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42-429: [T]he concept of "bunker" refers to a group of influential people in entrenched positions and established in the institutions of the Francoist State. That is to say, it is a political, economic and ecclesiastical conglomerate, sometimes not very well synchronized. Its most solid pillars were in the National Council [of the Movement], the Cortes [Españoles], the Council of the Realm and the Syndical Organization, as well as in

84-687: A dictatorship led by the Falange, using political violence as a means to regenerate Spain, and promoting the revival and development of the Spanish Empire , all attributes that it had in common with fascism. The manifesto also called for a national syndicalist economy and advocated agrarian reforms , industrial expansion , and respect for private property with the exception of nationalizing credit facilities to prevent usury . The Spanish Falange and its affiliates in Hispanic states around

126-534: A boating accident. Martínez-Bordiú then gave birth to her last child, María Cynthia Francisca Matilda Rossi, in Paris on 28 April 1985, barely four months after her wedding. In January 1989, Martínez-Bordiú's first husband died in a skiing accident in Colorado . He had had custody of their surviving son, Louis Alphonse, and Martínez-Bordiú became involved in a legal battle with her former mother-in-law for custody of

168-472: A province of Spain. The Carlists stated that a Carlist Spain would retake Gibraltar and Portugal. After the civil war, some radical members of the Falange called for reunification with Portugal and annexation of former Spanish territories in the French Pyrenees . During World War II , Franco in a communiqué with Germany on 26 May 1942 declared that Portugal should be made a part of Spain. Some of

210-861: A residence of the president after the declaration of the Spanish Republic, and turned into a republican military site during the Civil war that broke out after Franco's upheaval. The palace was the Franco family residence from 1940, when the Spanish Civil War ended and General Franco became the Spanish Head of State, to after his death in 1975. She has six siblings: María de la O (Mariola), Francisco (Francis), María del Mar (Merry), José Cristóbal (Cristóbal), María de Aránzazu (Arantxa), and Jaime Felipe (Jaime). The 21-year-old Martínez-Bordiú

252-485: A son, Frederick. Martínez-Bordiú and Rossi were married in a civil ceremony on 11 December 1984 in Rueil-Malmaison , with Martínez-Bordiú already around five months pregnant. By the time the new child was born, she and her new husband would have suffered the death of one child each. In February, Martínez-Bordiú's elder son, François, died in a car accident. Only weeks later, Rossi's elder daughter, Mathilda, died in

294-481: Is a Spanish aristocrat and social figure. Martínez-Bordiú was the 2nd Duchess of Franco from July 2018 until revocation of her dukedom and associated grandeeship on 21 October 2022 as a result of the Democratic Memory Law . She is the granddaughter of former Spanish general and dictator Francisco Franco and this law aimed to remove some of the remaining Franco symbols from the country, including

336-547: Is founded on two principles—service to the united nation and the cooperation of classes ". Initially, Falangism in Spain, as promoted by Primo de Rivera, advocated a "national syndicalist" economy that rejected both capitalism and communism. Primo de Rivera denounced capitalism for being an individualist economy at the hands of the bourgeoisie that turned workers "into a dehumanized cog in the machinery of bourgeois production," and denounced state socialist economies for "enslaving

378-940: Is staunchly anti-communist . The Spanish Falange supported Spanish intervention during World War II against the Soviet Union in the name of anti-communism, resulting in Spain supporting the Anti-Comintern Pact and sending volunteers to join Nazi Germany 's foreign legions on the Eastern Front to support the German war effort against the Soviet Union. The Spanish Falange supported conservative ideas about women and supported rigid gender roles that stipulated that women's main duties in life were to be loving mothers and submissive wives. This policy

420-599: The Aryan race , particularly through their Visigothic heritage . The founder of the Falange Española , José Antonio Primo de Rivera , had little interest in addressing the Jewish problem outside areas of political issues. The Falange's position was influenced by the fact of the small size of the Jewish community in Spain at the time that did not favour the development of strong antisemitism . Primo de Rivera saw

