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95-692: The Sukhoi Superjet 100 (Russian: Сухой Суперджет 100 , romanized : Sukhoy Superdzhet 100 ) or SSJ100 is a regional jet designed by Russian aircraft company Sukhoi Civil Aircraft, a division of the United Aircraft Corporation (now: Regional Aircraft – Branch of the Irkut Corporation ). With development starting in 2000, it made its maiden flight on 19 May 2008 and its first commercial flight on 21 April 2011 with Armavia . The 46–49 t (45–48 long tons) MTOW plane typically seats 87 to 98 passengers and

190-475: A powered exoskeleton that Farris had worked on at Vanderbilt. In 2015 the company opened an internal business incubator that Maxwell had proposed when he was first hired. The company won $ 2 billion in contracts to build fuel and hydraulic systems for Airbus A350 airliners in 2008 Two years later, its products were used in repairing the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. Thomas Williams took over

285-460: A 50–50 joint venture, Advanced Atomization Technologies, for producing fuel nozzles for commercial aircraft engines. In 1995, it was discovered that failures in a servo unit supplied by Parker Hannifin to Boeing for use in their 737 aircraft may have contributed to several accidents and incidents, including the crashes of United Airlines Flight 585 and USAir Flight 427 . In 2004, a Los Angeles jury ordered Parker Hannifin to pay US$ 43 million to

380-634: A Latin alphabet for the Russian language was discussed in 1929–30 during the campaign of latinisation of the languages of the USSR , when a special commission was created to propose a latinisation system for Russian. The letters of the Latin script are named in Russian as following (and are borrowed from French and/or German ): Parker Hannifin The company was founded in 1917 and has been publicly traded on

475-725: A Russified version of the body and electronics, without most of the Western components; the engines are replaced by the Aviadvigatel PD-8 model. Aeroflot has ordered 89 Irkut SSJ-Russified aircraft. In August 2023, parent company Irkut rebranded itself as Yakovlev , with the Superjet to be known as the SJ-100 . JSC Sukhoi was incorporated in May 2000 to develop the first all-new commercial aircraft in post-Soviet Russia. Studies of

570-517: A daily utilisation of 9.74 hours and a dispatch reliability of 99.03%. By June 2014, Interjet had received seven SSJ100s and the dispatch reliability had increased to 99.7%. On 12 September 2014, Interjet started regular passenger flights to the US, on the Monterrey, Mexico , – San Antonio, Texas , route. However, Interjet confirmed by January of 2020 that it was planning to phase out its SSJ100 fleet; but

665-590: A fighter aircraft production in Russia’s Far East, he also inspected civil aviation project, included the domestic made Superjet 100. Russian operators of the Superjet 100 encountered difficulties in keeping their fleets airborne as result of sanctions imposed following the Russian invasion of Ukraine . In 2023, it emerged that there was a shortage of parts for the SaM146 engines, namely igniter plugs produced in

760-430: A flying test bed. The SuperJet 100 made its maiden flight on 19 May 2008, taking off from Komsomolsk-on-Amur. By July, certification was expected for the third quarter of 2009, pushing back deliveries to later the same quarter. On 24 December 2008, the second SSJ made its maiden flight. By January 2009, the first two aircraft had completed over 80 flights, and the engines had accumulated 2,300 hours of tests. In April 2009,

855-459: A focus on innovation as well as rigor; he argued for and was given a $ 20M annual budget to fund blue sky inventions made by engineers and has given engineers time to pursue them; at the same time his team developed software that allows tracking each of the company's 1700 ongoing R&D projects graded by risk and potential reward, and closely managing their progress. In 2011 he hired Ryan Farris out of Vanderbilt University and licensed patents covering

950-507: A goal it generally achieved in the coming decades. In 1957, the company purchased Hannifin, a producer of valve and cylinder products, and changed its name to Parker Hannifin. Many more acquisitions followed, with the company reaching 40 acquisitions by the year 1979. In 1953, Arthur Parker's son Patrick S. Parker began working full-time at the company. He rose to become its president in 1968, and served as CEO from 1971 to 1983 and as chairman from 1977 to 1999. During and after his tenure,

1045-428: A keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of typing rapidly using a native Russian keyboard layout ( JCUKEN ). In the latter case, they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their keyboard layout , such as for English QWERTY keyboards, and then use an automated tool to convert the text into Cyrillic. There are a number of distinct and competing standards for

