The Comac C929 is an under development long-range 250-to-320-seat wide-body twinjet airliner by Chinese state-owned aircraft manufacturer Comac as a competitor to the Airbus A330neo and Boeing 787 Dreamliner .
110-526: The programme was previously developed by the CRAIC (China-Russia Commercial Aircraft International Corporation), a joint venture between Comac and Russia's largely state-owned United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), as the CRAIC CR929 . Following tensions between the partners and uncertainties linked to international sanctions on Russia , Comac is continuing the programme independently of UAC. In June 2011, it
220-736: A Generation 4++ jet fighter by Mikoyan . The MiG-35 was officially presented during the Aero India 2007 air show in Bangalore , India and officially unveiled when the Russian Minister of Defense , Sergei Ivanov , visited the Lukhovitsky Machine Building Plant "MAPO-MIG". The MiG-35 was a contender for its fourth-generation counterparts in the Indian MRCA competition but was taken out of
330-557: A memorandum of understanding was signed between Rostec 's UEC and Aero Engine Corporation of China : initially joint research and customer requirements analysis and definition, then determining engine design and operating parameters before testing in 2022 and certification in 2027. A more powerful version of the Aviadvigatel PD-14 developed for the Irkut MC-21 could be developed after its certification in 2017, with
440-1018: A temporary partnership for the purpose of carrying out a particular project, such partnership can also be called a joint venture where the parties are " co-venturers ". The venture can be a business JV (for example, Dow Corning), a project/asset JV intended to pursue one specific project only, or a JV aimed at defining standards or serving as an "industry utility" that provides a narrow set of services to industry participants. Some major joint ventures include United Launch Alliance , Vevo , Hulu , Virgin Media O2 , Penske Truck Leasing , and Owens-Corning . According to Gerard Baynham of Water Street Partners, there has been much negative press about joint ventures, but objective data indicate that they may actually outperform wholly owned and controlled affiliates . He writes, "A different narrative emerged from our recent analysis of U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) data, collected from more than 20,000 entities. According to
550-441: A 1:39 scale model of the fuselage and wing. By July 2020, Irkut's chief disclosed that the first deliveries were expected to be delayed to 2028–2029, citing "difficulties" for the partners in working together. By June 2021, China and Russia appeared to have put differences aside in relation to future market share, and confirmed plans to start building a prototype in 2021 with maiden flight in 2023. The COVID-19 pandemic impacted
660-439: A 2.2 percent average ROA, while wholly owned and controlled affiliates in the U.S. only realized a 0.7 percent ROA." In European law , the term "joint venture" is an exclusive legal concept, better defined under the rules of company law . In France , the term "joint venture" is variously translated as "association d'entreprises", "entreprise conjointe", "coentreprise" or "entreprise commune". A JV can be brought about in
770-722: A 50% scaled up core. In May 2016 began the development of a 35 tf (77,000 lbf) Russian engine Aviadvigatel PD-35 for the twinjet, expected to enter service in 2025. A derivative of the Kuznetsov NK-32 PD-30 powering the Tupolev Tu-160 supersonic bomber has also been proposed in August 2015. China has been working independently on the CJ-2000 engine. Technically, it could also use AI-38 engines co-developed by China and Ukrainian Ivchenko-Progress from
880-564: A 77,000–88,000 lbf (340–390 kN) thrust turbofan. Initially, the engine is likely to be supplied by Rolls-Royce or General Electric , who already have products in this class. CRAIC expects a TSFC better by at least 10%. At the November 2014 Zhuhai Airshow , a later high-thrust joint turbofan was discussed between Avic Commercial Aircraft Engines and United Engine Corporation (UEC), with parameters defined in early 2015 for an introduction between 2025 and 2030. In September 2017,
990-458: A commercial aircraft. According to the UAC, CRAIC is responsible for product and technology development, manufacturing, marketing, sales and customer service, consulting, program management, and other related fields. By 2017, the two companies were cooperating in creating a new generation of long-range wide-body commercial aircraft and taking charge of its operation under the joint venture. The aircraft
1100-526: A company. By its formation, the JV becomes a new entity with the implications that: On the receipt of the Certificate of Incorporation, a company can commence its business. This is a legal area and is fraught with difficulty as the laws of countries differ, particularly on the enforceability of "heads of" or shareholder agreements. For some legal reasons, it may be called a Memorandum of Understanding . It
1210-613: A new joint-stock company named the OJSC United Aircraft Corporation to optimize production and minimize losses. The UAC stated that the corporation was created to protect and develop the scientific and industrial potential of the Russian aircraft industry, the security and defense of the state, and the concentration of intellectual, industrial, and financial resources to implement long-term aviation programs. The United Aircraft Corporation started out producing
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#17327914077121320-419: A new market, particularly emerging market ; to gain scale efficiencies by combining assets and operations; to share risk for major investments or projects; or to access skills and capabilities. Most joint ventures are incorporated, although some, as in the oil and gas industry , are "unincorporated" joint ventures that mimic a corporate entity. With individuals, when two or more persons come together to form
