The NRS social grades are a system of demographic classification used in the United Kingdom . They were originally developed by the National Readership Survey (NRS) to classify readers, but have since been used by many other organisations for wider applications and have become a standard for market research. They were developed in the late 1950s and refined in following years and achieved widespread usage in 20th century Britain. Their definition is maintained by the Market Research Society .
35-509: According to Ipsos , NRS social grade is not the same as social class . The distinguishing feature of the NRS social grade is that it is based on occupation, rather than income, wealth or property ownership. The classifications are based on the occupation of the head of the household. The grades are often grouped into ABC1 and C2DE, representing 55% and 45% of the population in 2016 respectively. Retired people are placed in grade E if they only have
70-407: A majority of the working population. A 2019 YouGov poll found that 41% of ABC1 identified themselves as working class (and 51% as middle class), while 66% of C2DEs identified themselves as working class (and 25% as middle class). Matthew Smith, Head of Data Journalism at YouGov , said that while NRS groupings "are often used as shorthand to refer to the middle class and working class", "the problem
105-595: A new, Pinault Collection-branded contemporary art museum. Tadao Ando was put in charge of transforming the historic building. The museum opened in May 2021. In 2014, François Pinault launched, through the Pinault Collection, an artist residency program in Lens (Northern France) which opened in 2015. In 2015, in memory of his friend the writer (and Picasso biographer) Pierre Daix who died in 2014, Pinault created
140-741: A republic , the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on young people's mental health, and, until 2019, political preferences. The results of Ipsos polls in Australia are published in The Sydney Morning Herald ( SMH ), The Age and the Australian Financial Review ( AFR ). However, following a shock result of the 2019 Australian federal election , when the Coalition won the election against all of
175-545: A state pension and benefits. If they have an occupational or private pension, they are graded according to the highest graded job they did before retiring. Only around 2% of the UK population identifies as upper class , and this group is not separated by the classification scheme. The grading system is also sometimes used in the Republic of Ireland with the addition of a Class F signifying Farmers and Agricultural Workers. Since
210-405: Is a French billionaire businessman, founder of the luxury group Kering and the investment holding company Artémis . Pinault started his business in the timber industry in the early 1960s. Taken public in 1988, his company invested in specialty store chains and changed its name to Pinault-Printemps-Redoute (PPR). By the end of 1999, PPR shifted towards luxury and fashion. In 2003, he passed on
245-523: Is that the NRS social grade was never designed to describe class". Ipsos Ipsos Group S.A. ( French pronunciation: [ip.sos] ; derived from the Latin expression, ipso facto ) is a multinational market research and consulting firm with headquarters in Paris , France . The company was founded in 1975 by Didier Truchot , Chairman of the company, and has been publicly traded on
280-560: The IFOP institute. Truchot centered in offering services to the advertising and media companies and developed methods to measure the success of their campaigns, something new in France. The first of these methods was the Baromètre d'Affichage (BAF) in 1977, an instrument to analyse the effectiveness of billboard advertisements. It was followed by an instrument specific for media and, in 1979,
315-525: The Paris Stock Exchange since 1 July 1999. Since 1990, the Group has created or acquired numerous companies. In October 2011, Ipsos acquired Synovate , resulting in an Ipsos organization that ranks as the world’s third largest research agency. As of 2023, Ipsos has offices in 89 countries, employing 19,500 people. Ipsos was founded in 1975 by Didier Truchot , who had experience working in
350-511: The United States Postal Service 's Delivery Sequence File. A random sample of households is invited to join the panel through mail or telephone. Polls themselves are conducted online in a single-mode fashion, with Ipsos providing respondents access to the internet if needed. Demographic information about each respondent is collected initially, which is then used to deliver polls through a custom sampling method depending on
385-576: The Yves Saint Laurent company. Pinault then purchased the French jewelry company Boucheron in 2000, Balenciaga in 2001, and the British fashion house Alexander McQueen . In May 2003, he handed over the management of his companies to his son François-Henri who pursued the consolidation of the luxury group with new acquisitions ( Brioni , Girard-Perregaux , Pomellato ...) and changed
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#1732772493558420-760: The EMEA region ( Europe, the Middle East and Africa ), 39% from the Americas region, and 17% from the Asia-Pacific region. Source: ESOMAR Global Market Research Report 2019 During the 2021–2022 United States election cycle, in the last 21 days before each election, Ipsos polls only correctly predicted winners 17% of the time, according to a FiveThirtyEight analysis of elections for state governor, U.S. Senate, and House of Representatives. Fran%C3%A7ois Pinault François Pinault (born 21 August 1936)
