93-425: Buserelin , sold under the brand name Suprefact among others, is a medication which is used primarily in the treatment of prostate cancer and endometriosis . It is also used for other indications such as the treatment of premenopausal breast cancer , uterine fibroids , and early puberty , in assisted reproduction for female infertility , and as a part of transgender hormone therapy . In addition, buserelin
186-434: A meta-analysis , substitution therapy with testosterone results in a significant reduction of inflammatory markers. These effects are mediated by different mechanisms with synergistic action. In androgen-deficient men with concomitant autoimmune thyroiditis , substitution therapy with testosterone leads to a decrease in thyroid autoantibody titres and an increase in thyroid's secretory capacity (SPINA-GT). Testosterone
279-475: A pharmacist without needing a doctor's prescription, and prescription only medicines , which must be prescribed by a licensed medical professional , usually a physician . In the United Kingdom, behind-the-counter medicines are called pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. These medications are designated by the letter P on
372-477: A stimulant , a sedative , a euphoriant and an anesthetic . The roots of the kava plant are used to produce a drink consumed throughout the cultures of the Pacific Ocean. Some shamans from different cultures use entheogens, defined as "generating the divine within," to achieve religious ecstasy . Amazonian shamans use ayahuasca (yagé), a hallucinogenic brew, for this purpose. Mazatec shamans have
465-419: A study drug , is methylphenidate branded commonly as Ritalin and used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy . At high doses methylphenidate can become highly addictive . Serious addiction can lead to psychosis , anxiety and heart problems, and the use of this drug is related to a rise in suicides, and overdoses. Evidence for use outside of student settings
558-423: A child is in distress has been found to be indicative of fathering styles. If a father's testosterone levels decrease in response to hearing their baby cry, it is an indication of empathizing with the baby. This is associated with increased nurturing behavior and better outcomes for the infant. Testosterone levels play a major role in risk-taking during financial decisions. Higher testosterone levels in men reduce
651-420: A day (1,000 μg/day total), and from 598 ng/dL to 126 ng/dL (80.4% lower than controls) with 50 μg by subcutaneous injection once a day. Buserelin is ineffective via oral administration due to first-pass metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract . Its bioavailability is 2.5 to 3.3% by intranasal administration and 70% by subcutaneous injection . The plasma protein binding of buserelin
744-494: A higher baseline level of testosterone, they have higher increases in sexual arousal levels but smaller increases in testosterone, indicating a ceiling effect on testosterone levels in females. Sexual thoughts also change the level of testosterone but not the level of cortisol in the female body, and hormonal contraceptives may affect the variation in testosterone response to sexual thoughts. Testosterone may prove to be an effective treatment in female sexual arousal disorders , and
837-409: A key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair . It is associated with increased aggression , sex drive , dominance , courtship display , and a wide range of behavioral characteristics. In addition, testosterone in both sexes
930-414: A living organism, produces a biological effect. A pharmaceutical drug , also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat , cure, prevent , or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being . Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants , but more recently also by organic synthesis . Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on
1023-508: A long and continuous tradition of religious use of Salvia divinorum , a psychoactive plant. Its use is to facilitate visionary states of consciousness during spiritual healing sessions. Silene undulata is regarded by the Xhosa people as a sacred plant and used as an entheogen. Its roots are traditionally used to induce vivid (and according to the Xhosa, prophetic) lucid dreams during
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#17327756425801116-475: A male and female brain that may be due to different testosterone levels, one of them being size: the male human brain is, on average, larger. Testosterone does not appear to increase the risk of developing prostate cancer . In people who have undergone testosterone deprivation therapy, testosterone increases beyond the castrate level have been shown to increase the rate of spread of an existing prostate cancer. Conflicting results have been obtained concerning
1209-477: A model for studying clinical populations among humans with sexual arousal deficits such as hypoactive sexual desire disorder . Every mammalian species examined demonstrated a marked increase in a male's testosterone level upon encountering a novel female. The reflexive testosterone increases in male mice is related to the male's initial level of sexual arousal. In non-human primates, it may be that testosterone in puberty stimulates sexual arousal, which allows
1302-640: A particular mutation in the EGFR gene. Some drugs are specifically approved for certain genotypes. Vemurafenib is such a case which is used for melanoma patients who carry a mutation in BRAF gene. The number of people who benefit from a drug determines if drug trials are worth carrying out, given that phase III trials may cost between $ 100 million and $ 700 million per drug. This is the motivation behind personalized medicine , that is, to develop drugs that are adapted to individual patients. A medication or medicine