1430-496: A principal disadvantage is absence of an interested and influential Chinese party. As of the 3rd Quarter of 2004, WFOEs had replaced EJVs and CJVs as follows: (*)=Financial Vventures by EJVs/CJVs (**)=Approved JVs These enterprises are formed under the Sino-Foreign Investment Act. The capital is composed of value of stock in exchange for the value of the property given to the enterprise. The liability of
1540-540: A seating of 281 in three classes. With a nine-abreast all-economy, the -600 would accommodate 405 to 440 with a seat pitch of 32 and 30 in (81 and 76 cm), respectively. The two-crew flight deck looks like the Comac C919 with a five-screen EFIS and sidestick controls. Composite materials and titanium should account for half of the structural weight. A competitive widebody would initially need Western powerplants and onboard systems. The aircraft would need
1650-510: A supplier to the programme. In November 2023, noting that the programme was entering the detailed design stage, Comac confirmed the C929 name and the fact that the aircraft was "now being independently developed by China". In March 2024, Comac announced that the manufacturer aimed to deliver the first fuselage section by September 2027. They said the aircraft was to have 280-400 seats and a range of about 12,000 km. Three variants are planned:
1760-612: A total of 205 orders by July 2017, with an introduction planned in 2019 with Aeroflot . In 2018, the United Aircraft Corporation's revenue amounted to 53 billion rubles. On 25 June 2016, the UAC and the Chinese Government -owned aircraft corporation, Comac , signed a joint venture contract to create China-Russia Aircraft International Co, Ltd. (CRAIC) , to be based in Shanghai to develop
1870-499: A twin- turboprop , twin-boom STOL aircraft. The Il-96-400T is a freight version of the Il-96-400, which features Russian avionics and engines and carries more room than the standard Il-96. The Sukhoi Su-80 can be used for both civilian and military purposes and has a sleek hull which can provide space for 30 passengers and a "beaver-tail" ramp that can help unload cargo easier. The Su-80 was made by Sukhoi Civil Aircraft to replace
1980-457: Is a Russian aerospace and defense corporation . With a majority stake belonging to the Russian government , it consolidates Russian private and state-owned aircraft manufacturing companies and assets engaged in the manufacture, design, and sale of military, civilian, transport, and unmanned aircraft. Its corporate office is at Leningradsky Avenue, Khoroshyovsky District, Moscow . Many of
2090-404: Is allowed to enter into contracts with appropriate government authorities to acquire land use rights, rent buildings, and receive utility services. In this it is more similar to a CJV than an EJV. WFOEs are expected by PRC to use the most modern technologies and to export at least 50% of their production, with all of the investment is to be wholly provided by the foreign investor and the enterprise
2200-604: Is described below. The EJV Law is between a Chinese partner and a foreign company. It is incorporated in both Chinese (official) and in English (with equal validity), with limited liability. Prior to China's entry into WTO – and thus the WFOEs – EJVs predominated. In the EJV mode, the partners share profits, losses, and risk in equal proportion to their respective contributions to the venture's registered capital. These escalate upwardly in
2310-929: Is designed to replace the Mikoyan MiG-29 and the Sukhoi Su-27 and is expected to be introduced to the Russian Air Force in 2019. Also, under the MTAL joint venture, Sukhoi and HAL would co-develop the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA , now known as the Perspective Multirole Fighter (PMF), a variant of the PAK FA, of which would be designed for the Indian Air Force . On 11 August 2017, the Russian Air Force designated
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#17327914077122420-609: Is developed and exported under the UAC brand, by which it was developed by Sukhoi Civil Aircraft, a branch of the UAC. The Sukhoi Superjet 100 was designed to compete with the Antonov An-148 , Embraer E-Jet , and the Bombardier CSeries , and to replace the aging Tupolev Tu-134 and the Yakovlev Yak-42 jet airliners, claimed by Sukhoi to have a lower purchase and operating cost. The Sukhoi Superjet 100
2530-715: Is developed under the CRAIC joint-venture between the UAC and Chinese aircraft corporation Comac , with the purpose being a wide-body jet airliner as well as to compete with the Boeing 787 and the Airbus A330neo . The United Aircraft Corporation started out producing the Ilyushin Il-96-400T and the Tupolev Tu-204C , both cargo variants of their airliner counterparts, and the Sukhoi Su-80 ,
2640-470: Is done in parallel with other activities in forming a JV. Though dealt with briefly for a shareholders' agreement , some issues must be dealt with here as a preamble to the discussion that follows. There are also many issues which are not in the Articles when a company starts up or never ever present. Also, a JV may elect to stay as a JV alone in a "quasi partnership" to avoid any nonessential disclosure to
2750-908: Is now designated as the "Ilyushin Il-214" with the MTA taken out since the project is no longer under the Multirole Transport Aircraft Ltd. joint venture. The Il-214 was later renamed the Il-276 in October 2017. The Ilyushin Il-112 is a high-wing, light, military transport aircraft based on the Ilyushin Il-114 currently being developed by Ilyushin Aviation Complex for air landing and airdrop . Development of
2860-697: Is the second modernized version of the Su-27, where the first modernized version took place back on 28 June 1988, designated as the Sukhoi Su-27M, also known as the Su-35. The improved aircraft includes a reinforced airframe, air-thrusted engines, radar , and improved avionics while excluding canards and an air brake . The Russian Air Force designated them as the Su-35S and ordered 98 units with additional orders from China and Indonesia . Sukhoi thought sales of
2970-912: Is the sole executive body of PJSC UAC with functions of the Chairman of the Management Board. The President is empowered to decide all issues about the Corporation's current activities, except for matters falling within the competence of the General Shareholders' Meeting, the Board of Directors, and the Management Board. Joint venture A joint venture ( JV ) is a business entity created by two or more parties, generally characterized by shared ownership , shared returns and risks , and shared governance. Companies typically pursue joint ventures for one of four reasons: to access
