjoining Falcon Field. Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport
4455-402: The city was 81.6% White , 2.4% Black or African American , 2.2% Native American , 2.0% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 9.3% from other races , and 1.3% from two or more races. 24.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 146,643 households, out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 10.6% had
4536-445: The city, and Wilkes University has moved entirely online. Several area freeways serve the Mesa area, such as U.S. Route 60 , locally known as the Superstition Freeway, which runs between Apache Junction and Phoenix. It is also served by SR 87 and bypass loops Loop 101 , which skirts the western city limits as the Price Freeway, and Loop 202 , which bypasses the city on the north and east. The main east–west arterial road in Mesa
4617-461: The company provided enough for capital expenditures until the 1960s. During the Great Depression , WPA funds provided paved streets, a new hospital, a new town hall and a library. After the founding of the city, the elected official that most impacted the municipality was George Nicholas Goodman . He was mayor five different times during three different decades (1938–1942, 1946–1948, 1952–1956) (see: List of mayors of Mesa, Arizona ). As mayor, he
4698-416: The early 21st century, substantial progress has been made in dating and distinguishing their dwellings and other forms of material culture. They left behind a more austere set of tools and material goods than other Southwestern cultures. The Athabaskan-speaking group probably moved into areas that were concurrently occupied or recently abandoned by other cultures. Other Athabaskan speakers, perhaps including
4779-408: The first chief and Cuchillo Negro the second chief of the whole Tchihende or Mimbreño people) conducted a series of retaliatory raids against the Mexicans. By 1856, authorities in horse-rich Durango would claim that Indian raids (mostly Comanche and Apache) in their state had taken nearly 6,000 lives, abducted 748 people, and forced the abandonment of 358 settlements over the previous 20 years. When
4860-402: The first time in 1968 with "Let the World Keep On A-Turnin'", a duet with Buck Owens that reached Top Ten on the country charts. This was followed by "When I Turn Twenty-One", which Haggard co-wrote. Alan toured with his father (who also worked as his promoter) and released an album entitled Wild, Free and Twenty One , in addition to making appearances on Hee Haw . Later on, he charted again in
4941-611: The largest of the Maricopa Community Colleges , which enrolls over 24,000 full and part-time students, and Chandler–Gilbert Community College . The Polytechnic campus of Arizona State University lies in southeast Mesa. This satellite campus enrolls over 6,000 undergraduate and graduate students in scientific and engineering fields. A. T. Still University operates an Osteopathic Medical School in Mesa . Private for-profit institutions include Arizona College , Carrington College , DeVry University , Pima Medical Institute , and CAE Global Academy Phoenix . Arizona State University opened
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#17327916956505022-459: The leader of the Copper Mines Mimbreño Apaches , was killed for bounty money in 1837, Mangas Coloradas (Red Sleeves) or Dasoda-hae (He just sits there) became the principal chief and war leader; also in 1837 Soldado Fiero (a.k.a. Fuerte), leader of the Warm Springs Mimbreño Apaches , was killed by Mexican soldiers near Janos, and his son Cuchillo Negro (Black Knife) became the principal chief and war leader. They (being now Mangas Coloradas
5103-465: The modern Western Apache area was uninhabited, although some scholars have argued that he simply did not see the American Indians. Other Spanish explorers first mention "Querechos" living west of the Rio Grande in the 1580s. To some historians, this implies the Apaches moved into their current Southwestern homelands in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Other historians note that Coronado reported that Pueblo women and children had often been evacuated by
5184-460: The north into the Southwest between 1000 and 1500 CE. Apache bands include the Chiricahua , Jicarilla , Lipan , Mescalero , Mimbreño , Salinero , Plains , and Western Apache ( Aravaipa , Pinaleño , Coyotero , and Tonto ). Today, Apache tribes and reservations are headquartered in Arizona , New Mexico , Texas , and Oklahoma , while in Mexico the Apache are settled in Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila and areas of Tamaulipas . Each tribe
5265-416: The original canal system. The canals were the largest and most sophisticated in the prehistoric New World. Some were up to 90 feet (27 m) wide and 10 feet (3.0 m) deep at their head gates, extending for as far as 16 miles (26 km) across the desert. By AD 1100, water could be delivered to an area over 110,000 acres (450 km ), transforming the Sonoran Desert into an agricultural oasis. By 1450,
5346-516: The people as "dog nomads ." He wrote: After seventeen days of travel, I came upon a 'rancheria' of the Indians who follow these cattle (bison). These natives are called Querechos. They do not cultivate the land, but eat raw meat and drink the blood of the cattle they kill. They dress in the skins of the cattle, with which all the people in this land clothe themselves, and they have very well-constructed tents, made with tanned and greased cowhides, in which they live and which they take along as they follow
5427-413: The plains long before this first reported contact. A competing theory posits their migration south, through the Rocky Mountains , ultimately reaching the American Southwest by the 14th century or perhaps earlier. An archaeological material culture assemblage identified in this mountainous zone as ancestral Apache has been referred to as the "Cerro Rojo complex". This theory does not preclude arrival via