1395-449: A regular basis for chronic disorders . Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into drug classes —groups of related drugs that have similar chemical structures , the same mechanism of action (binding to the same biological target ), a related mode of action , and that are used to treat the same disease. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC), the most widely used drug classification system, assigns drugs
1488-441: A response to previously neutral stimuli when conditioned to become sexual in male rats. This reaction engages penile reflexes (such as erection and ejaculation) that aid in sperm competition when more than one male is present in mating encounters, allowing for more production of successful sperm and a higher chance of reproduction. In men, higher levels of testosterone are associated with periods of sexual activity. Men who watch
1581-434: A sexually explicit movie have an average increase of 35% in testosterone, peaking at 60–90 minutes after the end of the film, but no increase is seen in men who watch sexually neutral films. Men who watch sexually explicit films also report increased motivation and competitiveness, and decreased exhaustion. A link has also been found between relaxation following sexual arousal and testosterone levels. Androgens may modulate
1674-462: A tablet that is placed in the cheek , or by ingestion. Common side effects from testosterone medication include acne , swelling , and breast enlargement in males . Serious side effects may include liver toxicity , heart disease (though a randomized trial found no evidence of major adverse cardiac events compared to placebo in men with low testosterone ), and behavioral changes. Women and children who are exposed may develop virilization . It
1767-693: A unique ATC code , which is an alphanumeric code that assigns it to specific drug classes within the ATC system. Another major classification system is the Biopharmaceutics Classification System . This groups drugs according to their solubility and permeability or absorption properties. Some religions, particularly ethnic religions , are based completely on the use of certain drugs, known as entheogens , which are mostly hallucinogens ,— psychedelics , dissociatives , or deliriants . Some entheogens include kava which can act as
1860-728: A unique ATC code, which is an alphanumeric code that assigns it to specific drug classes within the ATC system. Another major classification system is the Biopharmaceutics Classification System . This classifies drugs according to their solubility and permeability or absorption properties. Psychoactive drugs are substances that affect the function of the central nervous system , altering perception , mood or consciousness . These drugs are divided into different groups like: stimulants , depressants , antidepressants , anxiolytics , antipsychotics , and hallucinogens . These psychoactive drugs have been proven useful in treating wide range of medical conditions including mental disorders around
1953-405: Is a GnRH analogue , or a synthetic analogue of GnRH. It is a nonapeptide and is also known as [ D -Ser(tBu),des-Gly-NH 2 ]GnRH ethylamide or as D -Ser(tBu)EA-GnRH. Buserelin is marketed for medical use in both its free base (buserelin) and acetate salt (buserelin acetate) forms. Buserelin was first described in 1976 and was introduced for medical use in 1984. Intranasal buserelin
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#17327756425802046-487: Is a drug taken to cure or ameliorate any symptoms of an illness or medical condition. The use may also be as preventive medicine that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms. Dispensing of medication is often regulated by governments into three categories— over-the-counter medications, which are available in pharmacies and supermarkets without special restrictions; behind-the-counter medicines, which are dispensed by
2139-481: Is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) and works by preventing the production of sex hormones by the gonads . It can lower sex hormone levels by about 95% in both sexes. Buserelin is a peptide and an analogue of GnRH Tooltip gonadotropin-releasing hormone . Buserelin was first patented in 1974 and approved for medical use in 1985. It is not available in the United States , but
2232-418: Is a steroid hormone from the androstane class containing a ketone and a hydroxyl group at positions three and seventeen respectively. It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites. It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by
2325-564: Is a generic version of the medication that is produced by CinnaGen . Buserelin is marketed for use in veterinary medicine primarily under the brand name Receptal, but is also available under the brand names Buserol, Busol, Porceptal, and Veterelin. Buserelin is marketed in the United Kingdom , Ireland , other European countries, Canada , New Zealand , and South Africa , as well as in Latin America , Asia , and elsewhere in
2418-559: Is a great deal of mutual overlap between them. The relative potency of these effects can depend on various factors and is a topic of ongoing research. Testosterone can either directly exert effects on target tissues or be metabolized by 5α-reductase into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or aromatized to estradiol (E2). Both testosterone and DHT bind to an androgen receptor; however, DHT has a stronger binding affinity than testosterone and may have more androgenic effect in certain tissues at lower levels. Testosterone effects can also be classified by
