Misplaced Pages

#308691

39-536: Bueng Kan ( Thai : บึงกาฬ , RTGS :  Bueng Kan , pronounced [bɯ̄ŋ kāːn] ), also spelled Bung Kan , is the 76th province ( changwat ) of Thailand , established by the Act Establishing Changwat Bueng Kan, BE 2554 (2011) on 23 March 2011. The province, consisting of the districts ( amphoe ) partitioned off Nong Khai province , lies in upper northeastern Thailand also called Isan ( Thai : อีสาน ). It

78-623: A dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as a second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with

117-490: A depiction of Phu Thok , a mountain in Si Wilai District , an Isan language name which means 'lonely mountain'. The provincial flower and tree is Bauhinia sirindhorniae K. and S.S. Larsen . An endemic species Neodontobutis aurarmus is the provincial aquatic life. Bueng Kan's climate consists of a wet season and a dry season (between December and January). The temperature decreases during November and

156-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of

195-514: A member of the House of Representatives from Nong Khai province , proposed that the province of Bueng Kan be established by consolidating the Bueng Kan, Seka, So Phisai, Bung Khla, Bueng Khong Long, Pak Khat, Phon Charoen, and Si Wilai Districts of Nong Khai province as a new province. The new province, if created, would be 4,305 km, with a population of about 390,000 inhabitants. At that time,

234-627: A poll at the time, 99 percent of the inhabitants of Nong Khai province supported the proposal. On 3 August 2010, the Council of Ministers resolved to present the bill to the National Assembly , citing that the proposal met its criteria for approval. On 7 February 2011, the National Assembly approved the bill. Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva presented it to King Bhumibol Adulyadej for royal assent . Bhumibol Adulyadej signed

273-791: A pond with a bamboo clump close to it. The bamboo symbolizes stability, glory, and continuity for the peaceful and fertile land. The provincial tree is the tamalan or Burma pallisander ( Dalbergia oliveri ) . The provincial aquatic life is the seven-striped barb or Jullien's golden carp ( Probarbus jullieni ). As of 23 March 2011, the province is divided into nine districts ( amphoes ). The districts are further divided into 62 subdistricts ( tambons ) and 705 villages ( mubans ). The eight districts of Bueng Kan were districts of Nong Khai before they were split off to form Bueng Kan province. As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Nong Khai Provincial Administration Organisation ( ongkan borihan suan changwat ) and 19 municipal ( thesaban ) areas in

312-530: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and

351-633: Is at its lowest in December and January. The temperature quickly increases in March, and peaks in April. The province is divided into eight districts ( amphoe ). The districts are further divided into 53 subdistricts ( tambon ) and 615 villages ( muban ). As of 5 August 2020, there is one Bueng Kan Provincial Administrative Organization, also known as PAO ( ongkan borihan suan changwat ); there are also eighteen municipal ( thesaban ) areas in

390-506: Is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along the ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As

429-557: Is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of

SECTION 10

#1732790968309

468-468: Is in the valley of the Mae Nam Kong ( Mekong River), which also forms the border with Laos. There are highlands to the south. The total forest area is 233 km (90 sq mi) or 7.1 percent of provincial area. The Laotian capital, Vientiane , is only 25 kilometers (16 mi) from the provincial capital of Nong Khai. The First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge , which connects the two countries,

507-567: Is named after its central district, Mueang Bueng Kan . The province is in the northeastern corner of Thailand. It borders, from the south clockwise, Nakhon Phanom , Sakon Nakhon , and Nong Khai province . To the north and east it borders Bolikhamsai province of Laos , with the Mekong River forming the boundary. Hin Sam Wan (which translates into English as Three Whale Rock ) is a 75-million-year-old rock formation protruding out of

546-486: Is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of the Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai

585-597: The Ministry of Interior replied that creating a new province would load a heavy burden to the state budget and was contrary to the resolution of the Council of Ministers. The proposal to create Bueng Kan province was tabled for about 20 years, until 2010 when the Ministry of Interior renewed the project and made a proposal to the Council of Ministers to have a "Bill Establishing Changwat Bueng Kan, BE..." ( Thai : ร่างพระราชบัญญัติจัดตั้งจังหวัดบึงกาฬ พ.ศ.... ) considered. In

624-620: The human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017. Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and