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1140-590: A plan announced in June 2022 to bring the proportion of domestically produced aircraft to 80% of the Russian fleet by the end of the decade following the international sanctions brought in after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , serial production of the SSJ-New was targeted for 2023. In July 2022, a prototype SSJ-New fuselage was transported to test facilities near Moscow to undergo life cycle testing. Further prototypes were assembled in 2023, with structural testing of

1235-808: A plan, backed by the Russian government , to focus on customer support rather than deliveries in order to improve dispatch reliability. At the end of November 2018, United Aircraft Corporation transferred SCAC from Sukhoi Holding to the Irkut Corporation , to become UAC's airliner division. By then, Brussels Airlines was seeking alternatives for its four SSJ100s wet-leased from CityJet , as teething problems affected their reliability. By February 2019, CityJet's remaining five SSJ100s stood idle and were expected to be transferred to Slovenia's Adria Airways , which committed for 15 in late 2018, though Adria subsequently cancelled its order in April 2019. Neither CityJet nor Brussels Airlines have commented as to why they dropped

1330-463: A priority project. In 2010, development costs were $ 1.4 billion excluding the SaM146 engine, with 25% funded from the federal budget, rising to US$ 1.5 billion by 2013. Unit cost was US$ 31–35 million in 2012, rising to a US$ 50.1 million base price in 2018. Over 30 foreign partnerships are involved. The SaM146 engines are developed, manufactured and marketed by PowerJet , a joint-venture between

1425-528: A production rate of 32 to 34 aircraft per year to make a profit, though demand for Russian models in the 60–120 seat category is forecast to be only 10 aircraft per year over a 20-year period. In the short-term, the company's main hope is that Aeroflot will firm up its 2018 preliminary agreement for 100 SSJs. Yamal Airlines , the second-largest Russian SSJ operator, announced the cancellation of its order for 10 further SSJs, citing high servicing costs. Of 30–40 SSJs owned by Aeroflot, only 10 are reportedly usable at

1520-455: A time due to maintenance problems. Aeroflot cancelled approximately 50 Superjet flights in the week following the Flight 1492 accident. Kommersant cited industry sources as saying the Superjet 100 had lower dispatch reliability than Airbus and Boeing aircraft in the airline's fleet historically and attributed a rise in cancellations to "increased safety measures" at Aeroflot while the accident

1615-472: A well known hydraulic manufacturer. Parker has an Oildyne division today. With a cost of $ 366 million, this was at the time Parker Hannifin's biggest acquisition. In 2001, CEO Don Washkewicz introduced lean startup methods to company operations and has said that over the decade this reduced the time to obtain price quotes by 60% and cut product development lead times by 25%. In 2002 the company appointed Craig Maxwell as head of engineering; Maxwell brought

1710-557: Is installing a flight simulator in Toluca . The updated SSJs would have winglets , a higher MTOW and improved systems and interior. Sukhoi has also proposed to increase the cabin density from 93 to 108 seats by reducing the pitch from 34 to 30 in (86 to 76 cm). While the airline was attracted by its low introductory price, Sukhoi was forced to reimburse Interjet in 2018 after its fleet of 30 suffered persistent faults. In October 2018, Sukhoi and engine contractor UEC agreed on

1805-587: Is investigated. On 4 June, the Russian Federal Air Transport Agency (Rosaviatsiya) ordered carriers to perform one-time inspections of the SSJ, including a general check of the aircraft's condition and verification of aircraft and engine logs, by 25 June. A total of 12 jets were delivered in 2020 to the following operators: Rossiya Airlines , Azimuth Airlines, Red Wings Airlines . The sole remaining western operator, Interjet, down by

1900-460: Is powered by two 77–79 kN (17,000–18,000 lb f ) PowerJet SaM146 turbofans developed by a joint venture between French Safran and Russian NPO Saturn . By May 2018, 127 were in service and by September the fleet had logged 300,000 revenue flights and 460,000 hours. By November 2021 the fleet had logged at least 2,000,000 hours. The type has recorded four hull loss accidents and 89 deaths as of July 2024. In 2022, Sukhoi announced

1995-706: Is the main system of the Oxford University Press, and a variation was used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975. The Library of Congress system (ALA-LC) is used for newer acquisitions. The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for Anglophones to read and pronounce. In many publications, a simplified form of the system is used to render English versions of Russian names, typically converting ë to yo , simplifying -iy and -yy endings to -y , and omitting apostrophes for ъ and ь . It can be rendered using only

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2090-602: Is to be raised to 110, and hot and high operations to 4000 m and 50 °C. A freighter variant is also being studied. Russian government has earmarked ₽ 3.2 billion ($ 51 million) toward the variant of the SSJ with indigenous propulsion and avionics, introduced at the Eurasia Airshow 2018 in Antalya alongside the SSJ75. In May 2021, Rostec announced the completion of the first experimental core 'hot section' of

