Jacobs bogies (named after Wilhelm Jakobs , 1858–1942, a German mechanical railway engineer ) are a type of rail vehicle bogie commonly found on articulated railcars and tramway vehicles .
123-744: 2 non-motor Jacobs bogies , The Pioneer Zephyr is a diesel-powered trainset built by the Budd Company in 1934 for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad (CB&Q), commonly known as the Burlington Route. The trainset was the second internal combustion -powered streamliner built for mainline service in the United States (after the Union Pacific Railroad 's M-10000 ), the first such train powered by
246-404: A DC power source (such as a cathodic protection rectifier ). Anodes for ICCP systems are tubular and solid rod shapes of various specialized materials. These include high silicon cast iron , graphite, mixed metal oxide or platinum coated titanium or niobium coated rod and wires. Anodic protection impresses anodic current on the structure to be protected (opposite to the cathodic protection). It
369-492: A cathode . Galvanic corrosion occurs when two different metals have physical or electrical contact with each other and are immersed in a common electrolyte , or when the same metal is exposed to electrolyte with different concentrations. In a galvanic couple , the more active metal (the anode) corrodes at an accelerated rate and the more noble metal (the cathode) corrodes at a slower rate. When immersed separately, each metal corrodes at its own rate. What type of metal(s) to use
492-471: A diesel engine , and the first to enter revenue service. The trainset consists of one power/storage car, one baggage/ RPO /buffet/coach car, and one coach/observation car. The cars are made of stainless steel , permanently articulated together with Jacobs bogies . The construction incorporated recent advances such as shotwelding (a specialized type of spot welding ) to join the stainless steel, and unibody construction and articulation to reduce weight. It
615-428: A "Rocky Mountain canary" so the train's crew had originally planned only enough space for a birdcage; when they found out it was not a bird, the railroad hastily built a pen in the baggage section and bought some hay for it. When asked about the burro, Ralph Budd replied "why not? One more jackass on this trip won't make a difference." The train continued east from Halsted Station to the 1934 Century of Progress fair on
738-410: A barrier to further oxidation. The chemical composition and microstructure of a passive film are different from the underlying metal. Typical passive film thickness on aluminium, stainless steels, and alloys is within 10 nanometers. The passive film is different from oxide layers that are formed upon heating and are in the micrometer thickness range – the passive film recovers if removed or damaged whereas
861-408: A calcareous deposit, which will help shield the metal from further attack. Metal dusting is a catastrophic form of corrosion that occurs when susceptible materials are exposed to environments with high carbon activities, such as synthesis gas and other high-CO environments. The corrosion manifests itself as a break-up of bulk metal to metal powder. The suspected mechanism is firstly the deposition of
984-417: A distinctive coloration. Corrosion can also occur in materials other than metals, such as ceramics or polymers , although in this context, the term "degradation" is more common. Corrosion degrades the useful properties of materials and structures including mechanical strength, appearance, and permeability to liquids and gases. Corrosive is distinguished from caustic: the former implies mechanical degradation,
1107-495: A few micrometers across, making it even less noticeable. Crevice corrosion is a localized form of corrosion occurring in confined spaces (crevices), to which the access of the working fluid from the environment is limited. Formation of a differential aeration cell leads to corrosion inside the crevices. Examples of crevices are gaps and contact areas between parts, under gaskets or seals, inside cracks and seams, spaces filled with deposits, and under sludge piles. Crevice corrosion
1230-481: A given alloy's ability to re-form a passivating film. In the worst case, almost all of the surface will remain protected, but tiny local fluctuations will degrade the oxide film in a few critical points. Corrosion at these points will be greatly amplified, and can cause corrosion pits of several types, depending upon conditions. While the corrosion pits only nucleate under fairly extreme circumstances, they can continue to grow even when conditions return to normal, since
1353-461: A graphite layer on the surface of the metal, usually from carbon monoxide (CO) in the vapor phase. This graphite layer is then thought to form metastable M 3 C species (where M is the metal), which migrate away from the metal surface. However, in some regimes, no M 3 C species is observed indicating a direct transfer of metal atoms into the graphite layer. Various treatments are used to slow corrosion damage to metallic objects which are exposed to
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#17327808103071476-806: A lower center section for handicapped level entry making a 3-car unit with two Jacobs bogies. Vehicles featuring Jacobs bogies include the Alstom -made TGV , KTX-I , KTX-Sancheon and Class 373 High speed trains, the Bombardier Talent series of multiple units, the LINT41 , the Class 423 S-Bahn vehicles, the Canadian CN Turbo-Trains , several FLIRT trains, IC3 by Adtranz , the JR Central L0 Series maglev and
1599-563: A more modern image for the traveling public, to restore profitability to passenger service. One of the railroad presidents who faced this challenge was Ralph Budd , formerly of the Great Northern Railway and from 1932 president of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (the Burlington Route). In 1932 Ralph Budd met Edward G. Budd (no relation), an automotive steel pioneer who was founder and president of
1722-474: A part or structure fails . Pitting remains among the most common and damaging forms of corrosion in passivated alloys, but it can be prevented by control of the alloy's environment. Pitting results when a small hole, or cavity, forms in the metal, usually as a result of de-passivation of a small area. This area becomes anodic, while part of the remaining metal becomes cathodic, producing a localized galvanic reaction. The deterioration of this small area penetrates
1845-711: A party in Mount Pleasant, Iowa , for static display in a town park, but plans for the train's display did not work out; in 2002 car 500 and the Mark Twain Zephyr were stored in Granite City, Illinois , with plans to display it in Fairfield, Iowa . As of 2020, there are plans to restore the trainset to operational condition. MSI displayed the Pioneer Zephyr outdoors, with no protection from