3080-470: Is what will happen if the firm is dissolved, if one of the partners dies, or if the firm is sold. Often, the most successful JVs are those with 50:50 partnership with each party having the same number of directors but rotating control over the firm, or rights to appoint the Chairperson and Vice-chair of the company. Sometimes a party may give a separate trusted person to vote in its place proxy vote of
3190-515: Is within his total control. WFOEs are typically limited liability enterprises. Like with EJVs, but the liability of the directors, managers, advisers, and suppliers depends on the rules which govern the Departments or Ministries which control product liability, worker safety or environmental protection. An advantage the WFOE enjoys over its alternates is enhanced protection of its know-how but
3300-753: The Antonov An-24/26 , the Antonov An-28 , and the Yakovlev Yak-40 , and to compete with the Antonov An-38 . The Ilyushin Il-214 was formerly a project designated as the "Ilyushin Il-214 Multirole Transport Aircraft" under the joint venture between the UAC and HAL . The project was first conceived in 2007, two to three years before the joint venture, " Multirole Transport Aircraft Ltd. " between
3410-519: The Beriev A-40 "Albatross" , was designed before the UAC's creation and is a multi-purpose amphibious aircraft. The Be-200 is marketed as a firefighter , search and rescue aircraft , maritime patrol aircraft , cargo aircraft , and an airliner . The Beriev A-100 is an airborne early warning and control aircraft designed to replace the Beriev A-50 , also made by Beriev. Its maiden flight
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3520-540: The European Union . However, the 2014 sanctions did not include the civilian airliner industry of the UAC, such as the Sukhoi Superjet 100 , exports of the regional jet to Western nations so the economic activities of Superjet International were not expected to be affected. In April 2015, the company changed its full name to Public Joint-Stock Company (PJSC) "United Aircraft Corporation" (UAC). In
3630-587: The Indian MRCA competition but was taken out of the competition in April 2011. The MiG-35 would be adopted by the Russian Air Force and introduced in 2018. The Sukhoi Su-35S , the UAC's second military aircraft, is designed by the Sukhoi Design Bureau , a branch of the UAC. The aircraft is to serve as the interim for the Sukhoi PAK FA , Russia 's first fifth-generation jet fighter . This
3740-630: The MAKS 2021 Air show UAC announced that the Mikoyan LMFS project was developed into the Sukhoi LFS . In August 2023, Yury Slyusar reported that UAC had received an additional order for the equipment of the new Moscow and Leningrad military districts. All of the aircraft listed were either put into or going into service in the Russian Air Force . According to the UAC, the President
3850-509: The Ministry of Defense were transferred under the ownership of the UAC. As a result, in 2014, the serviceability of the Russian Air Force increased from 40% to 65%. As a result of Russian military intervention in Ukraine in 2014, international sanctions were invoked against Russia , and because the UAC was part of Russia's aerospace and defense industry, it was sanctioned as well by
3960-467: The Russian Air Force . The company's revenues for 2009 were expected to be 115 billion–120 billion rubles. On 29 January 2010, Sukhoi and the UAC revealed Russia 's first fifth generation jet fighter , the Sukhoi PAK FA (T-50). The PAK FA is a stealth, single-seat, twin-engine , multirole jet fighter designed for air supremacy and attack roles. The PAK FA would also be Russia's first aircraft to use stealth technology . The PAK FA
4070-626: The Russian Federation , the Soviet Union's successor. The Yakovlev Yak-130 is the only aircraft to be developed after the Soviet era and before the creation of the UAC. The Mikoyan MiG-35 is the first aircraft and the first military aircraft designed and exported under the UAC brand, as Mikoyan , the company that designed it, is a branch of the corporation. The MiG-35 was a contender for its fourth-generation counterparts in
4180-808: The Sukhoi Su-25 "Grach" , Sukhoi Su-27 "Sofiyka" , Mikoyan MiG-29 , Sukhoi Su-33 , Sukhoi Su-30 , and the Sukhoi Su-34 , and large military aircraft such as the Ilyushin Il-76 , Tupolev Tu-160 "Beliy Lebed" , and the Ilyushin Il-78 , were all designed in the Soviet Union. However, though, some Soviet aircraft such as the Tupolev Tu-160 "Beliy Lebed", Sukhoi Su-33, Sukhoi Su-30, and the Sukhoi Su-34, were introduced later in
4290-478: The Sukhoi Su-30 . In May 2008, the UAC presented its third aircraft and the first airliner designed and exported under the UAC brand, the Sukhoi Superjet 100 (SSJ 100). The SSJ 100 is the fourth civilian aircraft and the first airliner to be made by Sukhoi. Previously, Sukhoi and Boeing made a cooperation agreement and which Boeing consultants would help and advise Sukhoi on the airliner. The SSJ 100
4400-671: The Tupolev Tu-154 "Careless" , the Tupolev Tu-204 , the Ilyushin Il-96 , the Ilyushin Il-114 , and all of Mikoyan, Sukhoi, Yakovlev, Tupolev, and Ilyushin military aircraft; all created before the corporation's creation. In February 2007, the UAC presented its first aircraft and the first military aircraft designed and exported under the UAC brand, the Mikoyan MiG-35 , designated by NATO as "Fulcrum-F" and
4510-439: The Tupolev Tu-154 , the Tupolev Tu-204 , the Ilyushin Il-86 , the Ilyushin Il-96 , and the Ilyushin Il-114 ; all created before the corporation's creation. The Tupolev Tu-154 is a medium-range, narrow-body , three-engine jet airliner developed and introduced in Soviet times. It saw large use in Aeroflot and was exported to many nations that had connections to the Soviet Union, and a total of 1,026 were built. Production of