462-531: The Law of Political Associations  [ es ] . This opposition was expressed through opinion articles in related media, the most prominent being the one signed by Girón de Velasco in the newspaper Arriba on April 28, 1974, popularly known as the Gironazo , thus putting an end to any attempt at reform and precipitating the dismissal of the pro-reform Minister of Information and Tourism Pío Cabanillas . On

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504-514: The Spanish Civil War , the Falange and the Carlists both promoted the incorporation of Portugal into Spain, and the new Falange resulting from their unification in 1937 continued to do so. The Falange also advocated the incorporation of Gibraltar into Spain, both before and after its merger with the Carlists. During its early years, the Falange produced maps of Spain that included Portugal as

546-470: The Crown to fall not on the designated heir Juan Carlos , but on his cousin, Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz , at the time married to the dictator's granddaughter, María del Carmen Martínez-Bordiú . Therefore, the operation had the support of Alfonso's father-in-law, Cristóbal Martínez-Bordiú , and his grandmother-in-law, Carmen Polo . After the death of the dictator, the búnker tried to prevent each of

588-600: The Falange to be a fascist movement based on its fascist leanings during the early years, while others focus on its transformation into an authoritarian conservative political movement in Francoist Spain . The original Falangist party, FE de las JONS, merged with the Carlists in 1937 following the Unification Decree of Francisco Franco , to form FET y de las JONS. This new Falange was meant to incorporate all Nationalist political factions and became

630-551: The Falangists in Spain had supported racialism and racialist policies, viewing races as real and existing with differing strengths, weaknesses and accompanying cultures inextricably obtained with them. However, unlike other racialists such as the Nazis , Falangism is unconcerned about racial purity and does not denounce other races for being inferior, claiming "that every race has a particular cultural significance" and claiming that

672-649: The Female Section extended its teaching to Guinean women to prepare them for independence. Franco praised Spain's Visigothic heritage, saying that the Germanic tribe of the Visigoths gave Spaniards their "national love for law and order". During the early years of the Falangist regime of Franco, the regime admired Nazi Germany and had Spanish archaeologists seek to demonstrate that Spaniards were part of

714-661: The Jewish-owned SEPU department stores in 1935. The Spanish Falange and its Hispanic affiliates have promoted the cultural, economic and racial unity of Hispanic peoples around the world in " hispanidad ". It has sought to unite Hispanic peoples through proposals to create a commonwealth or federation of Spanish-speaking states headed by Spain. Falangism supports a national, trans-class society while opposing individual-class-based societies such as bourgeois or proletarian societies. Falangism opposes class conflict . José Antonio Primo de Rivera declared that "[t]he State

756-592: The abolition of her title of nobility, granted to her mother during the regime of General Franco. Carmen Martínez-Bordiú was born in the Palacio Real de El Pardo in Madrid and is the daughter of Cristóbal Martínez-Bordiú, 10th Marquis of Villaverde , and Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco . Her maternal grandparents were the fascist dictator ( caudillo ) Francisco Franco , the Spanish Head of State at

798-612: The army (Carlos Iniesta Cano, Milans del Bosch, Fernando de Santiago , Alfonso Pérez-Viñeta), the Church (the Spanish Priestly Brotherhood and names such as Fernando Quiroga Palacios and José Guerra Campos), and in politics, embodied by FET y de las JONS (José Luis Arrese, Fernández-Cuesta, Tomás García Rebull, Juan García Carrés, Luis Valero Bermejo, etc.) and by the New Force party, led by Piñar. The term

840-399: The changes that were taking place on the path of democratization. The búnker 's connections with the successive attempts to put an end to the democratic system that was beginning to take shape in Spain in the 1970s have been pointed out, identifying the events of 1978, 1979, 1980 and the 1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt . Falangism Falangism ( Spanish : Falangismo )

882-482: The family lost its political power. Alfonso and Martínez-Bordiú separated in 1979, received a civil divorce in 1982 and a Catholic annulment in 1986. Alfonso was given custody of their sons. After separating from her first husband in 1979, Martínez-Bordiú lived with a Frenchman, Jean-Marie Rossi (18 November 1930 – 5 December 2021), who was 20 years older than her. Rossi was divorced from Barbara Hottinguer, by whom he had twin daughters, Mathilda and Marella (b. 1971), and