1968-449: A result of heating. This non-galvanic form of corrosion can occur when a metal is subjected to a hot atmosphere containing oxygen, sulfur (" sulfidation "), or other compounds capable of oxidizing (or assisting the oxidation of) the material concerned. For example, materials used in aerospace, power generation, and even in car engines must resist sustained periods at high temperature, during which they may be exposed to an atmosphere containing
2091-525: A result, methods to reduce the activity of the exposed surface, such as passivation and chromate conversion , can increase a material's corrosion resistance. However, some corrosion mechanisms are less visible and less predictable. The chemistry of corrosion is complex; it can be considered an electrochemical phenomenon. During corrosion at a particular spot on the surface of an object made of iron, oxidation takes place and that spot behaves as an anode . The electrons released at this anodic spot move through
2214-521: A smooth surface. For example, phosphoric acid may also be used to electropolish copper but it does this by removing copper, not the products of copper corrosion. Some metals are more intrinsically resistant to corrosion than others (for some examples, see galvanic series ). There are various ways of protecting metals from corrosion (oxidation) including painting, hot-dip galvanization , cathodic protection , and combinations of these. The materials most resistant to corrosion are those for which corrosion
2337-471: A uniform potential, the driving force for the corrosion reaction is halted. For galvanic CP systems, the anode material corrodes under the influence of the steel, and eventually it must be replaced. The polarization is caused by the current flow from the anode to the cathode, driven by the difference in electrode potential between the anode and the cathode. The most common sacrificial anode materials are aluminum, zinc, magnesium and related alloys. Aluminum has
2460-456: A useful life of over 500,000 miles. The problems were most acute under the operating conditions of locomotive, rather than stationary or marine, use. Even with the problems of the Winton 201A, their maintenance regime was significantly lower than for steam locomotives. The Zephyr' s power (leading) car was numbered 9900, the baggage-coach combine car 505, and the coach-observation 570. The train
2583-458: A wave of claims due to pipe failures. Most ceramic materials are almost entirely immune to corrosion. The strong chemical bonds that hold them together leave very little free chemical energy in the structure; they can be thought of as already corroded. When corrosion does occur, it is almost always a simple dissolution of the material or chemical reaction, rather than an electrochemical process. A common example of corrosion protection in ceramics
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#17327808103072706-605: A working perspective, sacrificial anodes systems are considered to be less precise than modern cathodic protection systems such as Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) systems. Their ability to provide requisite protection has to be checked regularly by means of underwater inspection by divers. Furthermore, as they have a finite lifespan, sacrificial anodes need to be replaced regularly over time. For larger structures, galvanic anodes cannot economically deliver enough current to provide complete protection. Impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems use anodes connected to
2829-511: Is thermodynamically unfavorable. Any corrosion products of gold or platinum tend to decompose spontaneously into pure metal, which is why these elements can be found in metallic form on Earth and have long been valued. More common "base" metals can only be protected by more temporary means. Some metals have naturally slow reaction kinetics , even though their corrosion is thermodynamically favorable. These include such metals as zinc , magnesium , and cadmium . While corrosion of these metals
2952-407: Is a technique to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell . Cathodic protection systems are most commonly used to protect steel pipelines and tanks; steel pier piles , ships, and offshore oil platforms . For effective CP, the potential of the steel surface is polarized (pushed) more negative until the metal surface has a uniform potential. With
3075-451: Is appropriate for metals that exhibit passivity (e.g. stainless steel) and suitably small passive current over a wide range of potentials. It is used in aggressive environments, such as solutions of sulfuric acid. Anodic protection is an electrochemical method of corrosion protection by keeping metal in passive state The formation of an oxide layer is described by the Deal–Grove model , which
3198-514: Is calculated as where k is a constant, W is the weight loss of the metal in time t , A is the surface area of the metal exposed, and ρ is the density of the metal (in g/cm ). Other common expressions for the corrosion rate is penetration depth and change of mechanical properties. In 2002, the US Federal Highway Administration released a study titled "Corrosion Costs and Preventive Strategies in
3321-404: Is called a galvanic series and is useful in predicting and understanding corrosion. Often, it is possible to chemically remove the products of corrosion. For example, phosphoric acid in the form of naval jelly is often applied to ferrous tools or surfaces to remove rust. Corrosion removal should not be confused with electropolishing , which removes some layers of the underlying metal to make
3444-421: Is continuous and ongoing, it happens at an acceptably slow rate. An extreme example is graphite , which releases large amounts of energy upon oxidation , but has such slow kinetics that it is effectively immune to electrochemical corrosion under normal conditions. Passivation refers to the spontaneous formation of an ultrathin film of corrosion products, known as a passive film, on the metal's surface that act as
3567-505: Is generally regarded as the first successful streamliner on American railroads. In the early 1930s, the Great Depression caused a catastrophic loss of business for American railroads. Passenger service had been losing ridership to automobile travel since the mid-1920s, making faster, more efficient service imperative for railroads to compete. Railroads needed to lower operating costs of passenger service and boost ridership with
3690-399: Is influenced by the crevice type (metal-metal, metal-non-metal), crevice geometry (size, surface finish), and metallurgical and environmental factors. The susceptibility to crevice corrosion can be evaluated with ASTM standard procedures. A critical crevice corrosion temperature is commonly used to rank a material's resistance to crevice corrosion. In the chemical industry , hydrogen grooving