2511-437: Is also used off-label for the treatment of precocious puberty , as a puberty blocker in transgender children , and as a component of transgender hormone therapy . In ovulation induction , buserelin is used for pituitary suppression as an adjunct to gonadotropin administration. It has also been assessed as a nasal spray for use as a hormonal contraceptive in women, with a 96% anovulation rate. For prostate cancer,
2604-448: Is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation , injection , smoking , ingestion , absorption via a patch on the skin, suppository , or dissolution under the tongue . In pharmacology , a drug is a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to
2697-486: Is approximately 15%. The metabolism of buserelin occurs in the liver , kidneys , and gastrointestinal tract and is mediated by peptidases , specifically pyroglutamyl peptidase and chymotrypsin-like endopeptidase . The elimination half-life of buserelin regardless of route of administration is about 72 to 80 minutes. Buserelin and its metabolites are eliminated in urine and bile , with approximately 50% of buserelin excreted in urine unchanged. Buserelin
2790-559: Is available as a dermal patch . There is no FDA-approved androgen preparation for the treatment of androgen insufficiency; however, it has been used as an off-label use to treat low libido and sexual dysfunction in older women. Testosterone may be a treatment for postmenopausal women as long as they are effectively estrogenized. Falling in love has been linked with decreases in men's testosterone levels while mixed changes are reported for women's testosterone levels. There has been speculation that these changes in testosterone result in
2883-603: Is because GnRH is normally released from the hypothalamus in pulses, which keeps the GnRH receptor sensitive, whereas chronic buserelin administration results in more constant exposure and desensitization of the receptor. The profound desensitization of the GnRH receptor results in a loss of LH and FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary and a consequent shutdown of gonadal sex hormone production , markedly diminished or abolished spermatogenesis in men, and anovulation in women. In men, approximately 95% of circulating testosterone
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2976-648: Is involved in health and well-being, where it has a significant effect on overall mood, cognition, social and sexual behavior, metabolism and energy output, the cardiovascular system, and in the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty, accumulation of adipose fat tissue within the body, anxiety and depression, sexual performance issues, and bone loss. Excessive levels of testosterone in men may be associated with hyperandrogenism , higher risk of heart failure , increased mortality in men with prostate cancer , and male pattern baldness . Testosterone
3069-499: Is its DCF Tooltip Dénomination Commune Française , and buserelina is its DCIT Tooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana . While under development by Hoechst AG , buserelin was also known as HOE-766 . Buserelin is marketed by Sanofi-Aventis primarily under the brand names Suprefact, Suprefact Depot, and Suprecur. It is also available under a number of other brand names including Bigonist, Bucel, Buserecur, Fuset, Metrelef, Profact, Profact Depot, Supremon, and Zerelin. CinnaFact
3162-582: Is limited but suggests that it is commonplace. Intravenous use of methylphenidate can lead to emphysematous damage to the lungs, known as Ritalin lung . Other drugs known as designer drugs are produced. An early example of what today would be labelled a 'designer drug' was LSD , which was synthesised from ergot . Other examples include analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids taken to improve physical capabilities; these are sometimes used (legally or not) for this purpose, often by professional athletes. Other designer drugs mimic
3255-612: Is marketed widely elsewhere in the world, including in the United Kingdom , Canada , and many other countries. The medication is one of only two medically used GnRH analogues that are available as nasal sprays, the other being nafarelin . Buserelin is available as a generic medication . Buserelin is approved for the treatment of hormone-responsive cancers including prostate cancer and premenopausal breast cancer , sex hormone -dependent uterine diseases including endometrial hyperplasia , endometriosis , and uterine fibroids , and in assisted reproduction for female infertility . It
3348-577: Is more relevant to changes in testosterone levels. Men who produce more testosterone are more likely to engage in extramarital sex. Testosterone levels do not rely on physical presence of a partner; testosterone levels of men engaging in same-city and long-distance relationships are similar. Physical presence may be required for women who are in relationships for the testosterone–partner interaction, where same-city partnered women have lower testosterone levels than long-distance partnered women. Fatherhood decreases testosterone levels in men, suggesting that