455-470: The France des Cadres Actifs (FCA), which was used to determine reading habits of French executives. Despite the success, the company's profitability remained at modest levels until the arrival of Jean-Marc Lech as co-chairman. From then on, it started to perform public opinion researches, another innovative activity in the French market. By the end of the '80s, it was the fifth largest media research company in France. The great activity of French policymakers at
490-717: The Pierre Daix Prize to reward an outstanding book on modern and contemporary art every year. In 1990, following a fire in the Paimpont forest in Brittany , Pinault immediately financed the reforestation project. In 2000, he provided a significant financial assistance to help the islands in Brittany affected by the oil spill following the sinking of the Erika . In 2022, he pledged to contribute 500,000 euros to restore
525-640: The acquisition of Novaction’s companies in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. In 1998 it entered the North American market with the purchase of the American company ASI Market Research. In 1999, Ipsos was listed on the Paris stock exchange. The successful offering enabled Artemis and Amstar to cash out on their investments and also gave Ipsos the possibility to continue its expansion. Then, it participated of
560-641: The chapel Saint-Michel of Brasparts in Monts d'Arrée , and the butte on which it stands on, after it had been ravaged by fire. In 2000, Pinault bought the Théâtre Marigny which was fully renovated from 2013 to 2018. In 2012, he bought the Villa Greystones in Dinard , France, designed by Michel Roux-Spitz ( monument historique in 2019 ). In 2018, Pinault made a significant contribution to
595-786: The château de la Mormaire ( Yvelines ), and of the Hôtel de Clermont-Tonnerre and the Hôtel Choiseul-Praslin (Paris). In 2022, he pledged to finance the restoration of the Chapelle Saint-Michel on top of the Monts d'Arrée that was deteriorated by a wildfire and bought the villa Bel-Esbat located a few hundred meters away from Villa Greystones in Dinard. As of September 2023, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index , Pinault's wealth
630-771: The company Palazzo Grassi SpA which operated the Palazzo Grassi in Venice . The Japanese architect Tadao Ando renovated the historical building which housed the first exhibition of Pinault Collection in 2006. One year later, the Venice city council awarded the tender of the Punta della Dogana , which had been abandoned for 30 years, to Pinault Collection, adding 5,000 m to the Palazzo Grassi space in Venice. Tadao Ando also restored this historical site, which reopened to
665-760: The creation of an Internet audience research joint-venture, MMXI Europe, with the majority of shares held by partner Media Matrix and 20 percent by Ipsos. The company also took control of four subsidiaries of NFO Worldwide specializing in the formation of access panels. The expansion continued in Asia , South America and especially in North America (with the purchase of the Canadian company Angus Reid, renamed Ipsos-Reid in 2000). In 2009, Ipsos partnered with Thomson Reuters to conduct multi-country polling on consumer topics, politics, and economic confidence. The results of
700-459: The creation of the system, the size of the white-collar groupings (ABC1) grew from 34% in 1968, to 55% of the population in 2016. Within this section, the professional and managerial groupings (A and B) doubled, from only 12% in 1968 to 27% in 2016. C2DE has shrunk over this period from 65% to 45% of the population. With pensioners and unemployed people included in C2DE, this means that ABC1 represents
735-503: The group's name to Kering in 2013. Pinault bought his first significant painting, Cour de ferme by Paul Sérusier , in 1980. He collected art of the 20th century ( Mondrian , Picasso , Man Ray , ...) before following contemporary artists ( David Hammons , Rudolf Stingel , Damien Hirst , Jeff Koons , Subodh Gupta , Paul McCarthy , Bruce Nauman , Donald Judd , Robert Ryman , ...). In 2023, his art collection contained approximately 10,000 works. In 2005, François Pinault bought
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#1732772493558770-498: The holding company Artémis to manage the Pinault family's investments. Controlled 100% by Pinault and his family, Artémis controls the vineyards Château Latour (Bordeaux), Clos de Tart (Bourgogne), Domaine d'Eugénie ( Vosne-Romanée ), Château Grillet (Rhône Valley), Eisele Vineyard ( Napa Valley ), and the champagne Jacquesson . Artémis bought the news magazine Le Point in 1997, the auction house Christie's in 1998, and
805-538: The luxury cruise company Ponant in 2015. Pinault has been the owner of the Rennes football club since 1998. In September 2023, Artémis acquired 53% of Creative Artists Agency for $ 7 billion. By the end of the 1990s, François Pinault started to shift his business focus from retail to luxury. In March 1999, Pinault-Printemps-Redoute purchased a controlling 42% stake of the Gucci Group for $ 3 billion, and bought