3813-470: Is one of the most common causes of bridge accidents. As rust displaces a much higher volume than the originating mass of iron, its build-up can also cause failure by forcing apart adjacent components. It was the cause of the collapse of the Mianus River Bridge in 1983, when support bearings rusted internally and pushed one corner of the road slab off its support. Three drivers on the roadway at
Pioneer Zephyr - Misplaced Pages Continue
3936-461: Is readily determined by following the galvanic series . For example, zinc is often used as a sacrificial anode for steel structures. Galvanic corrosion is of major interest to the marine industry and also anywhere water (containing salts) contacts pipes or metal structures. Factors such as relative size of anode , types of metal, and operating conditions ( temperature , humidity , salinity , etc.) affect galvanic corrosion. The surface area ratio of
4059-538: Is spread across the Jacobs bogie. This arrangement provides the smooth ride of bogie carriages without the additional weight and drag. Talgo trains use modified Jacobs bogies, that only use two wheels, and the wheels are allowed to spin independently of each other, eliminating hunting oscillation . The first fast train using this type of bogie was the German Fliegender Hamburger in 1932. In
4182-406: Is the corrosion of piping at grooves created by the interaction of a corrosive agent, corroded pipe constituents, and hydrogen gas bubbles . For example, when sulfuric acid ( H 2 SO 4 ) flows through steel pipes, the iron in the steel reacts with the acid to form a passivation coating of iron sulfate ( FeSO 4 ) and hydrogen gas ( H 2 ). The iron sulfate coating will protect
4305-432: Is the field dedicated to controlling and preventing corrosion. In the most common use of the word, this means electrochemical oxidation of metal in reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen , hydrogen, or hydroxide. Rusting , the formation of red-orange iron oxides, is a well-known example of electrochemical corrosion. This type of corrosion typically produces oxides or salts of the original metal and results in
4428-400: Is used to predict and control oxide layer formation in diverse situations. A simple test for measuring corrosion is the weight loss method. The method involves exposing a clean weighed piece of the metal or alloy to the corrosive environment for a specified time followed by cleaning to remove corrosion products and weighing the piece to determine the loss of weight. The rate of corrosion ( R )
4551-479: The Burlington Zephyr during its demonstration period, it became the Pioneer Zephyr as Burlington expanded its fleet of Zephyr trainsets. On May 26, 1934, it set a speed record for travel between Denver and Chicago when it made a 1,015.4-mile (1,633 km) non-stop "Dawn-to-Dusk" dash in 13 hours 5 minutes at an average speed of almost 78 mph (124 km/h). For one section of
4674-607: The Flying Yankee . Budd and GM delivered the first additional Zephyrs , identical trainsets 9901 and 9902, in time for an April 1935 debut as the Twin Zephyrs , operating between Chicago and Minneapolis - Saint Paul. In all, the Burlington Route ordered eight additional Zephyrs , gradually departing from the semi-permanently coupled design of the Pioneer Zephyr towards regularly coupled cars that could easily be interchanged. The Winton two-stroke diesel engines used in
4797-497: The Budd Company . Edward Budd was demonstrating his new Budd-Michelin rubber-tired rail cars built of stainless steel . Pneumatic-wheeled railcars never found popularity for actual service in the US — they tended to derail — but they demonstrated the successful construction of lightweight stainless steel unibody railcars. Some power-trailer car sets in that series articulated with Jacobs bogies shared between cars embodied
4920-548: The Milwaukee Road in 1935 were a direct response to (and directly competed with) the Burlington Route's Zephyrs . On May 26, 1960, the 26th anniversary of the "Dawn-to-Dusk" dash, the original Pioneer Zephyr train (car numbers 9900, 505 and 570) was donated to Chicago's Museum of Science & Industry (MSI). Car number 500, which operated with the train from 1938, went along with Mark Twain Zephyr trainset 9903 to
5043-513: The Pioneer Zephyr had several key differences, including the use of a diesel powerplant and stainless steel construction, in contrast to the M-10000's gasoline powerplant and aluminum construction. These two design decisions had a profound influence on future streamliners and other passenger trains, which had more in common with the Zephyr than the M-10000. The streamlined Hiawathas launched by
Pioneer Zephyr - Misplaced Pages Continue
5166-530: The Tatra K2 and Oslo's SL79 . The first 100% low floor tram with pivoting bogies, the Škoda ForCity , also uses modified Jacobs bogies. On this crossover between the tram (streetcar) and the high-speed train , Jacobs bogies occurred on the latest equipment of any significance, the two Electroliner trains (1941–1976). They were suited for streets with tight curves , the Chicago El and running through
5289-614: The Zephyr brand, with perhaps the best known being the California Zephyr . In 1948 and 1949, the Pioneer Zephyr was temporarily removed from service to participate in the Chicago Railroad Fair 's "Wheels A-Rolling" pageant. The fair's purpose was to celebrate 100 years of railroad history west of Chicago, and the Pioneer Zephyr 's role in the pageant was to highlight the latest strides in railroad technology. It resumed regular passenger operations when
5412-490: The Zephyr power units and early EMC designs, while a breakthrough in locomotive power, were an immature technology. Some of their early reliability problems were mitigated with changes to individual parts such as pistons; other solutions had to wait for a differently designed engine. For example, the first generation of pistons in the Winton engine only had about 50,000 miles of useful life, later extended to about 100,000 miles. GM's next generation diesel engine had pistons with
5535-532: The Zephyr 's place in American railroad history, many model railroaders have built their own versions of the Pioneer Zephyr in miniature. Several model manufacturers are now producing commercial ready-to-run models or kits of the train for modelers to build. This list is ordered by the manufacturer's release date: Jacobs bogie Instead of being underneath a piece of rolling stock, Jacobs bogies are placed between two carriages. The weight of each carriage
5658-455: The bolster of a standard North American bogie between the individual cars. Some triple-bogied two-section electric locomotives such as the NZR EW class have an articulated body supported on the centre bogie. Other types of Bo-Bo-Bo locomotives instead use a body shell that has enough allowance for sideplay in the central bogie. The Jacobs bogie can be found in trams (streetcars) such as