3441-918: Is occurring since no significant changes have been identified in other parts of the body. The male brain is masculinized by the aromatization of testosterone into estradiol , which crosses the blood–brain barrier and enters the male brain, whereas female fetuses have α-fetoprotein , which binds the estrogen so that female brains are not affected. Before puberty, effects of rising androgen levels occur in both boys and girls. These include adult-type body odor , increased oiliness of skin and hair, acne , pubarche (appearance of pubic hair ), axillary hair (armpit hair), growth spurt , accelerated bone maturation , and facial hair . Pubertal effects begin to occur when androgen has been higher than normal adult female levels for months or years. In males, these are usual late pubertal effects, and occur in women after prolonged periods of heightened levels of free testosterone in
3534-425: Is particularly beneficial for humans since offspring are dependent on parents for extended periods of time and mothers have relatively short inter-birth intervals. While the extent of paternal care varies between cultures, higher investment in direct child care has been seen to be correlated with lower average testosterone levels as well as temporary fluctuations. For instance, fluctuation in testosterone levels when
3627-434: Is produced by the testes , with the remaining 5% being derived from the adrenal glands . In accordance, GnRH analogues like buserelin can reduce testosterone levels by about 95% in men. Sex hormone levels, including those of estradiol and progesterone , are similarly profoundly suppressed in premenopausal women. The suppression of estradiol levels is 95% and progesterone levels are less than 1 ng/mL (normal range during
3720-631: Is recommended that individuals with prostate cancer not use the medication. It can cause harm if used during pregnancy or breastfeeding . 2020 guidelines from the American College of Physicians support the discussion of testosterone treatment in adult men with age-related low levels of testosterone who have sexual dysfunction . They recommend yearly evaluation regarding possible improvement and, if none, to discontinue testosterone; physicians should consider intramuscular treatments, rather than transdermal treatments, due to costs and since
3813-489: Is similar and known as " evolutionary neuroandrogenic (ENA) theory of male aggression". Testosterone and other androgens have evolved to masculinize a brain to be competitive, even to the point of risking harm to the person and others. By doing so, individuals with masculinized brains as a result of pre-natal and adult life testosterone and androgens, enhance their resource acquiring abilities to survive, attract and copulate with mates as much as possible. The masculinization of
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3906-456: Is suggested that these single men with prior experience are in a more competitive state than their non-experienced counterparts. Married men who engage in bond-maintenance activities such as spending the day with their spouse or child have no different testosterone levels compared to times when they do not engage in such activities. Collectively, these results suggest that the presence of competitive activities rather than bond-maintenance activities
3999-508: Is the use of a drug (legal, controlled, or illegal) with the primary intention of altering the state of consciousness through alteration of the central nervous system in order to create positive emotions and feelings. The hallucinogen LSD is a psychoactive drug commonly used as a recreational drug. Ketamine is a drug used for anesthesia , and is also used as a recreational drug, both in powder and liquid form, for its hallucinogenic and dissociative effects . Some national laws prohibit
4092-417: Is therefore the challenge of competition among males that facilitates aggression and violence. Studies conducted have found direct correlation between testosterone and dominance, especially among the most violent criminals in prison who had the highest testosterone. The same research found fathers (outside competitive environments) had the lowest testosterone levels compared to other males. The second theory
4185-679: Is used as a medication to treat hypogonadism and breast cancer . Since testosterone levels decrease as men age , testosterone is sometimes used in older men to counteract this deficiency. It is also used illicitly to enhance physique and performance , for instance in athletes . The World Anti-Doping Agency lists it as S1 Anabolic agent substance "prohibited at all times". In general, androgens such as testosterone promote protein synthesis and thus growth of tissues with androgen receptors . Testosterone can be described as having anabolic and androgenic ( virilising ) effects, though these categorical descriptions are somewhat arbitrary, as there
4278-403: Is used as a medication for the treatment of male hypogonadism , gender dysphoria , and certain types of breast cancer . This is known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), which maintains serum testosterone levels in the normal range. Decline of testosterone production with age has led to interest in androgen replacement therapy . It is unclear if
4371-436: Is used in veterinary medicine . The medication is typically used as a nasal spray three times per day, but is also available for use as a solution or implant for injection into fat . Side effects of buserelin are related to sex hormone deprivation and include symptoms of low testosterone levels and low estrogen levels such as hot flashes , sexual dysfunction , vaginal atrophy , and osteoporosis . Buserelin
4464-574: The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), an Indian federal law enforcement and intelligence agency under the Ministry of Home Affairs , is tasked with combating drug trafficking and assisting international use of illegal substances under the provisions of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act . Testosterone Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males . In humans, testosterone plays