840-581: The major shareholders, retained two-thirds of the company. In the mid-'90s Ipsos was one of the most important research companies in Europe and decided to expand globally. Ipsos took on new investment partners, selling 40 percent of the company to Artemis Group, led by François Pinault , and the Amstar investment fund led by Walter Butler . In 1997, Ipsos entered into the South American market with
875-486: The management of his companies to his elder son François-Henri to follow his passion for contemporary art. In 2024, Forbes estimated Pinault's net worth at $ 31.6 billion, ranking him as the 54th-richest person in the world. François Pinault was born on 21 August 1936 in Les Champs-Géraux , a commune in the north of Brittany in the west of France. His father was a timber trader. Pinault grew up in
910-748: The opinion polls' predictions, the Nine Entertainment group, which owns the SMH , Age and AFR , decided to discontinue its relationship with Ipsos. Since then and as of 2022 the newspapers have not reported any political polling, but continue to report the results of other Ipsos polls. Ipsos polls in the United States are conducted through a probability-based online panel known as KnowledgePanel, which contains about 60,000 members as potential respondents. It relies on address-based sampling to recruit respondents, with its sampling frame provided by
945-499: The poll's target population. Sampling is conducted on the entire panel for general population polls, and stratified samples are utilized for narrower focuses. Respondents are incentivized for the surveys they complete. Survey results are weighted for demographic variables with the U.S. Census 's Current Population Survey and American Community Survey . Ipsos revenues totaled €1,785.3 million in 2015, with an organic growth rate of −1%. In 2014, Ipsos derived 44% of its revenue from
980-497: The polls would be published on Reuters. In 2011, Ipsos acquired Aegis Group Plc's Synovate division. On 30 October 2018 Ipsos announced that it acquired Synthesio, a Social Intelligence Suite that was named the leading global Social Listening platform by Forrester Research since 2014. Ben Page became Chief Executive in November 2021, replacing Didier Truchot, the founder, who remained as Chairman. In February 2023, it
1015-579: The public in June 2009. In 2013, Pinault achieved the third chapter of his cultural project in Venice with the renovation and transformation of the Teatrino, an open-air theater in ruins. Designed once again by Tadao Ando, the new Teatrino holds a 225-seat auditorium. In 2016, Pinault and the city of Paris announced their plan to turn the Bourse de commerce in the center of Paris ( 1st arrondissement ) into
1050-580: The restoration of Victor Hugo 's house, the Hauteville House , in Guernsey . After the Notre Dame de Paris fire on 15 April 2019, the Pinault family pledged 100 million euros as a donation to the reconstruction works and repairs of the cathedral. In 2021, he bought the hôtel particulier Hôtel de Cavoye in the 7th arrondissement of Paris for 80 million euros. He is also the owner of
1085-733: The rural French countryside, beginning his career working for his family's timber business. He dropped out of school at the age of 16 from the College Saint-Martin in Rennes . In 1956, he enlisted in the military during the Algerian war . Afterwards, he returned to the family business, which he sold following his father's death. François Pinault started his first business in 1963 as a wood-trading company. Pinault SA grew strongly and diversified its portfolio by acquiring several companies facing bankruptcy, including Chapelle Darblay , to restructure them. On 25 October 1988, Pinault SA
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1120-498: The time helped to strengthen the position of the company, especially the public opinion research sector. During the 1990s, Ipsos expanded, principally through acquisitions, to Spain , Italy , Germany , the United Kingdom and Central Europe , especially Hungary . In 1992, the company was opened to private investment to improve its purchasing capital. The first new shareholder was Baring Private Equity. Truchot and Lech,
1155-531: Was announced Ipsos had acquired the New York -based business-to-business research company, Xperiti for an undisclosed amount. Ipsos Australia has existed since at least 2000, and as of 2022 has offices in Melbourne , Sydney , Brisbane and Perth . It runs opinion polls on a number of issues, such as community support for changing the date of Australia Day , moving away from coal , Australia becoming
1190-511: Was estimated at US$ 39.1 billion, making him the 32nd-richest person in the world. In 2024, Forbes estimated Pinault's net worth at $ 31.6 billion, ranking him as the 54th-richest person in the world. In 1962, he married Louise Gautier. They had three children: François-Henri , Dominique, and Laurence Pinault. The couple divorced five years later, and in 1970, Pinault married Maryvonne Campbell, an antique trader in Rennes who introduced him to
1225-506: Was taken public in the Paris stock exchange and started to invest in specialty store chains. He acquired a majority stake in CFAO (specialized distribution in Africa), Conforama (furnishing retailer), Printemps (department store), La Redoute (mail order), and Fnac (books and electronics retailer). Pinault SA was renamed Pinault-Printemps-Redoute (PPR) in 1993. In 1992, Pinault set up
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