5781-416: The grain boundaries of stainless alloys. This chemical reaction robs the material of chromium in the zone near the grain boundary, making those areas much less resistant to corrosion. This creates a galvanic couple with the well-protected alloy nearby, which leads to "weld decay" (corrosion of the grain boundaries in the heat affected zones) in highly corrosive environments. This process can seriously reduce
5904-504: The Škoda ForCity tram. In Australia, Jacobs bogies were first used in 1984–85 on B class Melbourne trams , which were designed to run on two former suburban railways which had been converted to light rail operation. A number of intermodal freight trains, such as the Pacer Stacktrain run by US logistics company XPO, Inc. , use container well cars joined in groups of three to five, with four side bearings on top of
6027-521: The 1936 model year. Northwest Airlines ' promotional materials from the late 1930s referred to their fleet of airliners as "Sky Zephyrs." If advertisers could find a way to cash in on Zephyr-mania, they did. While a revolutionary design, the Pioneer Zephyr was not the first streamliner—that title went to the M-10000 of the Union Pacific Railroad , which made its first trip in February 1934. However,
6150-623: The Burlington capitalized on the Zephyr's success. Many of the Burlington's named passenger trains began operating under the Zephyr brand. After the nine original Zephyr sets were completed during 1934–1939, standard production model diesel passenger locomotives with improved engines became available. Trains consisting of the new locomotives with new streamlined cars of standard size were ordered. Burlington ordered its new EMC E5 passenger diesels with matching stainless-steel fluting and operated their new full-size, long-distance trains under
6273-590: The Lake Michigan shore, where it arrived for the "Wings of a Century" pageant on opening day. After its showing on the Wings of a Century stage, and one day on public display at the Fair, the train was taken on a 31-state, 222-city publicity tour. More than two million people saw the train before it entered revenue service. Part of this tour included a test run between Chicago and Minneapolis - Saint Paul , completing
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#17327808103076396-470: The Pioneer Zephyr was involved in a head-on collision with a freight train that completely destroyed the cab. Five mail clerks were injured and the engineer was killed, and the accident drove home the advantages for crew safety of the elevated, behind-the-nose cab design of the contemporary EMC E-series locomotives. The train was rebuilt and re-entered revenue service soon afterward. Ralph Budd and
6519-555: The USPTO granted US patents 2,256,493 and 2,256,494 to the Budd Company. The streamlining extended to the undercarriage as well to reduce drag. Budd took the task of naming the train very seriously. He wanted a name that started with the letter Z because this train was intended to be the "last word" in passenger service; Budd and his coworkers looked up the last words in their dictionaries, but neither zymurgy nor zyzzle conveyed
6642-483: The United States" on the direct costs associated with metallic corrosion in the US industry. In 1998, the total annual direct cost of corrosion in the US roughly $ 276 billion (or 3.2% of the US gross domestic product at the time). Broken down into five specific industries, the economic losses are $ 22.6 billion in infrastructure, $ 17.6 billion in production and manufacturing, $ 29.7 billion in transportation, $ 20.1 billion in government, and $ 47.9 billion in utilities. Rust
6765-470: The United States, such configurations were used throughout the twentieth century with some success on early streamlined passenger trainsets, such as the Pioneer Zephyr in 1934, various Southern Pacific Daylight articulated cars, and Union Pacific Railroad 's M-10000 . Dallas Area Rapid Transit rail trains originally used a center bogie in a two-car unit but these have been modified to add
6888-406: The anode and cathode directly affects the corrosion rates of the materials. Galvanic corrosion is often prevented by the use of sacrificial anodes . In any given environment (one standard medium is aerated, room-temperature seawater ), one metal will be either more noble or more active than others, based on how strongly its ions are bound to the surface. Two metals in electrical contact share
7011-402: The basic elements of car construction that would be used to build a lightweight streamliner train. Stainless steel provided many benefits over traditional wood and hardened steel for railroad carbodies; it was a lighter and stronger material, and its natural silver appearance and resistance to corrosion meant that it would not have to be painted to protect it from the weather. Since the carbody
7134-434: The bridge at the time. Similarly, corrosion of concrete-covered steel and iron can cause the concrete to spall , creating severe structural problems. It is one of the most common failure modes of reinforced concrete bridges . Measuring instruments based on the half-cell potential can detect the potential corrosion spots before total failure of the concrete structure is reached. Until 20–30 years ago, galvanized steel pipe
7257-483: The corrosion resistance substantially. Alternatively, antimicrobial-producing biofilms can be used to inhibit mild steel corrosion from sulfate-reducing bacteria . Controlled permeability formwork (CPF) is a method of preventing the corrosion of reinforcement by naturally enhancing the durability of the cover during concrete placement. CPF has been used in environments to combat the effects of carbonation , chlorides, frost , and abrasion. Cathodic protection (CP)
7380-533: The countryside at approximately 140 km/h (87 mph). They served the Chicago–Milwaukee line and later the Philadelphia area . Corrosion Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically stable oxide . It is the gradual deterioration of materials (usually a metal) by chemical or electrochemical reaction with their environment. Corrosion engineering
7503-540: The day of the dash, every road grade crossing was staffed by a flagger to stop automobile traffic ahead of the train and to ensure that the crossing was clear. Stations along the route were protected by local police officers and members of the American Legion and the Boy Scouts of America . The train left Denver at 07:04 Central Daylight Time and at 20:09, 13 hours 5 minutes later, broke through
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#17327808103077626-432: The deposits of corrosion products, leading to localized corrosion. Accelerated low-water corrosion (ALWC) is a particularly aggressive form of MIC that affects steel piles in seawater near the low water tide mark. It is characterized by an orange sludge, which smells of hydrogen sulfide when treated with acid. Corrosion rates can be very high and design corrosion allowances can soon be exceeded leading to premature failure of