4557-486: The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs exist for the purpose of their prohibition . In English, the noun "drug" is thought to originate from Old French " drogue ", possibly deriving from " droge ( vate )" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry (barrels)", referring to medicinal plants preserved as dry matter in barrels. In the 1990s however, Spanish lexicographer Federico Corriente Córdoba documented
4650-752: The blood . The effects include: Testosterone is necessary for normal sperm development. It activates genes in Sertoli cells , which promote differentiation of spermatogonia . It regulates acute HPA ( hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis ) response under dominance challenge. Androgens including testosterone enhance muscle growth. Testosterone also regulates the population of thromboxane A 2 receptors on megakaryocytes and platelets and hence platelet aggregation in humans. Adult testosterone effects are more clearly demonstrable in males than in females, but are likely important to both sexes. Some of these effects may decline as testosterone levels might decrease in
4743-403: The gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary , which travel to the gonads through the bloodstream and activate gonadal sex hormone production as well as stimulate spermatogenesis in men and induce ovulation in women. With chronic administration of buserelin however, the GnRH receptor becomes desensitized and completely stops responding both to buserelin and to endogenous GnRH. This
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#17327756425804836-556: The luteal phase approximately 10–20 ng/mL); the resulting levels are equivalent to those in postmenopausal women. Buserelin has been found to suppress testosterone levels in men with prostate cancer from 426 ng/dL to 28 ng/dL (by 93.4%) with 200 μg by subcutaneous injection once per day and from 521 ng/dL to 53 ng/dL (by 89.8%) with 400 μg by nasal spray once every 8 hours (1,200 μg/day total). The difference in suppression may have been due to poor compliance. A few small studies have also assessed
4929-421: The testicles of males and, to a lesser extent, the ovaries of females . On average, in adult males, levels of testosterone are about seven to eight times as great as in adult females. As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced, the daily production is about 20 times greater in men. Females are also more sensitive to the hormone. In addition to its role as a natural hormone, testosterone
5022-637: The United States . Where it is legislated against, the degree of prohibition also varies. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States is a federal agency responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety , tobacco products , dietary supplements , prescription and over-the-counter medications , vaccines , biopharmaceuticals , blood transfusions , medical devices , electromagnetic radiation emitting devices, cosmetics , animal foods and veterinary drugs . In India,
5115-499: The age of usual occurrence. For postnatal effects in both males and females, these are mostly dependent on the levels and duration of circulating free testosterone . Effects before birth are divided into two categories, classified in relation to the stages of development. The first period occurs between 4 and 6 weeks of the gestation. Examples include genital virilisation such as midline fusion, phallic urethra , scrotal thinning and rugation , and phallic enlargement; although
5208-736: The brain is not just mediated by testosterone levels at the adult stage, but also testosterone exposure in the womb. Higher pre-natal testosterone indicated by a low digit ratio as well as adult testosterone levels increased risk of fouls or aggression among male players in a soccer game. Studies have found higher pre-natal testosterone or lower digit ratio to be correlated with higher aggression. The rise in testosterone during competition predicted aggression in males, but not in females. Subjects who interacted with handguns and an experimental game showed rise in testosterone and aggression. Natural selection might have evolved males to be more sensitive to competitive and status challenge situations, and that
5301-428: The dosage of buserelin by subcutaneous injection is 500 μg three times per day (once every 8 hours, 1,500 μg/day total) for one week and then 200 μg once daily thereafter. If buserelin is used as a nasal spray , the dosage for prostate cancer is 800 μg sprayed into the nostrils three times per day (once every 8 hours, 2,400 μg/day total) for one week followed by 400 μg sprayed into
5394-896: The effectiveness and harm of either method is similar. Testosterone treatment for reasons other than possible improvement of sexual dysfunction may not be recommended. No immediate short term effects on mood or behavior were found from the administration of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone for 10 weeks on 43 healthy men. Testosterone levels follow a circadian rhythm that peaks early each day, regardless of sexual activity. In women, correlations may exist between positive orgasm experience and testosterone levels. Studies have shown small or inconsistent correlations between testosterone levels and male orgasm experience, as well as sexual assertiveness in both sexes. Sexual arousal and masturbation in women produce small increases in testosterone concentrations. The plasma levels of various steroids significantly increase after masturbation in men and