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4620-601: The United States Department of the Treasury placed sanctions on Slyusar under Executive Order 14024 as a member of the Government of Russia . The conglomerate finished the process of Mikoyan and Sukhoi absorption in June 2022. Relevant records were changed on June 1 in the United States Register of Legal Entities . UAC said in late December 2023 that it had successfully performed the year's state defense orders. Company structure: This section contains present and future products to be distributed under UAC umbrella The United Aircraft Corporation started out producing
4730-410: The World Trade Organization (WTO) around 2001 has had profound effects on foreign investment. Not being a JV, they are considered here only in comparison or contrast. To implement WTO commitments, China publishes from time to time updated versions of its "Catalogs Investments" (affecting ventures) prohibited, restricted. The WFOE is a Chinese legal person and has to obey all Chinese laws. As such, it
4840-480: The Yakovlev Yak-42 . and to compete with the Airbus A320neo and the Boeing B737 MAX . Despite the domination of the airliner market by Boeing and Airbus as well as Russian protectionism preventing western companies to supply the program, the MC-21 was able to have its maiden flight , have two prototypes built and another four in assembly, and getting a total of 366 orders as of 24 July 2017, with an introduction planned in 2019 with Aeroflot . The introduction
4950-444: The aircraft manufacturing in Shanghai. The main design center was in Russia, although Shanghai was to have its own design office, with half of the work each. In September 2017, it was named CR 929 (CR standing for China-Russia). It was to be powered by a western engine at first before an indigenous power plant developed by Russia's United Engine Corporation and China's AECC , was to be certified in 2027. A request for proposal for
5060-531: The president of Russia at that time, Boris Yeltsin decided that consolidation was necessary. He decided to create the VPK-MAPO (Military Industrial Complex – Moscow Aircraft Production Association), which includes companies such as Mikoyan . The consolidation was not successful and MAPA later merged with Sukhoi . The UAC was created on 20 February 2006 by Russian President Vladimir Putin in Presidential Decree No. 140 by merging shares from Ilyushin , Irkut , Mikoyan , Sukhoi , Tupolev , and Yakovlev as
5170-404: The wing span and shape, fuselage length, nose and tail dimensions, fins sizing and form, location of engines, landing gear and doors. Within the same Gate 3, which should be completed by mid-2019, are experimental aerodynamics research, structural materials selection and technical analysis of supplied systems and equipment. On 31 July 2018 a request for proposals for the undercarriage
5280-450: The "constitution" of a company in these countries. The articles of association regulate the interaction between shareholders and the directors of a company and can be a lengthy document of up to 700,000 or so pages. It deals with the powers relegated by the stockholders to the directors and those withheld by them, requiring the passing of ordinary resolutions , special resolutions and the holding of Extraordinary General Meetings to bring
5390-429: The -500 will carry 250 passengers in three classes with a range of 14,000 km (7,560 nmi), the -600 will have 280 seats and a range of 12,000 km (6,480 nmi) and the -700 will carry 320 over 10,000 km (5,400 nmi). A two class layout of the -600 would seat 291 with 243 economy seats and 48 six-abreast business seats, which can be split in eight four-abreast first class seats and 30 business for
5500-639: The 225 kN Progress D-18T of the An-124 / An-225 , although the MoU between Russian UEC and Chinese AECC made this possibility unlikely. In November 2024, Comac announced that Air China would be the launch customer for the C929, though it did not state how many aircraft the airline would order nor the expected delivery date. Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists United Aircraft Corporation The PJSC United Aircraft Corporation ( UAC ) (Russian: Объединённая авиастроительная корпорация , romanized : Obyedinyonnaya Aviastroitelnaya Korporatsiya [OAK] )
5610-404: The 76,100 lbf (339 kN) GEnx -1B76, and Rolls-Royce the 78,129 lbf (347.54 kN) Trent 1000 TEN. CRAIC received seven proposals by the 30 May deadline. The responding engine manufacturers appeared to be Chinese AECC , General Electric, Rolls-Royce and Russian UEC , the three others were for related systems. The general layout and principal geometry was approved on 6 June 2018:
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#17327914077125720-410: The DOC data, foreign joint ventures of U.S. companies realized a 5.5 percent average return on assets (ROA), while those companies' wholly owned and controlled affiliates (the vast majority of which are wholly owned) realized a slightly lower 5.2 percent ROA. The same story holds true for investments by foreign companies in the U.S., but the difference is more pronounced. U.S.-based joint ventures realized
5830-514: The Founder at board meetings. Recently, in a major case the Indian Supreme Court has held that Memorandums of Understanding (whose details are not in the articles of association) are "unconstitutional" giving more transparency to undertakings. A JV is not a permanent structure. It can be dissolved when: Joint ventures are risky forms of business partnerships . Literature in business and management has paid attention to different factors of conflict and opportunism in joint ventures, in particular
5940-409: The JV's life, giving the option to the foreign investor, by holding higher equity, obtains a faster rate of return with the concurrent wish of the Chinese partner of a later larger role of maintaining long-term control. The parties in any of the ventures, EJV, CJV or WFOE prepare a feasibility study outlined above. It is a non-binding document – the parties are still free to choose not to proceed with
6050-487: The MC-21 was to replace the Tupolev Tu-154 , Tupolev Tu-134 , Tupolev Tu-204 , and the Yakovlev Yak-42 . and to compete with the Airbus A320neo and the Boeing B737 MAX . Despite the domination of the airliner market by Boeing and Airbus as well as Russian protectionism preventing western companies from being suppliers to the program, the MC-21 was able to make its maiden flight on 28 May 2017, with two prototypes built and another four in assembly, while obtaining