2185-679: The Airbus A220 , Sukhoi would upgrade the SSJ100 to the SSJ100B and the "Russianised" SSJ100R. Western content accounts for 55–60% of the original SSJ100's cost but sanctions against Russia were tightening by 2018. As of December 2018, the US authorities did not send any feedback to Sukhoi over exports to Iran. The SSJ100B would feature more powerful SaM146-1S18 engines, improved avionics software, enhanced high-lift devices controls and retrofittable "sabrelet" blended wingtip devices . After 2021

2280-692: The Bloomfield -headquartered aerospace company, Kaman Corporation for US$ 440 million. Parker Hannifin's aerospace group designs and manufactures aerospace hydraulic equipment, flight controls, fuel system components, high-temperature bleed air valves, and other components. Headquartered in Irvine, California , Parker Aerospace operates facilities around the world. The company has had contracts to contribute parts and maintenance for machinery produced by Airbus , Rolls-Royce , Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China as well as other manufacturers. In 1993,

2375-767: The Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI). The SuperJet was officially unveiled on 26 September 2007 at Dzyomgi Airport in Komsomolsk-on-Amur . By October 2007, initial deliveries were scheduled for 2009; plans called for the 95–98-seat model to be followed by a 75–78-seat shrink and a 110-seat stretch. The SaM146 engine was first run on 21 February 2008. Tests were conducted by the Gromov Flight Research Institute , using an Ilyushin Il-76 LL as

2470-462: The Embraer EMB 170 productivity, and just a third of a Boeing or Airbus jet. Unease with the SSJ's low reliability also spread to Russian operators. Sukhoi delivered only three SSJs in the first half of 2019; its financial results show a sevenfold drop in aircraft sales revenue and a fourfold drop in overall sales revenue, resulting in a 32% increase in its net loss. The company needs to achieve

2565-675: The Federal Aviation Administration contracted Parker Aerospace to develop a new monitoring device, the Multi-Sensor Enroute Flight Inspection System, for flight inspection aircraft. Notable acquisitions by the division include the Kalamazoo, Michigan -based Abex/NWL division of Pneumo Abex in 1996, and Naples, Florida -based Shaw Aero Devices, in 2007. In 2012, the company partnered with General Electric to form

2660-567: The New York Stock Exchange since December 9, 1964. The firm is one of the largest companies in the world in motion control technologies, including aerospace, climate control, electromechanical, filtration, fluid and gas handling, hydraulics, pneumatics, process control , and sealing and shielding. Parker employs about 61,000 people globally. In 2024, the company was ranked 216 in the Fortune 500 . Arthur L. Parker founded

2755-614: The PD-8 engine. The 'Russified' variant of the SSJ with the composite wing, indigenous avionics and the PD-8 engine later became known as the SSJ-New. In July 2021, UEC exhibited the new engine at the 2021 Moscow Air Show and aimed to secure type certification by 2023. In January 2022, a new control system, developed by UEC for the PD-8 engine, was being tested prior to integration with the engine. The full domestic fabrications plan will take place in 2023 to 2024, replacing Western components. Under

2850-653: The Russian Far East , while the Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association produces components; both are upgrading their facilities and were expecting to produce 70 airframes by 2012. On 19 April 2011, the first production aircraft was handed over to Armavia at Zvartnots Airport in Yerevan , to be operated to Moscow and Sochi , as well as Ukrainian cities. The aircraft was named after Yuri Gagarin . On 21 April,

2945-554: The Russian Regional Jet (RRJ) began in 2001. After analysing the Russian market, Sukhoi identified a need for an aircraft with a range of between 3,000 and 4,500 km (1,900 and 2,800 mi), greater than typical regional jets. Three variants were initially envisaged: the RRJ60, RRJ75 and RRJ95, with 60, 78 and 98 seats respectively; a five-abreast layout was chosen as being optimal for this size range. Sukhoi estimated

Sukhoi Superjet 100 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3040-570: The SkyTeam alliance to ensure that the aircraft would meet western requirements. An application for EASA certification was made in 2004 and was expected to be granted six months after the Russian approval. The Komsomolsk-on-Amur plant was selected in February 2005 for final assembly, implementing jig -less assembly, automatic component alignment and automatic riveting . The RRJ60 and RRJ75 were deemed to be less cost-effective, and development