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924-693: The individual by handing control of production to the state." The Falange's original manifesto, the "Twenty-Seven Points", called for a social revolution to create a national syndicalist economy that creates national syndicates of both employees and employers to organize and control the economic activity mutually. It further advocated agrarian reform, industrial expansion, and respect for private property except nationalizing credit facilities to prevent capitalist usury . The manifesto also supported criminalization of strikes by employees and lockouts by employers as illegal acts, while mirroring social democratic policies in supporting state jurisdiction over

966-976: The intermixing of the Spanish race and other races has produced a "Hispanic supercaste" that is "ethically improved, morally robust, spiritually vigorous". It was less concerned about biological Spanish racial regeneration than it was in advocating the necessity of Spanish Catholic spiritual regeneration. Some have nonetheless promoted eugenics designed to eliminate physical and psychological damage caused by pathogenic agents. Falangism did and still does support natal policies to stimulate increased fertility rate among ideal physically and morally fit citizens. The section in Spanish Guinea allowed Emancipados into its ranks. In 1938 in Santa Isabel, Fernando Póo , now Malabo , Equatorial Guinea, there were two units of native Falangists and four of Europeans. In 1959,

1008-432: The movement with Luis Carrero Blanco , who was Prime Minister for several months in 1973. As an immobilist current of thought, the members of the búnker systematically opposed, through different means, all of the steps that were taken in the Spanish transition from dictatorship to democracy, beginning with their radical opposition to the so-called Spirit of February 12  [ es ] and its eventual corollary,

1050-571: The nation require it." In October 1937, the new leader of the Falange, Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta , declared national syndicalism to be fully compatible with capitalism , drawing praise from the non-falangist right. The Franco-era Falange supported the development of cooperatives such as the Mondragon Corporation because it bolstered the Francoist claim of the nonexistence of social classes in Spain during his rule. Falangism

1092-402: The politicians their vampires". He also claimed that Freemasonry had been behind the assassination of Carrero Blanco . When asked what his claim was based on, he replied: "Well... on the things I see. Many times I ask myself: but hey, where does this come from? And I always say: nothing, Freemasonry. I think we have even exported Freemasons". Before Franco's death, there was still pressure for

1134-464: The press and in the army officer corps. Therefore, the term "bunker" refers, much more than to an ideology or a certain program, to a way of defending political and economic interests, as well as a mentality linked to the scheme of values imposed by the victors in the civil war. At the head of the movement was the former Minister of Labour, the Falangist Girón de Velasco, as well as members of

1176-506: The refusal to start down a democratic path would mean for the defenders of the dictatorship an end analogous to that of Hitler in the Führerbunker , which ultimately ended up being his tomb. The búnker began form in 1974, the year before the death of Francisco Franco , although some authors trace its genesis to 1970, coinciding with the first signs of exhaustion of the regime and the voices that clamored for its reform. They identify

1218-400: The same day that the gironazo appeared in the pages of Arriba , Nuevo Diario published an interview with Lieutenant General Tomás García Rebull, another prominent member of the búnker , in which he said that "as a Falangist I do not accept associations of any kind" because "[they] inevitably deviate into political parties and the parties, for me, are the opium of the masses, and

1260-546: The setting of wages. After the merger of the original Falange with the Carlists in 1937 to form the new Falange (FET y de las JONS) that would serve as the sole political party of Francoist Spain , the result was a Falange intended as a "melting pot" for all of the various political factions on the Nationalist side of the civil war. It proclaimed support for "an economic middle way equidistant from liberal capitalism and Marxist materialism." Private initiative and ownership

1302-539: The sole political party of Francoist Spain . The merger was opposed by some of the original Falangists, such as Manuel Hedilla . Falangism places a strong emphasis on the Roman Catholic religious identity of Spain . However, it has held some secular views on the Catholic Church 's direct influence on Spanish society, since one of the tenets of the Falangist ideology holds that the state should have