6160-410: The PAK platform are the Ilyushin PAK TA , a supersonic transport aircraft , the Tupolev PAK DA , a strategic bomber , the Sukhoi PAK ShA, a close air support aircraft designed to replace the Sukhoi Su-25 , and the Mikoyan PAK DP, a new fast interceptor aircraft. Military aircraft that are not under the PAK platform and are under development are the Mikoyan MiG-41 and the Mikoyan LMFS . At
6270-415: The Russian Air Force as the Sukhoi Su-57, under the Prospective Airborne Complex (PAK) platform, would be the first Russian aircraft to use stealth technology , as well as being Russia's first fifth-generation jet fighter, as stated before. The Sukhoi Su-57 would replace the aging Sukhoi Su-27 and the Mikoyan MiG-29 in the Russian Air Force with an introduction in 2020. Other aircraft being developed under
6380-448: The Russian Federation in UAC's chartered capital is 80.29%. In February 2008, the UAC brought out an improved version of the Sukhoi Su-27, the Sukhoi Su-35S , also called the Su-35BM, which was to serve as the interim aircraft for the upcoming Sukhoi PAK FA , Russia's first fifth generation jet fighter . This is the second modernized version of the Su-27, where the first modernized version took place back on 28 June 1988, designated as
6490-419: The SSJ 100 to potential customers. In October 2009, the UAC signed a joint venture with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) of India named the Multirole Transport Aircraft Limited (MTAL) where the two companies would cooperate on manufacturing aircraft for both of the Russian Armed Forces , the Indian Armed Forces , and for friendly third-party countries. One of the projects being developed in 2017 by
6600-454: The Su-35S would go over 160 but they are blunted by updated versions of the Sukhoi Su-30 . 30 Tupolev Tu-22M3 bombers would be upgraded to the Tupolev Tu-22M3M with advanced avionics, ability to use air-to-surface weaponry, hardware components, and adapted for extended ranged weaponry. The first flight is scheduled for August 2018. Remaining Tupolev Tu-22M3 bombers would be undergoing modernization. The Sukhoi PAK FA , designated by
6710-540: The Sukhoi PAK FA as the Sukhoi Su-57. On 27 October 2010, the UAC and the Ukrainian state-owned aircraft corporation , Antonov , signed a joint venture contract , LLC UAC - Antonov, in the capital city of Ukraine, Kyiv . The purpose of the joint-venture was to deal with the coordination of Antonov and the UAC on purchasing spare parts, production, marketing, and sales, as well as servicing and joint creation of new modifications of Antonov aircraft, according to Defense-Aerospace. In 2013, nine aircraft repair plants of
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#17327914077126820-420: The Sukhoi Su-27M, also known as the Su-35. The improved aircraft includes a reinforced airframe, air-trusted engines, radar , and improved avionics while excluding canards and an air brake . The Russian Air Force designated them as the Su-35S and ordered 98 units with additional orders from China and Indonesia . Sukhoi thought sales of the Su-35S would go over 160 but they are blunted by updated versions of
6930-433: The Tu-154 stopped in 2013. Following a crash in 2016 , all Russian Tu-154s were grounded, and now the airliner is in limited service by a few airline companies and military. The Ilyushin Il-86 is a short/medium-range, wide-body jet airliner, developed and introduced in Soviet times as well. The Ilyushin Il-86 was the first Soviet wide-body airliner and the world's second four-engine wide-body airliner developed. The Il-86
7040-431: The US) covering know-how and trademarks and supply-of-equipment agreements. The minimum equity is prescribed for investment truncated, where the foreign equity and debt levels are: There are also intermediary levels. The foreign investment in the total project must be at least 25%. No minimum investment is set for the Chinese partner. The timing of investments must be mentioned in the Agreement and failure to invest in
7150-462: The United Aircraft Corporation was acquired from the Federal Agency for State Property Management by Russian conglomerate state corporation Rostec , with a turnover cost over one billion rubles (US$ 15 million). This would result in the all Russian national aviation assets being put in the hands of Rostec, as Rostec also owns the helicopter monopoly Russian Helicopters and the engine monopoly United Engine Corporation . Rostec had stated it
7260-488: The aircraft started before 2011, the year of which the maiden flight of the Ilyushin Il-112 is supposed to occur. The project was later abandoned in May 2011 by the Russian Ministry of Defense and seven Antonov An-140T were purchased. The project was later continued in January 2013 and a maiden flight conducted in 2019. The Beriev Aircraft Company is a branch of the UAC that specializes in special purposes and amphibious aircraft . The Beriev Be-200 "Altair" , based on
7370-416: The airliner is in low-rate production and used by only a few airlines. The Il-96's purpose as an airliner ended in 2009, as it was deemed inferior to its Boeing and Airbus counterparts. The Tupolev Tu-204 is a medium-range, narrow-body jet airliner, featuring many technological innovations such as a fly-by-wire control system , a glass cockpit , etc., and was developed primarily for Aeroflot. The Tu-204
7480-430: The annexation. As of 2022, UAC was 88 percent owned by Rostec. On 22 March 2022, it was remarked that the Russian aviation industry was not receiving imported parts already paid for as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . The company and its CEO Yury Slyusar were sanctioned by the British government on 24 February 2022, as it was judged to have aided in the Russian invasion of Ukraine . In May 2022
7590-461: The cases, the status of the formed enterprise is that of a legal Chinese person which can hire labor directly as, for example, a Chinese national contactor. The minimum of the capital is registered at various levels of investment. Other differences from the EJV are to be noted: Convenience and flexibility are the characteristics of this type of investment. It is therefore easier to find co-operative partners and to reach an agreement. With changes in