5508-559: The popular image of 'the Apache'—a brutish, terrifying semi-human bent upon wanton death and destruction—is almost entirely a product of irresponsible caricature and exaggeration. Indeed, there can be little doubt that the Apache has been transformed from a native American into an American legend, the fanciful and fallacious creation of a non-Indian citizenry whose inability to recognize the massive treachery of ethnic and cultural stereotypes has been matched only by its willingness to sustain and inflate them. In 1875, United States military forced
5589-625: The poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over. The Mesa City Charter of 1967 established a Council-manager government consisting of a mayor and six Councilmembers who appoint a City Manager, City Clerk, City Attorney, auditor, and magistrates. The City Manager administers and staffs various departments. The council can also appoint citizens to Advisory Boards, Commissions, and Committees. In May 1998 voters approved Proposition 100 which created 6 geographical council districts. Councilmembers are elected to represent these districts for four year terms. The mayor
5670-418: The removal of an estimated 1,500 Yavapai and Dilzhe'e Apache (better known as Tonto Apache ) from the Rio Verde Indian Reserve and its several thousand acres of treaty lands promised to them by the United States government. At the orders of Indian Commissioner L. E. Dudley, U.S. Army troops made the people, young and old, walk through winter-flooded rivers, mountain passes and narrow canyon trails to get to
5751-455: The same area, present day St. Martin (Prairie Marron) & Lafayette Parishes (Bayou Tortue), along the Vermilion (aka "Red") River. Two groups, Tcic n’ti óané (Trees Tall Standing People) & Gocłic Łit’xuné (People of the Red Mud) merged to form the Canneci Tinné , who continue to occupy this territory. They were mentioned in 1718 records as being near the newly established town of San Antonio, Texas . They expanded into Texas and south
5832-579: The same area. Most commonly, Europeans learned to identify the tribes by translating their exonym , what another group whom the Europeans encountered first called the Apache peoples. Europeans often did not learn what the peoples called themselves, their autonyms . While anthropologists agree on some traditional major subgrouping of Apaches, they have often used different criteria to name finer divisions, and these do not always match modern Apache groupings. Some scholars do not consider groups residing in what
5913-590: The summit. Apaches first encountered European and African people, when they met conquistadors from the Spanish Empire , and thus the term Apache has its roots in the Spanish language. The Spanish first used the term Apachu de Nabajo (Navajo) in the 1620s, referring to people in the Chama region east of the San Juan River . By the 1640s, they applied the term to Southern Athabaskan peoples from
5994-683: The term has also been applied to the Comanches , Mojaves , Hualapais , and Yavapais , none of whom speak Apache languages. The Jicarilla primarily live in Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado. The term jicarilla comes from the Spanish word for "little gourd." Lipan (Ypandes) primarily live in New Mexico today on the Mescalero Apache Reservation . Other Lipan Apache descendants merged with
6075-517: The time his party attacked their dwellings, and that he saw some dwellings had been recently abandoned as he moved up the Rio Grande. This might indicate the semi-nomadic Southern Athabaskan had advance warning about his hostile approach and evaded encounter with the Spanish. Archaeologists are finding ample evidence of an early proto-Apache presence in the Southwestern mountain zone in the 15th century and perhaps earlier. The Apache presence on both
6156-451: The word Apache was adopted into French, essentially meaning an outlaw. The term Apachean includes the related Navajo people . Many of the historical names of Apache groups that were recorded by non-Apache are difficult to match to modern-day tribes or their subgroups. Over the centuries, many Spanish, French and English-speaking authors did not differentiate between Apache and other semi-nomadic non-Apache peoples who might pass through
6237-404: Was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 42,817, and the median income for a family was $ 49,232. Males had a median income of $ 35,960 versus $ 27,005 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 19,601. About 6.2% of families and 8.9% of the population were below
6318-430: Was directly involved in the process of acquiring land for both Falcon Field and Williams Field . With the opening of Falcon Field and Williams Field in the early 1940s, more military personnel began to move into the Mesa area. With the advent of air conditioning and the rise of tourism, population growth exploded in Mesa as well as the rest of the Phoenix area. Industry—especially early aerospace companies—grew in
6399-435: Was founded in the late 1940s by the original leaders of the town, and "Country Club Drive", the most prominent street in Mesa, was at one point the modest entrance to the club. The abandoned Fiesta Mall is located in West Mesa and owned by Westcor . Its anchors were Sears and Best Buy . It is located near several shopping centers, Mesa's Bank of America , and other retail stores, banks, and restaurants. Though deserted,
6480-466: Was registered as a 1-square-mile (2.6 km ) townsite. The first school was built in 1879. In 1883, Mesa City was incorporated with a population of 300 people. Dr. A. J. Chandler, who would later go on to found the city of Chandler , worked on widening the Mesa Canal in 1895 to allow for enough flow to build a power plant. In 1917, the city of Mesa purchased this utility company. The revenues from
6561-473: Was the largest U.S. city with no public transit service on Sundays. The city has Sunday service available on Routes 40-Apache/Main, 45-Broadway, 61-Southern, 96-Dobson, 108-Elliot, 112-Country Club/Arizona, 156-Chandler/Williams Field, and 184-Power. Up until the final years of Southern Pacific passenger railroad service, the Sunset Limited passenger train used to make stops in Mesa. Air service in
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