7749-522: The entire train. Budd was familiar with the development of stationary diesel engines, and believed their superior reliability and fuel economy could be an asset for train transport as well. He brought his idea to the Winton Engine Company (a General Motors subsidiary), and together they designed and produced a new 660 horsepower (490 kW) engine small enough to fit inside a train, solving the question of propulsion. The exterior design of
7872-475: The environment is controlled (especially in recirculating systems), corrosion inhibitors can often be added to it. These chemicals form an electrically insulating or chemically impermeable coating on exposed metal surfaces, to suppress electrochemical reactions. Such methods make the system less sensitive to scratches or defects in the coating, since extra inhibitors can be made available wherever metal becomes exposed. Chemicals that inhibit corrosion include some of
7995-513: The fair ended on October 2, 1949. The fourth car that was added in 1935 was removed in May 1950. By 1955 the Pioneer Zephyr 's route had been updated to run between Galesburg, Illinois , and Saint Joseph, Missouri ; the trainset had been in continual service since 1934, operating over nearly 3 million miles (4.8 million kilometres). The Pioneer Zephyr 's last revenue run was a trip from Lincoln , Nebraska , to Kansas City , Missouri , (along
8118-734: The first of several Zephyr trainsets built for Burlington, the original trainset was renamed the Pioneer Zephyr once additional named trainsets entered service. After its naming in Philadelphia, the train was taken on a three-week promotional tour of cities in the Northeast and Midwest . The train was open for viewing in several cities, with 24,000 people viewing it in Philadelphia, 50,000 in Rochester, New York, and more than 109,000 viewing it in New York City. In early May 1934,
8241-513: The form of compacted oxide layer glazes , prevent or reduce wear during high-temperature sliding contact of metallic (or metallic and ceramic) surfaces. Thermal oxidation is also commonly used to produce controlled oxide nanostructures, including nanowires and thin films. Microbial corrosion , or commonly known as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), is a corrosion caused or promoted by microorganisms , usually chemoautotrophs . It can apply to both metallic and non-metallic materials, in
8364-478: The front of the power car. Behind the engine in the power car was a 19-foot long (5.8 m) storage-mail compartment. The second car, measuring 57 feet 8 inches (17.6 m) long, was a combination 30 ft (9.1 m) long express, checked baggage and railway post office section, followed by a short buffet and 20-passenger coach section. The third and final car in the train, measuring 63 feet 6 inches (19.35 m) long as originally built,
8487-469: The full California Zephyr in 1983. Press publicity had apparently first coined the term "Silver Streak". The Pioneer Zephyr' s famous Denver-Chicago dash served as the inspiration for the 1934 film The Silver Streak starring Charles Starrett . In that story, the crew was racing to the Boulder Dam construction site with an iron lung , with only moments to spare. The original Zephyr trainset
8610-411: The grain boundaries. Special alloys, either with low carbon content or with added carbon " getters " such as titanium and niobium (in types 321 and 347, respectively), can prevent this effect, but the latter require special heat treatment after welding to prevent the similar phenomenon of "knifeline attack". As its name implies, corrosion is limited to a very narrow zone adjacent to the weld, often only
8733-850: The heyday of the Burlington's Zephyr service. The Silver Charger , power car of the General Pershing Zephyr , is on display at the National Museum of Transportation in St Louis , and the same train's "diner-parlour and observation car" is now the Silver Star Cafe in Port Hedland , Australia. The Flying Yankee trainset is preserved at the Hobo Railroad in New Hampshire . Also utilizing
8856-403: The highest capacity, and magnesium has the highest driving voltage and is thus used where resistance is higher. Zinc is general purpose and the basis for galvanizing. A number of problems are associated with sacrificial anodes. Among these, from an environmental perspective, is the release of zinc, magnesium, aluminum and heavy metals such as cadmium into the environment including seawater. From
8979-419: The interface with the metal that leads to the buildup of an electronic barrier opposing electron flow and an electronic depletion region that prevents further oxidation reactions. These results indicate a mechanism of "electronic passivation". The electronic properties of this semiconducting oxide film also provide a mechanistic explanation of corrosion mediated by chloride , which creates surface states at
9102-560: The interior and causing extensive damage even while the outer protective layer remains apparently intact for a period of time. Plating , painting , and the application of enamel are the most common anti-corrosion treatments. They work by providing a barrier of corrosion-resistant material between the damaging environment and the structural material. Aside from cosmetic and manufacturing issues, there may be tradeoffs in mechanical flexibility versus resistance to abrasion and high temperature. Platings usually fail only in small sections, but if
9225-500: The interior of a pit is naturally deprived of oxygen and locally the pH decreases to very low values and the corrosion rate increases due to an autocatalytic process. In extreme cases, the sharp tips of extremely long and narrow corrosion pits can cause stress concentration to the point that otherwise tough alloys can shatter; a thin film pierced by an invisibly small hole can hide a thumb sized pit from view. These problems are especially dangerous because they are difficult to detect before
9348-409: The latter chemical. Many structural alloys corrode merely from exposure to moisture in air, but the process can be strongly affected by exposure to certain substances. Corrosion can be concentrated locally to form a pit or crack, or it can extend across a wide area, more or less uniformly corroding the surface. Because corrosion is a diffusion -controlled process, it occurs on exposed surfaces. As
9471-418: The long-lasting performance of this group of materials. If breakdown occurs in the passive film due to chemical or mechanical factors, the resulting major modes of corrosion may include pitting corrosion , crevice corrosion , and stress corrosion cracking . Certain conditions, such as low concentrations of oxygen or high concentrations of species such as chloride which compete as anions , can interfere with