7700-526: The competition in April 2011. The MiG-35 would be adopted by the Russian Air Force and was planned to be introduced in 2018. In October 2007, the Federal Financial Markets Service registered a primary issue of common shares for the United Aircraft Building Corporation . The issue included 96,724,000,000 shares priced at 1 RUB = US$ 0.04. In December 2007, the state-owned Vneshtorgbank announced that it would sell its 5% share in EADS to UAC at market price. Later that month VTB sold its share in EADS to
7810-439: The corporation's assets are located in various regions in Russia, with joint ventures with foreign partners in China, India, and Italy. After the Soviet Union's sudden collapse in 1991, the aerospace industry of Russia was in turmoil. An excessive amount of imports and highly protective tariffs devastated the manufacturing industry, both the aerospace and the automotive industry . The military aircraft industry
7920-622: The death of Mao Zedong in 1976, initiatives in foreign trade began to be applied, and law applicable to foreign direct investment was made clear in 1979, while the first Sino-foreign equity venture took place in 2001. The corpus of the law has improved since then. Companies with foreign partners can carry out manufacturing and sales operations in China and can sell through their own sales network. Foreign-Sino companies have export rights which are not available to wholly Chinese companies, as China desires to import foreign technology by encouraging JVs and
8030-598: The development pace, however construction of the first prototype began by September 2021. In 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine , multiple sanctions brought further uncertainty to the venture. As of September 2022, the Russians remained optimistic that testing flights could begin as early as 2030. In June 2023, news emerged that Comac intended to continue the programme on its own, independently of UAC. In August 2023, UAC CEO Yury Slyusar confirmed Russia's withdrawal but expressed hope that UAC could remain involved as
8140-503: The directors' decision to bear. A Certificate of Incorporation or the Articles of Incorporation is a document required to form a corporation in the U.S. (in actuality, the state where it is incorporated) and in countries following the practice. In the US, the "constitution" is a single document. The Articles of Incorporation is again a regulation of the directors by the stock-holders in
8250-733: The five years 2011–2015, UAC companies delivered to the Russian Defence Ministry more than 200 aircraft. On 28 September 2015, according to a resolution by the Ukrainian government , the state-owned corporation Antonov would exit the LLC UAC - Antonov joint venture between the Russian and Ukrainian companies. On 13 January 2016, India 's HAL announced it would cease involvement in the Ilyushin Il-214 MTA project, and that Ilyushin would have to work on
8360-471: The following major ways: In the UK , India , and in many common law countries, a joint-venture (or else a company formed by a group of individuals) must file its memorandum of association with the appropriate authority. This is a statutory document which informs the public of its existence. It may be viewed by the public at the office in which it is filed. Together with the articles of association , it forms
8470-564: The fuselage central section in Zhangjiagang for $ 10 billion until 2040. Leonardo confirmed the joint venture on 26 October. In November 2018, a mockup of the forward cabin was unveiled at the Zhuhai Airshow China. By December 2018, Comac produced the first composite forward fuselage prototype, a 15 by 6 m (49 by 20 ft) structure, towards joint definition in the second half of 2019. By early 2019, Concept design
8580-423: The government or the public. Some of the issues in a shareholders' agreement are: There are many features which have to be incorporated into the shareholders' agreement which is quite private to the parties as they start off. Normally, it requires noтуОЧ submission to any authority. The other basic document which must be articulated is the Articles, which is a published document and known to members. This repeats
8690-567: The indicated time, draws a penalty. Co-operative Joint Ventures (CJVs) are permitted under the Sino-Foreign Co-operative Joint Ventures. Co-operative enterprises are also called Contractual Operative Enterprises. The CJVs may have a limited structure or unlimited – therefore, there are two versions. The limited-liability version is similar to the EJVs in status of permissions – the foreign investor provides
8800-602: The influence of parent control structure, ownership change, and volatile environment. Government procurement regulations, such as the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) in the United States, may specify how joint ventures are to be approached as suppliers or confirm that a joint venture or other form of contractor partnering is seen as a "desirable" arrangement for supplying to government. The FAR states that The Government will recognize
8910-405: The integrity and validity of contractor team arrangements [including joint ventures], provided the arrangements are identified and company relationships are fully disclosed in an offer or, for arrangements entered into after submission of an offer, before the arrangement becomes effective. The Government will not normally require or encourage the dissolution of contractor team arrangements. Under
9020-501: The intent being that Sukhoi would become the financial entity for all civil aircraft produced by UAC. According to UAC, the corporate restructuring was aimed at realizing UAC's strategic goal to increase the share of civil products in its portfolio to 45% by 2035 and to drive annual civil aircraft production to 100-120 aircraft per year, as well as to increase UAC's economic effectiveness and lower costs by centralizing supporting processes and decreasing levels of management. The transformation