5487-444: The effects of psychoactive drugs. Since the late 1990s there has been the identification of many of these synthesised drugs. In Japan and the United Kingdom this has spurred the addition of many designer drugs into a newer class of controlled substances known as a temporary class drug . Synthetic cannabinoids have been produced for a longer period of time and are used in the designer drug synthetic cannabis . Recreational drug use
5580-479: The effects of this increased level of testosterone. Attention, memory, and spatial ability are key cognitive functions affected by testosterone in humans. Preliminary evidence suggests that low testosterone levels may be a risk factor for cognitive decline and possibly for dementia of the Alzheimer's type, a key argument in life extension medicine for the use of testosterone in anti-aging therapies. Much of
5673-558: The emotions and behaviour tied to paternal care decrease testosterone levels. In humans and other species that utilize allomaternal care , paternal investment in offspring is beneficial to said offspring's survival because it allows the two parents to raise multiple children simultaneously. This increases the reproductive fitness of the parents because their offspring are more likely to survive and reproduce. Paternal care increases offspring survival due to increased access to higher quality food and reduced physical and immunological threats. This
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#17327756425805766-464: The event of an overdose . Buserelin is a GnRH agonist, or an agonist of the GnRH receptor . It is a superagonist of the GnRH receptor with potency for induction of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion of about 20 to 170 times that of GnRH itself. By activating the GnRH receptor in the pituitary gland , buserelin induces the secretion of LH and FSH from
5859-435: The female gender and reduced heterosexual interest in adulthood. Early infancy androgen effects are the least understood. In the first weeks of life for male infants, testosterone levels rise. The levels remain in a pubertal range for a few months, but usually reach the barely detectable levels of childhood by 4–7 months of age. The function of this rise in humans is unknown. It has been theorized that brain masculinization
5952-435: The femininization or masculinization of the fetus and can be a better predictor of feminine or masculine behaviours such as sex typed behaviour than an adult's own levels. Prenatal androgens apparently influence interests and engagement in gendered activities and have moderate effects on spatial abilities. Among women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia , a male-typical play in childhood correlated with reduced satisfaction with
6045-657: The following: During the initial phase of the therapy, before GnRH receptors have been significantly downregulated , testosterone levels are increased. This can lead to transient tumor activation with bone pain (in patients with cancer metastases ) and urinary retention . Side effects that occur later during the treatment are mainly due to low sex hormone levels and include reduced libido , erectile dysfunction , hot flashes , vaginal dryness , vaginal atrophy , menorrhagia , osteoporosis , depression , asthenia , emotional lability , headache , dizziness , and application site reactions. Buserelin appears to be safe in
6138-773: The importance of testosterone in maintaining cardiovascular health . Nevertheless, maintaining normal testosterone levels in elderly men has been shown to improve many parameters that are thought to reduce cardiovascular disease risk, such as increased lean body mass, decreased visceral fat mass, decreased total cholesterol, and improved glycemic control. High androgen levels are associated with menstrual cycle irregularities in both clinical populations and healthy women. There also can be effects in unusual hair growth, acne , weight gain, infertility, and sometimes even scalp hair loss. These effects are seen largely in women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ). For women with PCOS, hormones like birth control pills can be used to help lessen
6231-438: The initiation process of shamans , classifying it a naturally occurring oneirogen similar to the more well-known dream herb Calea ternifolia . Peyote , a small spineless cactus , has been a major source of psychedelic mescaline and has probably been used by Native Americans for at least five thousand years. Most mescaline is now obtained from a few species of columnar cacti in particular from San Pedro and not from
6324-468: The interacting roles of testosterone are the essential ingredient for aggressive behaviour in these situations. Testosterone mediates attraction to cruel and violent cues in men by promoting extended viewing of violent stimuli. Testosterone-specific structural brain characteristic can predict aggressive behaviour in individuals. The Annual NY Academy of Sciences has found anabolic steroid use (which increases testosterone) to be higher in teenagers, and this
6417-410: The label. The range of medicines available without a prescription varies from country to country. Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them. Those that are not patented (or with expired patents) are called generic drugs since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from
6510-504: The later decades of adult life. The brain is also affected by this sexual differentiation; the enzyme aromatase converts testosterone into estradiol that is responsible for masculinization of the brain in male mice. In humans, masculinization of the fetal brain appears, by observation of gender preference in patients with congenital disorders of androgen formation or androgen receptor function, to be associated with functional androgen receptors. There are some differences between