3135-671: The SuperJet International joint venture for customer support outside Russia and Asia. Alenia Aeronautica took a 25% stake in Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Corporation (SCAC) for $ 250 million, valuing it at $ 1 billion. Development costs were expected to total $ 1 billion, with another $ 1 billion needed to develop the powerplant and for customer support. The first SSJ was transported in an Antonov 124 from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast on 28 January 2007, for ground tests conducted by

3230-630: The TsAGI carried out wind tunnel tests on two modified wing designs to save structural weight: one with less wing sweep and the other with more relative thickness , also enhancing aerodynamics and load capabilities, and improving fuel efficiency by nearly 10%. To resist the Airbus–Boeing duopoly pressure on regional jets through the Embraer E-Jet E2 (once set to become a Boeing product, after its later failed acquisition of Embraer ) and

3325-412: The auxiliary power unit , Liebherr for flight controls , Intertechnique for fuel systems , Parker Hannifin for hydraulic systems , B/E Aerospace for interiors . At this time, Sukhoi anticipated a market for 600 aircraft by 2020 – representing 10% of global demand for regional jets – for a total sales volume of $ 11 billion. Discussions were held with Air France and

3420-464: The landing gear to replace one produced by Safran . Fuel burn would be reduced by 5–8% with a new composite wing. Russian content should double to 30% as US restrictions limit its export potential. Sukhoi forecasts 345 sales from 2018 to 2030, mostly in post-Soviet states and some in south-east Asia and Latin America , including an improved range business jet version. The seating capacity

3515-533: The "saberlets" debuted flight tests on 21 December 2017. They should improve hot and high airport performance and cut costs up to $ 70,000 per year. Parts of the wing are reinforced for the aerodynamic loads distribution change. They should reduce fuel costs by 4%. Flight-testing was completed after over 140 flights by October 2019. The first aircraft with the composite winglets was delivered to Russian carrier Severstal Aircompany in December 2019. By November 2018,

3610-532: The Abu Dhabi production line, and the sale of intellectual property, it is unclear how Russian production of the SSJ-New, now solely limited to servicing Russia's domestic market, could continue under the deal. The five-abreast cross-section is more optimised beyond 70 seats than the four-abreast Bombardier CRJs and Embraer E-Jets but smaller than the six-abreast Airbus A320 and Boeing 737 . The SSJ100 typically seats 87 to 98 passengers. In Russia, it replaces

3705-661: The Americas for the SSJ, a factor which also contributed to the poor reliability recorded by CityJet. On 15 May 2019, Interjet announced that it is to sell its 20 SSJs, of which only five are operational, as it is no longer profitable to operate aircraft of this size in Mexico. Therefore, As of May 2019, Sukhoi has had trouble selling the Superjet and renewing leasing contracts outside of Russia because of reliability and service network issues, resulting in an average of 109 flight hours per month for Russian airlines, approximately half

3800-569: The Atlantic Ocean, Charles Lindbergh requested Parker parts be used in the construction of his aircraft the Spirit of St. Louis . The firm contributed the system that linked the aircraft's 16 fuel tanks. During World War II , Parker experienced a boom in business as the U.S. Air Force's primary supplier of valves and fluid connectors. By 1943, the firm employed 5,000 Cleveland , Ohio, residents. After Arthur Parker's death in 1945 and

3895-456: The British Library since 1975. The formal, unambiguous version of the system for bibliographic cataloguing requires some diacritics, two-letter tie characters , and prime marks. The standard is also often adapted as a "simplified" or "modified Library of Congress system" for use in text for a non-specialized audience, omitting the special characters and diacritics, simplifying endings, and modifying iotated initials. British Standard 2979:1958

Sukhoi Superjet 100 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3990-506: The CEO role from Washkewicz in 2015. In 2016, the company completed its largest acquisition to date, buying Clarcor , a filtration systems manufacturer, for $ 4.3 billion. In 2019, Parker bought Lord Corporation for $ 3.7 billion and Kent, WA based Exotic Metals Forming Company for $ 1.7 billion. In August 2021, the company agreed to buy British aerospace and defense company Meggitt for £6.3 billion. In July 2022, after making commitments to

4085-826: The CF34-8 were eliminated by July 2002, and the PW800 was subsequently rejected due to a perceived technical risk associated with its geared fan. A formal memorandum of understanding was signed with Snecma on 29 April 2003, confirming the selection of the 14,000–17,000 lbf (62–76 kN) SaM146, to be developed in a joint venture with NPO Saturn, based on the Snecma SPW14 and combining a Snecma DEM21 gas generator with an Aviadvigatel "cold section". Key suppliers were selected in October 2003, including Thales for avionics , Messier-Bugatti-Dowty for landing gear , Honeywell for