9130-575: The joint venture was the Ilyushin Il-214 Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA) which was intended to replace India's Antonov An-32 transport fleet. The Il-214 was planned to perform regular transport duties as well as deploy paratroopers . The aircraft is planned to be revealed in 2017 and planned to be introduced in 2018. In 2009, UAC delivered 90 aircraft, including 17 passenger models. This figure includes 31 MiG-29 and two Su-34 fighter jets produced for
9240-719: The latest technologies. Under Chinese law, foreign enterprises are divided into several basic categories. Of these, five will be described or mentioned here: three relate to industry and services and two as vehicles for foreign investment. Those five categories of Chinese foreign enterprises are: the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures (EJVs), Sino-Foreign Co-operative Joint Ventures (CJVs), Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises (WFOE), although they do not strictly belong to Joint Ventures, plus foreign investment companies limited by shares (FICLBS), and Investment Companies through Foreign Investors (ICFI). Each category
9350-535: The law, it becomes possible to merge with a Chinese company for a quick start. A foreign investor does not need to set up a new corporation in China. Instead, the investor uses the Chinese partner's business license, under a contractual arrangement. However, under the CJV, the land stays in the possession of the Chinese partner. There is another advantage: the percentage of the CJV owned by each partner can change throughout
9460-402: The majority of funds and technology and the Chinese party provides land, buildings, equipment, etc. However, there are no minimum limits on the foreign partner which allows him to be a minority shareholder. The other format of the CJV is similar to a partnership where the parties jointly incur unlimited liability for the debts of the enterprise with no separate legal person being created. In both
9570-596: The project alone. The project was subsequently redesignated as the "Ilyushin Il-214" (with the MTA removed) since the project is no longer under the Multirole Transport Aircraft Limited joint-venture. On 8 June 2016, UAC officially revealed the Irkut MC-21 , its first medium-range jet airliner , when it rolled out in Irkutsk . The aircraft could be the first with an out of autoclave composite manufacturing for its wings. The goal of
9680-474: The project. The feasibility study must cover the fundamental technical and commercial aspects of the project, before the parties can proceed to formalize the necessary legal documentation. The study should contain details referred to earlier under Feasibility Study (submissions by the Chinese partner). There is basic law of the PRC concerning enterprises with sole foreign investment controls, WFOEs. China's entry into
9790-461: The propulsion system, including the engine and nacelle, was issued on 21 December 2017, to be answered by 30 May 2018. On May 15 at a Shanghai conference on aeroengines , the design grew to a 63.25 m (207.5 ft) length, 45 cm (18 in) shorter than the A330-900 but still with nine-abreast economy seating, requiring 78,000 lbf (347 kN) of thrust from each engine. GE produces
9900-537: The resources. In May 2014, a memorandum on cooperation was reached and a feasibility study completed in autumn 2014. UAC estimated that wide-body demand worldwide through 2033 amounts to 8,000 aircraft, including 1,000 in China. Preliminary design began in February 2015. In June 2016, an agreement was signed to set up a 50-50 joint venture. In November 2016, at Zhuhai Airshow , Comac and UAC approached Honeywell and United Technologies as potential suppliers. A mock-up
10010-549: The rules applicable to public procurement in the European Union , public bodies may insist that suppliers intending to provide goods and services through a joint partnership accept joint liability for the execution of the contract. According to a 2003 report of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development , China was the recipient of US$ 53.5 billion in direct foreign investment, making it
10120-440: The same proportion as the increase in registered capital. The JV contract accompanied by the articles of association for the EJV are the two most fundamental legal documents of the project. The Articles mirror many of the provisions of the JV contract. In case of conflict the JV document has precedence. These documents are prepared at the same time as the feasibility report. There are also the ancillary documents (termed "offsets" in
10230-435: The shareholders agreement as to the number of directors each founder can appoint to the board of directors; whether the board controls or the founders; the taking of decisions by simple majority (50%+1) of those present or a 51% or 75% majority with all directors present (their alternates/ proxy ); the deployment of funds of the firm; extent of debt; the proportion of profit that can be declared as dividends; etc. Also significant
10340-536: The state-owned Russian Development Bank ( VEB ). EADS already owned a 10% stake in Irkut in 2012, which it planned to convert into UAC shares, which would result in EADS and UAC owning shares of each other. They also announced plans for a possible 10–15% share issue in 2008, planning to retain a 75% stake . Ater placing 5 additional share issues, the Corporation's chartered capital amounts to 174.61 bln. RUB . The share of
10450-421: The two state corporations was created, and development began in 2012. However, the team under Ilyushin Aviation Complex , a branch of the UAC, and the team under HAL had many disagreements and misunderstandings. In January 2016, Ilyushin halted the project, and HAL announced it would not be involved in the Ilyushin Il-214 MTA project anymore, and that Ilyushin would have to work on the project alone. The project
10560-426: The world's largest recipient of direct foreign investment for the first time, to exceed the US. Also, it approved the establishment of nearly 500,000 foreign-investment enterprises. The US had 45,000 projects by 2004 with an in-place investment of over 48 billion. Until recently, no guidelines existed on how foreign investment was to be handled due to the restrictive nature of China toward foreign investors. Following