663-555: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to

702-762: The Mekong River. Its cost will be around US$ 130.3 million. Thailand has agreed to pay US$ 25.47 million and Laos is covering about US$ 46.13 million. The bridge will enable Vietnam to be reached by road from Thailand through Laos over a distance of only 150 km. Already existing Thai-Lao Friendship Bridges link Nong Khai province with Vientiane Prefecture ( First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge ; Mukdahan with Savannakhet ( Second Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge ); Nakhon Phanom with Thakhek ( Third Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge ); and Chiang Rai province with Houayxay ( Fourth Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge ). The provincial seal of Bueng Kan, Thailand's 76th and newest province, has

741-628: The Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard

780-491: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to

819-551: The bill on 11 March 2011, enacting it as the " Act Establishing Changwat Bueng Kan, BE 2554 (2011) " ( Thai : พระราชบัญญัติตั้งจังหวัดบึงกาฬ พ.ศ. 2554 ). The act was published in the Government Gazette on 22 March 2011 and came into force the next day. Building of the fifth Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge began in 2021. Construction of the bridge is expected to take 3 years for a completion in 2023. The project will link Bueng Kan province with Laos' Bolikhamsai province across

SECTION 20

#1732790968309

858-636: The destination of the Upper Northeastern Railway Line (only in Thailand's area). The Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge was largely funded by a gift to the Lao government from the Australian government. It is the road and railway gateway to Laos's capital, Vientiane (25 kilometers (16 mi) upriver), on the north bank opposite the Thai town of Si Chiang Mai District . Construction of a rail spur to Thanaleng outside of Vientiane

897-467: The fireballs can be seen at other times, most Thais travel to see them during the full moon in October when the incidence of them is considered to be much higher. Nong Khai's main sight is Sala Keoku (alternatively spelled as Sala Kaew Ku , also known as Wat Khaek ), a park of colossal sculptures, some over 20 m tall. The park is the handiwork of the mystic Luang Pu Bunleua Sulilat , who bought

936-746: The land in 1978 when he was exiled from his native Laos, where he had built a similar park in Vientiane in the 1950s. Synthesizing Buddhist and Hinduist ideologies, Buddhas, many-armed goddesses, a seven-headed Naga snake, and various human-animal hybrids dominate the site. Notable figures from twentieth century Buddhist history have lived in Nong Khai—the world renowned Buddhist scholar and leading meditation teacher Ajahn Sumedho ordained in Wat Sisaket in Nong Khai. The provincial seal shows

975-528: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of

1014-551: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled

1053-453: The mountains. It is so named because, from certain angles, the rocks look like a family of whales . The total forest area is 280 km (110 sq mi), or 7% of the total provincial area. There is one national park, along with six other national parks, making region 10 (Udon Thani) of Thailand's protected areas. There is one wildlife sanctuary in region 10 (Udon Thani) of Thailand's protected areas. In 1994, Sumet Phromphanhao,

1092-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,

1131-453: The province. Nong Khai and Tha Bo have town ( thesaban mueang ) status. Further 17 subdistrict municipalities ( thesaban tambon ). The non-municipal areas are administered by 48 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO ( ongkan borihan suan tambon ). The nearest airport is Udon Thani International Airport , 56 km from Nong Khai. The main railway station in Nong Khai is Nong Khai railway station . This station can be considered

1170-408: The province. The capital Bueng Kan has town ( thesaban mueang ) status and seventeen subdistrict municipalities ( thesaban tambon ). The non-municipal areas are administered by 39 Subdistrict Administrative Organizations (SAO) ( ongkan borihan suan tambon ). Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using

1209-601: The region. The Prap Ho Monument in front of the historic city hall (now a museum and cultural center) memorializes the war dead of the Haw wars . In more recent years, Nong Khai has become a popular destination during the Buddhist Lent festival when mysterious balls of light, or Naga fireballs , rise from the Mekong River. The balls resemble an orange sun. They rise out of the river approximately 6–9 meters (20 to 30 feet) and disappear after three to five seconds. Although

Bueng Kan province - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-492: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to

1287-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as

1326-409: The three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone. หม ม หน น, ณ หญ ญ หง ง ป ผ พ, ภ บ ฏ, ต ฐ, ถ ท, ธ ฎ, ด จ ฉ ช Nong Khai province The province

1365-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after

1404-508: The urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form a dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai

1443-555: The vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and

1482-453: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed

1521-532: Was built jointly by the governments of Thailand, Laos, and Australia, and was opened in 1994. Nong Khai is the smallest province in the northeastern after Bueng Kan and other seven districts became Bueng Kan province in 2011. Over the centuries, control of the province swung between the Thai Kingdom Ayutthaya , and the Laotian kingdom Lan Xang , as their respective powers ebbed and flowed in

#308691