6603-698: The literature, however, suggests a curvilinear or even quadratic relationship between spatial performance and circulating testosterone, where both hypo- and hypersecretion (deficient- and excessive-secretion) of circulating androgens have negative effects on cognition. Testosterone deficiency is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome , cardiovascular disease and mortality , which are also sequelae of chronic inflammation . Testosterone plasma concentration inversely correlates to multiple biomarkers of inflammation including CRP , interleukin 1 beta , interleukin 6 , TNF alpha and endotoxin concentration, as well as leukocyte count. As demonstrated by
6696-424: The nostrils three times per day (once every 8 hours, 1,200 μg/day total) thereafter. For endometriosis, buserelin is used specifically as a nasal spray and the dosage is the same as that used for prostate cancer. These dosages of buserelin for both subcutaneous injection and nasal spray have been found to decrease testosterone levels to near- castrate levels in men with prostate cancer, although suppression
6789-402: The patent holder. Pharmaceutical drugs are usually categorised into drug classes . A group of drugs will share a similar chemical structure , or have the same mechanism of action , the same related mode of action or target the same illness or related illnesses. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC), the most widely used drug classification system, assigns drugs
6882-464: The physiology of vaginal tissue and contribute to female genital sexual arousal. Women's level of testosterone is higher when measured pre-intercourse vs. pre-cuddling, as well as post-intercourse vs. post-cuddling. There is a time lag effect when testosterone is administered, on genital arousal in women. In addition, a continuous increase in vaginal sexual arousal may result in higher genital sensations and sexual appetitive behaviors. When females have
6975-464: The possible origin of the word in {ḥṭr} an early romanized form of Al-Andalus language from Northwestern part of the Iberian peninsula . The term could approximately be transcribed as حطروكة or hatruka . The term "drug" has become a skunked term with negative connotation, being used as a synonym for illegal substances like cocaine or heroin or for drugs used recreationally . In other contexts
7068-486: The primate to increasingly seek out sexual experiences with females and thus creates a sexual preference for females. Some research has also indicated that if testosterone is eliminated in an adult male human or other adult male primate's system, its sexual motivation decreases, but there is no corresponding decrease in ability to engage in sexual activity (mounting, ejaculating, etc.). In accordance with sperm competition theory, testosterone levels are shown to increase as
7161-456: The proviso that it can only be used for personal use. It can be used in the leaf form of marijuana (grass) , or in the resin form of hashish . Marijuana is a more mild form of cannabis than hashish. There may be an age restriction on the consumption and purchase of legal recreational drugs. Some recreational drugs that are legal and accepted in many places include alcohol , tobacco , betel nut , and caffeine products, and in some areas of
7254-573: The relationship between more general aggressive behavior, and feelings, and testosterone. About half of studies have found a relationship and about half, no relationship. Studies have found that testosterone facilitates aggression by modulating vasopressin receptors in the hypothalamus . There are two theories on the role of testosterone in aggression and competition. The first is the challenge hypothesis which states that testosterone would increase during puberty, thus facilitating reproductive and competitive behavior which would include aggression. It
7347-666: The risk of becoming or staying unemployed. Research has also found that heightened levels of testosterone and cortisol are associated with an increased risk of impulsive and violent criminal behavior. On the other hand, elevated testosterone in men may increase their generosity, primarily to attract a potential mate. Most studies support a link between adult criminality and testosterone. Nearly all studies of juvenile delinquency and testosterone are not significant. Most studies have found testosterone to be associated with behaviors or personality traits linked with antisocial behavior and alcoholism . Many studies have been undertaken on
7440-524: The role of testosterone is far smaller than that of dihydrotestosterone . There is also development of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles . During the second trimester, androgen level is associated with sex formation. Specifically, testosterone, along with anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) promote growth of the Wolffian duct and degeneration of the Müllerian duct respectively. This period affects
7533-683: The route of administration Numerous governmental offices in many countries deal with the control and supervision of drug manufacture and use, and the implementation of various drug laws. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is an international treaty brought about in 1961 to prohibit the use of narcotics save for those used in medical research and treatment. In 1971, a second treaty the Convention on Psychotropic Substances had to be introduced to deal with newer recreational psychoactive and psychedelic drugs. The legal status of Salvia divinorum varies in many countries and even in states within