10670-458: Was able to benefit from improving export possibilities by profiting from a large storage of components and parts from Soviet times. In contrast, the civilian aircraft industry suffered large losses and production of civilian aircraft diminished significantly. For example, in 1990 Soviet industry produced 715 aircraft. Eight years later that number decreased by 661 to only 56 aircraft. In 2000 just four civilian aircraft were produced. To address this,
10780-727: Was delayed to redevelop the airliner with almost entirely Russian parts, with the new date planned for 2025. The Sukhoi Superjet 130 is currently being developed by Sukhoi Civil Aircraft, intending to bridge the gap between the Superjet Stretch and the MC-21. The Ilyushin Il-114 's production and development continued as the Ilyushin Il-114-300, now restarted with all-Russian parts with a maiden flight planned in 2019 and an introduction planned in 2021. The CRAIC CR-929
10890-477: Was exhibited at the show. The China-Russia Commercial Aircraft International Corporation Limited (CRAIC) 50-50 joint venture was launched on May 22, 2017 in Shanghai , targeting a 2025–2028 maiden flight and first delivery. China saw the joint venture involving joint financial investments , rather than as an intellectual property sale, as Russia wanted with the research and development center in Moscow and
11000-442: Was intended to concentrate resources to develop, manufacture, and market Russian civil aircraft, while ensuring consistency in these areas and simplifying certification and licensing procedures. On 9 July 2018, UAC was targeting 4.5% of global airliner market share by value and profitability by 2025, to grow its civil aircraft business from 17% to 40% of its income and to attract private investors before 2035. On 25 October 2018,
11110-437: Was introduced on 21 April 2011, with Armavia . The Sukhoi Superjet 100 was subsequently described as the most important and the most successful airliner program of the Russian aerospace industry , and is regarded by the Ministry of Industry and Trade as a top priority project. Sukhoi Holdings of the UAC signed a joint venture with Leonardo-Finmeccanica (now Leonardo S.p.A.) to establish Superjet International to sell
11220-527: Was issued, with expected a responses from Europe, China or Russia by the end of November 2018. The US-China trade war did not prevent bidding from UTC Aerospace Systems , which did not seek the contract and Canadian Héroux-Devtek has not received the RFP. Leonardo-Finmeccanica was negotiating to set up a joint venture with Comac and the Chinese Kangde group before the end of October 2018, to produce
11330-522: Was later described as the most important and the most successful airliner program of the Russian aerospace industry , and is regarded by the Ministry of Industry and Trade as a top priority project. The Irkut MC-21 is currently the newest jet airliner developed under the UAC brand, which is developed by the Irkut Corporation , a brand of the UAC. The goal of the MC-21 is to replace the Tupolev Tu-154 , Tupolev Tu-134 , Tupolev Tu-204 , and
11440-698: Was named the CRAIC CR-929 , formerly the C929, and is intended to compete with the Airbus A330neo and the Boeing 787 ; thus challenging the Airbus-Boeing duopoly . On 1 September 2017, the UAC Board of Directors, and UAC's subsidiaries, Sukhoi Civil Aircraft and the Irkut Corporation agreed to merge the civil industry Irkut Corporation and the Sukhoi Civil Aircraft into a Civil Aviation Division based on Irkut Corporation, with
11550-591: Was on 26 October 2016, with an introduction with the Russian Air Force . The A-100 is developed from the Ilyushin Il-476 with avionics and configuration being similar to the A-50U as well as a new active phased array radar made by JSC Vega . Most of the military aircraft produced by the UAC were designed before the corporation 's creation, many of them designed in the Soviet era . Jet fighters such as
11660-560: Was praised for its safety and reliability, but only 106 were built, as a result of many delays during development. Production of the airliner stopped in 1995, and the airliner was retired in 2011, with only four in service in the Russian Air Force . The Ilyushin Il-96 is a shortened, long-ranged successor of the Il-86, with updated technologies, and the first airliner from the Russian Federation to be introduced. Only 30 were built however, and
11770-473: Was reported that Comac was studying the 290-seat C929 and 390-seat C939 wide-body aircraft . In June 2012, Russia and China entered talks to set up a joint venture between UAC and Comac to develop a successor to the Il-96 . Development was expected to take at least seven years and cost $ 7–12 billion, with a production target of several hundred aircraft. Russia would contribute its knowledge and China would provide
11880-518: Was succeeded by its variant, the Tu-214. The Ilyushin Il-114 is a turboprop , narrow-body regional airliner developed to replace the Antonov An-24 , which most were in service of Aeroflot. However, only 20 had been built, and only two airlines were using it, so the Il-114's production was temporarily halted. The Sukhoi Superjet 100 is the first airliner and regional jet airliner that
11990-542: Was targeted for the end of 2019/early 2020, before the definition phase. Definition freeze was then aimed for the first half of 2022, first flight for 2025 and certification for 2027. By spring 2019, progress was slowed by multinational cooperation challenges and engine selection was expected for September or October. High-speed wind tunnel testing was completed by December 2019 at the Moscow Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute , using
12100-492: Was willing to invest up to 40 billion rubles into the MC-21 , taking some burden away from the federal budget. The restructuring was to be completed within 18 months. On 30 November 2021, the UAC board of directors approved the annexation to the corporation of both military aircraft producers Mikoyan and Sukhoi , previewed for 2022. The daily management of both is already made by UAC. In January 2022, UAC shareholders approved
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