9594-503: The meanings that Budd was looking for. While the word "zephyr" had seen previous use, Budd found his inspiration in The Canterbury Tales , which he had been reading. The story begins with pilgrims setting out on a journey, inspired by the budding springtime and by Zephyrus , the gentle and nurturing west wind. Budd thought that would be an excellent name for a sleek new traveling machine— Zephyr . The first Zephyr (9900)
9717-433: The mechanical strength of welded joints over time. A stainless steel is said to be "sensitized" if chromium carbides are formed in the microstructure. A typical microstructure of a normalized type 304 stainless steel shows no signs of sensitization, while a heavily sensitized steel shows the presence of grain boundary precipitates. The dark lines in the sensitized microstructure are networks of chromium carbides formed along
9840-474: The metal and can lead to failure. This form of corrosion is often difficult to detect due to the fact that it is usually relatively small and may be covered and hidden by corrosion-produced compounds. Stainless steel can pose special corrosion challenges, since its passivating behavior relies on the presence of a major alloying component ( chromium , at least 11.5%). Because of the elevated temperatures of welding and heat treatment, chromium carbides can form in
9963-484: The metal coating thickness. Painting either by roller or brush is more desirable for tight spaces; spray would be better for larger coating areas such as steel decks and waterfront applications. Flexible polyurethane coatings, like Durabak-M26 for example, can provide an anti-corrosive seal with a highly durable slip resistant membrane. Painted coatings are relatively easy to apply and have fast drying times although temperature and humidity may cause dry times to vary. If
10086-401: The metal to another spot on the object, and reduce oxygen at that spot in presence of H (which is believed to be available from carbonic acid ( H 2 CO 3 ) formed due to dissolution of carbon dioxide from air into water in moist air condition of atmosphere. Hydrogen ion in water may also be available due to dissolution of other acidic oxides from the atmosphere). This spot behaves as
10209-439: The metal's oxide film. These pores allow the oxide to grow much thicker than passivating conditions would allow. At the end of the treatment, the pores are allowed to seal, forming a harder-than-usual surface layer. If this coating is scratched, normal passivation processes take over to protect the damaged area. Anodizing is very resilient to weathering and corrosion, so it is commonly used for building facades and other areas where
10332-589: The name, the Minnesota Zephyr was a dinner train located in the historic city of Stillwater, Minnesota , although it was not directly associated with the historic Burlington Zephyr fleet. Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown, Pennsylvania , has a miniature replica train ride called Zephyr which was built in 1935 and helped the park survive the Great Depression. Due to
10455-404: The need for couplers between each of the carbodies, further reducing the train's weight. The concept was used by Budd engineer Walter B. Dean to build a train consisting of three semi-permanently attached cars. However, this also meant that individual cars could not be removed from or added to the trainset easily, either to adjust to demand or to make repairs to an individual car without sidelining
10578-445: The operations. All other trains along the Zephyr 's route were diverted to sidings and the turnouts were spiked into the proper alignment for the Zephyr 's run. Track and maintenance of way workers checked every spike and bolt along the train's route to ensure that there would not be any problems, and temporary speed signs were installed along the route to warn the Zephyr 's crew of curves that would be dangerous at high speeds. On
10701-465: The oxide layer does not. Passivation in natural environments such as air, water and soil at moderate pH is seen in such materials as aluminium , stainless steel , titanium , and silicon . Passivation is primarily determined by metallurgical and environmental factors. The effect of pH is summarized using Pourbaix diagrams , but many other factors are influential. Some conditions that inhibit passivation include high pH for aluminium and zinc, low pH or
10824-407: The oxide surface that lead to electronic breakthrough, restoration of anodic currents, and disruption of the electronic passivation mechanism. Passivation is extremely useful in mitigating corrosion damage, however even a high-quality alloy will corrode if its ability to form a passivating film is hindered. Proper selection of the right grade of material for the specific environment is important for
10947-413: The plating is more noble than the substrate (for example, chromium on steel), a galvanic couple will cause any exposed area to corrode much more rapidly than an unplated surface would. For this reason, it is often wise to plate with active metal such as zinc or cadmium . If the zinc coating is not thick enough the surface soon becomes unsightly with rusting obvious. The design life is directly related to
11070-450: The potentially highly-corrosive products of combustion. Some products of high-temperature corrosion can potentially be turned to the advantage of the engineer. The formation of oxides on stainless steels, for example, can provide a protective layer preventing further atmospheric attack, allowing for a material to be used for sustained periods at both room and high temperatures in hostile conditions. Such high-temperature corrosion products, in
11193-630: The presence of chloride ions for stainless steel, high temperature for titanium (in which case the oxide dissolves into the metal, rather than the electrolyte) and fluoride ions for silicon. On the other hand, unusual conditions may result in passivation of materials that are normally unprotected, as the alkaline environment of concrete does for steel rebar . Exposure to a liquid metal such as mercury or hot solder can often circumvent passivation mechanisms. It has been shown using electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy that during iron passivation, an n-type semiconductor Fe(III) oxide grows at
11316-415: The presence or absence of oxygen. Sulfate-reducing bacteria are active in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic); they produce hydrogen sulfide , causing sulfide stress cracking . In the presence of oxygen (aerobic), some bacteria may directly oxidize iron to iron oxides and hydroxides, other bacteria oxidize sulfur and produce sulfuric acid causing biogenic sulfide corrosion . Concentration cells can form in