7626-468: The suppression of testosterone levels with buserelin nasal spray twice a day instead of three times a day. One such study found that testosterone levels in men with prostate cancer were suppressed during treatment with buserelin from 332 ng/dL to 215 ng/dL (28.9% lower than controls) with 200 μg by nasal spray twice a day (400 μg/day total), from 840 ng/dL to 182 ng/dL (71.4% lower than controls) with 500 μg by nasal spray twice
7719-529: The temporary reduction of differences in behavior between the sexes. However, the testosterone changes observed do not seem to be maintained as relationships develop over time. Men who produce less testosterone are more likely to be in a relationship or married, and men who produce more testosterone are more likely to divorce. Marriage or commitment could cause a decrease in testosterone levels. Single men who have not had relationship experience have lower testosterone levels than single men with experience. It
7812-467: The terms "drug" and "medicine" are used interchangeably. Drug action is highly specific and their effects may only be detected in certain individuals. For instance, the 10 highest-grossing drugs in the US may help only 4-25% of people. Often, the activity of a drug depends on the genotype of a patient. For example, Erbitux ( cetuximab ) increases the survival rate of colorectal cancer patients if they carry
7905-409: The testosterone levels correlate to those levels. Studies conducted in rats have indicated that their degree of sexual arousal is sensitive to reductions in testosterone. When testosterone-deprived rats were given medium levels of testosterone, their sexual behaviours (copulation, partner preference, etc.) resumed, but not when given low amounts of the same hormone. Therefore, these mammals may provide
7998-435: The use of different recreational drugs; medicinal drugs that have the potential for recreational use are often heavily regulated. However, there are many recreational drugs that are legal in many jurisdictions and widely culturally accepted. Cannabis is the most commonly consumed controlled recreational drug in the world (as of 2012). Its use in many countries is illegal but is legally used in several countries usually with
8091-489: The use of testosterone for low levels due to aging is beneficial or harmful. Testosterone is included in the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines , which are the most important medications needed in a basic health system . It is available as a generic medication . It can be administered as a cream or transdermal patch that is applied to the skin, by injection into a muscle , as
8184-601: The vulnerable peyote. The entheogenic use of cannabis has also been widely practised for centuries. Rastafari use marijuana (ganja) as a sacrament in their religious ceremonies . Psychedelic mushrooms ( psilocybin mushrooms ), commonly called magic mushrooms or shrooms have also long been used as entheogens. Nootropics , also commonly referred to as "smart drugs", are drugs that are claimed to improve human cognitive abilities . Nootropics are used to improve memory, concentration, thought, mood, and learning. An increasingly used nootropic among students, also known as
8277-467: The world the legal use of drugs such as khat is common. There are a number of legal intoxicants commonly called legal highs that are used recreationally. The most widely used of these is alcohol. All drugs have a route of administration , and many can be administered by more than one. A bolus is the administration of a medication, drug or other compound that is given to raise its concentration in blood rapdily to an effective level, regardless of
8370-604: The world. It is not available in the United States or Australia . The steroidal antiandrogen cyproterone acetate has been studied for blocking the testosterone flare at the start of buserelin therapy in men with prostate cancer. While cyproterone acetate for two weeks eliminates the biological and biochemical signs of the flare, no benefits on prostate cancer outcomes were observed. Very low doses of buserelin nasal spray have been assessed for increasing testosterone levels and fertility in men with oligoasthenozoospermia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism . Drug A drug
8463-479: The world. The most widely used drugs in the world include caffeine , nicotine and alcohol , which are also considered recreational drugs , since they are used for pleasure rather than medicinal purposes. All drugs can have potential side effects . Abuse of several psychoactive drugs can cause addiction and/or physical dependence . Excessive use of stimulants can promote stimulant psychosis . Many recreational drugs are illicit ; international treaties such as
8556-452: Was more complete with subcutaneous injection presumably due to suboptimal absorption with intranasal administration . Buserelin is available in the form of a 1 mg/mL solution for use as a nasal spray or subcutaneous injection once every 8 hours (three times per day) and as 6.3 mg and 9.45 mg implants for subcutaneous injection once every two and three months, respectively. Contraindications of buserelin include
8649-532: Was the first GnRH agonist demonstrated to achieve medical castration in humans. This was initially observed via a marked decrease in circulating testosterone levels in a single patient in 1980. Buserelin is the generic name of the drug and its INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name and BAN Tooltip British Approved Name , while buserelin acetate is its USAN Tooltip United States Adopted Name , BANM Tooltip British Approved Name , and JAN Tooltip Japanese Accepted Name , buséréline
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