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1344-547: The solution to the "Jewish problem" in Spain as simple: the conversion of Jews to Catholicism. However, on the issue of perceived political tendencies amongst Jews, he warned about Jewish-Marxist influences over the working classes. The Falangist daily newspaper Arriba claimed that "the Judeo-Masonic International is the creator of two great evils that have afflicted humanity: capitalism and Marxism". Primo de Rivera approved of attacks by Falangists on

1386-418: The supreme authority over the nation . Falangism emphasizes the need for total authority , hierarchy , and order in society. Like fascism, Falangism is anti-communist , anti-democratic , and anti-liberal . The Falange's original manifesto , the " Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange ", declared Falangism to support the unity of Spain and the elimination of regional separatism, the establishment of

1428-519: The time of her birth and for the next 24 years, and Carmen Polo y Martínez-Valdés, 1st Lady of Meirás . Her paternal grandparents were José María Martínez y Ortega (1890–1970) and María de la O Bordiú y Bascarán, 7th Countess of Argillo (1896–1980). Martínez-Bordiú was the first grandchild of General Franco. She was born in the Palacio del Pardo, an ancient palace of the Spanish royal family , used as

1470-403: The world promoted a form of panhispanism known as hispanidad that advocated both the cultural and economic union of Hispanic societies around the world. Falangism has attacked both the political left and the right as its "enemies", declaring itself to be neither left nor right, but a syncretic third position . The founder of the Falange, José Antonio Primo de Rivera , said: "Fascism

1512-539: The young boy. She lost the battle, and her former mother-in-law gained custody. Martínez-Bordiú and her second husband separated in 1994 and divorced in 1995. She then lived with an Italian man, Roberto Federici, with the relationship ending in 2004. On 18 June 2006 in Cazalla de la Sierra , Seville , she married a third time to a Spaniard, José Campos García (born in Santander ), who was 13 years her junior. She became

1554-510: Was born to inspire a faith not of the Right (which at bottom aspires to conserve everything, even injustice) or of the Left (which at bottom aspires to destroy everything, even goodness), but a collective, integral, national faith." Some also state they lean more towards authoritarian conservatism. Scholarly sources reviewing Falangism place it on the far right of the political spectrum . During

1596-568: Was married on 8 March 1972 in the Chapel of the Palace of El Pardo in Madrid to Prince Alfonso, Duke of Bourbon , elder son of Infante Jaime of Spain, Duke of Segovia , and grandson of King Alfonso XIII of Spain . General Franco subsequently granted Prince Alfonso the title of Duke of Cádiz and the style of Royal Highness . The couple had two sons: General Franco died on 20 November 1975, and

1638-404: Was recognized as the most effective means of production, but owners and managers were responsible for advancing that production for the common good. At the same time, it was made clear that the economy would continue to rest on private property, whose protection was guaranteed, while the state was envisioned as undertaking economic initiatives only when private enterprise failed or "the interests of

1680-740: Was set against that of the Second Spanish Republic that provided universal suffrage to women. Its Sección Femenina , 'Female Section' instructed women to be good wives and mothers, teaching domestic economy and cultivating the folk dances of Spain in its Coros y Danzas , 'Choirs and Dances' troupes. The Female Section enabled its leaders, women such as José Antonio's sister Pilar , who never married, to achieve prominent public roles while promoting family life. Carmen Mart%C3%ADnez-Bordi%C3%BA María del Carmen Martínez-Bordiú y Franco (born 26 February 1951), commonly known as Carmen Martínez-Bordiú ,

1722-540: Was the political ideology of two political parties in Spain that were known as the Falange, namely first the Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FE de las JONS) and afterwards the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS). Falangism has a disputed relationship with fascism as some historians consider

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1764-414: Was used for the first time in 1968 in an article published in the newspaper ABC by its director, Torcuato Luca de Tena, to refer to those who opposed the evolution of the Franco regime and opening up to Europe. However, the word búnker referring to the group of right-wing extremists was popularized by Santiago Carrillo , who used it in an article entitled " O la libertad o el búnker ", implying that

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