11439-413: The problem. The articulated design of some Budd-Michelin cars, with trucks shared between adjacent cars, presented another opportunity for weight saving with the new train. On conventional passenger cars, each carbody rode upon a pair of trucks (pivot-mounted wheel-axle assembly), with one truck at each end. The articulation not only reduced the number of trucks under the train, but it also dispensed with
11562-491: The public in March 2021. In addition to the Pioneer Zephyr , several other legacies remain. An operable Nebraska Zephyr train was donated to IRM. There, powered by one of the large "E" series passenger diesels (an EMC E5 ) with the distinctive and durable stainless-steel fluting, it is still operated on short runs on the museum's substantial trackage, providing train enthusiasts and tourists with an experience reminiscent of
11685-538: The route, including Lincoln, Nebraska, where 21,000 people viewed the train. The tour stopped in 46 cities and had almost 485,000 people view the train at its many stops. The train made a "Dawn-to-Dusk" dash from Denver to Chicago on May 26, 1934, in a publicity stunt timed to coincide with the opening day of the second year of the Century of Progress world's fair in Chicago. The railroad spared no expense in planning
11808-499: The run it reached a speed of 112.5 mph (181 km/h). The historic dash inspired a 1934 film ( " The Silver Streak " ) and the train's nickname, "The Silver Streak". The train entered regular revenue service on November 11, 1934, between Kansas City , Missouri ; Omaha , Nebraska ; and Lincoln, Nebraska . It operated this and other routes until its retirement in 1960, when it was donated to Chicago's Museum of Science & Industry , where it remains on public display. The train
11931-473: The salts in hard water (Roman water systems are known for their mineral deposits ), chromates , phosphates , polyaniline , other conducting polymers , and a wide range of specially designed chemicals that resemble surfactants (i.e., long-chain organic molecules with ionic end groups). Aluminium alloys often undergo a surface treatment. Electrochemical conditions in the bath are carefully adjusted so that uniform pores, several nanometers wide, appear in
12054-555: The same distance in around 25 hours. Riding the train were Ralph Budd, Edward G. Budd, Harold L. Hamilton, president of the Electro-Motive Corporation , a number of reporters, some Burlington employees, members of the public, and Zeph, a burro that was contributed by a Colorado newspaper, the Rocky Mountain News , as a mascot for the train. The newspaper had described Zeph to the railroad as
12177-407: The same electrons, so that the "tug-of-war" at each surface is analogous to competition for free electrons between the two materials. Using the electrolyte as a host for the flow of ions in the same direction, the noble metal will take electrons from the active one. The resulting mass flow or electric current can be measured to establish a hierarchy of materials in the medium of interest. This hierarchy
12300-499: The stainless steel. On August 20, 1932, Earl J. Ragsdale , an engineer at the Budd Company, filed a patent application for a "Method and product of electric welding"; on January 16, 1934, the United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) granted US patent 1,944,106 to the Budd Company. Shotwelding , as Ragsdale termed his method, involved automatic control of the timing of individual spot welds . In spot welding,
12423-401: The steel from further reaction; however, if hydrogen bubbles contact this coating, it will be removed. Thus, a groove can be formed by a travelling bubble, exposing more steel to the acid, causing a vicious cycle . The grooving is exacerbated by the tendency of subsequent bubbles to follow the same path. High-temperature corrosion is chemical deterioration of a material (typically a metal) as
12546-466: The steel pile. Piles that have been coated and have cathodic protection installed at the time of construction are not susceptible to ALWC. For unprotected piles, sacrificial anodes can be installed locally to the affected areas to inhibit the corrosion or a complete retrofitted sacrificial anode system can be installed. Affected areas can also be treated using cathodic protection, using either sacrificial anodes or applying current to an inert anode to produce
12669-475: The surface will come into regular contact with the elements. While being resilient, it must be cleaned frequently. If left without cleaning, panel edge staining will naturally occur. Anodization is the process of converting an anode into cathode by bringing a more active anode in contact with it. A new form of protection has been developed by applying certain species of bacterial films to the surface of metals in highly corrosive environments. This process increases
12792-453: The tape at the designated finish line at Halsted Street station , 1.8 miles west of Chicago Union Station . The train's average speed from start to finish was 77 mph (124 km/h); and had reached a speed of 112.5 mph (181 km/h). The non-stop 1,015 mile (1,633 km) trip exceeded the railroad's expectations in being 1 hour 55 minutes faster than was scheduled. The Burlington's contemporary passenger trains plied
12915-510: The test trip in just over six hours, besting the Burlington Route's fastest steam-powered service by five hours and convincing the railroad to promptly place orders with Budd and GM for two more Zephyr trainsets. Even before the Burlington Route's new trainsets could be built, east coast railroads Boston and Maine Railroad and Maine Central Railroad ordered a nearly identical copy of the Pioneer Zephyr from Budd and GM, which began service between Boston and Bangor, Maine , in February 1935 as
13038-569: The time died as the slab fell into the river below. The following NTSB investigation showed that a drain in the road had been blocked for road re-surfacing, and had not been unblocked; as a result, runoff water penetrated the support hangers. Rust was also an important factor in the Silver Bridge disaster of 1967 in West Virginia , when a steel suspension bridge collapsed within a minute, killing 46 drivers and passengers who were on
13161-510: The train received a cosmetic restoration by Northern Rail Car in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , the pit was finally ready to receive the train. The Pioneer Zephyr train is now on display at MSI just outside the main entrance from the museum's underground parking area, where it is one of the more popular exhibits. In November 2019, MSI temporarily closed the exhibit to add new interactive elements and an expanded experience. The exhibit re-opened to
13284-673: The train was driven back westward over the Pennsylvania Railroad 's mainline to Chicago, and some parallel routes, exceeding 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) several times. At its stop in Dayton, Ohio, another 20,000 people viewed the train, and a "never-ending procession of visitors" viewed it on its stop in Indianapolis. It was then driven toward Denver for its last display in preparation for its next big promotion. It made additional promotional stops in other cities along
13407-440: The train was left to aeronautical engineer Albert Gardner Dean (Walter Dean's younger brother) who designed the sloping nose shape, with architects Paul Philippe Cret and John Harbeson , devising a way to strengthen and beautify the sides with the train's horizontal fluting. On April 15, 1936, Colonel Ragsdale, Walter Dean and Albert Dean, filed patent applications for a "Rail Car Front End Construction". On September 23, 1941
13530-408: The train's famous dash, the original Burlington Zephyr was renamed the Pioneer Zephyr to distinguish it as the first of the Burlington's growing Zephyr fleet. In 1938, car 525 was replaced by car number 500, a 40-seat buffet/lounge car, to provide light meals. Car number 505, the baggage-coach combine , was rebuilt at this time into a full baggage car , but it kept its original windows. In 1939
13653-714: The train's regular revenue route) that then continued to Chicago on March 20, 1960. The California Zephyr made its last runs as a full service between California and Chicago in 1970 following the Western Pacific Railroad 's withdrawal, with the Rio Grande and Burlington Route successor Burlington Northern Railroad designating successor trains for their portions of the route under the names Rio Grande Zephyr and California Zephyr Service respectively. Government-formed Amtrak took over most passenger rail services in 1971, and finally succeeded in reviving
13776-444: The two pieces of metal that are to be joined are pressed together with an electrode on each side of the joint. A very high electric current is passed through the joint and fuses the two pieces of metal together. If a spot weld is heated too long, heat will spread from the weld at a middling temperature that weakens the stainless steel and compromises its corrosion-resistant properties unacceptably; Ragsdale's precisely-timed welds solved
13899-527: The weather, salt water, acids, or other hostile environments. Some unprotected metallic alloys are extremely vulnerable to corrosion, such as those used in neodymium magnets , which can spall or crumble into powder even in dry, temperature-stable indoor environments unless properly treated. When surface treatments are used to reduce corrosion, great care must be taken to ensure complete coverage, without gaps, cracks, or pinhole defects. Small defects can act as an " Achilles' heel ", allowing corrosion to penetrate
14022-484: The weather, until 1994. At that time, the steam locomotive that shared the display space with the Zephyr , Santa Fe #2903, was donated to the Illinois Railway Museum (IRM) at Union , west of Chicago, while MSI prepared a new display location for the Zephyr . MSI dug a pit in front of the building and built a new display area for the Zephyr , where it could be displayed year-round. In 1998, after
14145-407: Was completed by the Budd Company on April 9, 1934. The first car, which measured 71 feet 5 inches (21.77 m), contained the cab, engine compartment and a mail storage area. The train's engineer sat in a small compartment in the nose of the train, directly in front of the prime mover . The main generator was mounted to the prime mover and sat between the engineer's and fireman's seats in
14268-472: Was configured as half coach (40-passenger seats) and half observation car (12 passenger seats). As built, the train had 72 seats and could carry 50,000 pounds (22.7 tonnes ) of baggage and express freight. After a series of demonstration runs, the trainset was named the Burlington Zephyr on April 18, 1934, at the Pennsylvania Railroad 's Broad Street Station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As
14391-483: Was much lighter than similar cars, it would be able to carry a higher revenue load for the same cost. In developing the Budd-Michelin railcars, the Budd Company used the formed steel technology in which they were industry pioneers and solved the most difficult problem in using stainless steel for railcar construction: developing a welding technique that would not compromise the strength and corrosion resistance of
14514-514: Was originally a 40-seat coach number 525, but the following June it was switched to Twin Cities service, then back to the Pioneer Zephyr in December. Car 525 remained on the train until June 1938. Just over five years after it was introduced, the Pioneer Zephyr crossed the one million mile mark in regular service on December 29, 1939, near Council Bluffs , Iowa . On the second anniversary of
14637-429: Was placed in regular service between Kansas City , Missouri , Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska , on November 11, 1934, with the train numbered 21 northbound and 20 southbound. The trainset replaced a pair of steam locomotives and six heavyweight passenger cars , weighing up to eight times as much as the Zephyr . By June 1935, it proved popular enough to add a fourth car, providing additional coach seating. The fourth car
14760-468: Was so inspired by the dawn-to-dusk run that he chose "Zephyrs" as the mascot for the school. In Galesburg, Illinois, which is 162 rail miles from Chicago, the local high school named all its athletic teams the " Galesburg Silver Streaks " in honor of the train. In 1935, the H. N. White Company changed the name of its top-line saxophones to "King Zephyr." Ford introduced the Lincoln-Zephyr with
14883-436: Was the first of nine similarly built trainsets made for Burlington and its technologies were pivotal in the subsequent dieselization of passenger rail service. Its operating economy, speed, and public appeal demonstrated the potential for diesel-electric-powered trains to revitalize and restore profitability to passenger rail service that had suffered a catastrophic loss of business with the Great Depression . Originally named
15006-426: Was used extensively in the potable water systems for single and multi-family residents as well as commercial and public construction. Today, these systems have long ago consumed the protective zinc and are corroding internally, resulting in poor water quality and pipe failures. The economic impact on homeowners, condo dwellers, and the public infrastructure is estimated at $ 22 billion as the insurance industry braces for
15129-610: Was used for the exterior shots in the film, while interior scenes were filmed on a soundstage in Hollywood . For the film, the "Burlington Route" nameplate on the train's nose was replaced with one that read "Silver Streak". With Zephyr-mania sweeping the country, tributes turned up in the names of everything from sports teams to commercial products. In 1934, Father Becker, principal of the St. Mary Catholic High School in Menasha, Wisconsin,
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