4180-651: The Cyrillic Characters Using the Latin Alphabet is an adoption of ISO 9:1995 . It is the official standard of both Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). GOST 52535.1-2006 Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports is an adoption of an ICAO standard for travel documents. It was used in Russian passports for a short period during 2010–2013 ( see below ). The standard

4275-691: The French Snecma and Russia's NPO Saturn . A joint venture between Alenia (later part of Leonardo S.p.A. ) and Sukhoi , SuperJet International , was responsible for marketing in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Japan and Oceania, though Leonardo pulled out in early 2017 because of Superjet's poor financial performance and Sukhoi regained a 100% share in SCAC . Assembly is performed at the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Plant in

4370-625: The NTSB correct in its findings that the valve was faulty, because no additional rudder-reversal incidents have occurred since Boeing's redesign. On January 18, 2013, the F-35B variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II was grounded after the failure of a fueldraulic line in the aircraft's propulsion system that controls the exhaust vectoring system. This followed an incident two days earlier on January 16, in which

4465-628: The Russian Federal Air Transport Agency and Italian Civil Aviation Authority (ENAC) amended their bilateral airworthiness agreement, hitting SSJ export sales. Interjet claimed its capital cost for 10 Superjets was equivalent to the pre-delivery payment for one Airbus A320 . The pre-delivery payment amounts to 15-30% of an aircraft list price. An A320 list price was $ 88.3M in 2012. In January 2018, Bloomberg reported that four of Interjet 's 22 SSJ100s were being cannibalised for parts to keep others running after having been grounded for at least five months because of SaM146 maintenance delays. This

4560-484: The Russian Federal Air Transport Agency grounded seven jets after a tail component of an IrAero SSJ100 showed metal fatigue , leading Sukhoi to inspect the entire fleet. By 27 December, all aircraft had been inspected and it had been shown that the defect was not systemic as it featured multiple redundancies and a safety margin doubling the normal loads. Interjet grounded half of its fleet of SSJ100s during this period, but all of its aircraft returned to service by

4655-522: The Russian regulator due to lack of formal certification. Romanization of Russian The romanization of the Russian language (the transliteration of Russian text from the Cyrillic script into the Latin script ), aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have

4750-483: The SSJ, though low reliability, difficult maintenance and spare parts availability are suspected to have contributed. By the end of the first quarter of 2019, 15 of Interjet's 22 SSJs were out of service. Further talks with Sukhoi were deadlocked, with Interjet reportedly unwilling to pay for repairs to the PowerJet SaM146 engines. Interjet's reliability issues are compounded by the lack of service facilities in

4845-593: The SSJ100R would replace western components by Russian ones for government customers and countries subject to international sanctions such as Iran Air Tours and Iran Aseman . SSJ100R could include a smaller variant of the Aviadvigatel PD-14 engine ( Aviadvigatel PD-8 ); KRET electronic units to replace the Thales avionics ; a Russian inertial navigation system and APU to replace Honeywell 's; and

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4940-603: The SaM146 engine achieved 99.9% dependability since its 2011 introduction. In September 2018, Interjet was reported to be considering replacing its SSJ100s with Airbus A320neos , to make better use of its slots, with the SSJ technical problems possibly also a factor. On 12 September, Interjet denied the report. It was later reported that Interjet intends to phase out some of its Superjets and take 20 more A320neos, maybe alongside newer Superjet deliveries; it will have access to an enhanced SSJ spares inventory in Mexico City and

5035-645: The Sukhoi name. In July 2023, Irkut announced that the entire company would be rebranded under the Yakovlev name, to be effective by the end of August, though it did not specify whether the Superjet would undergo a further change of designation. The name change was confirmed in August; the Superjet is to drop the Sukhoi name and be known as the SJ-100. In March 2023, a deal was announced that would see UAC completely exit

5130-643: The Superjet 100 programme by selling its entire stake in SuperJet International (SJI) to an Emirati investment fund, Markab Capital Investments. A new factory would be built at Al Ain International Airport , Abu Dhabi, where aircraft would be assembled before completion at SJI's Venice site. The deal would be conditional on SJI's assets being unfrozen by the European Union. With a new supply chain to be established in Italy by Leonardo to service

5225-754: The Superjet 100, the MC-21 and the Russo-Chinese CR929 widebody, but the Il-114 passenger turboprop and modernized Ilyushin Il-96 -400 widebody stayed with Ilyushin . The new commercial division also included the Yakovlev Design Bureau , avionics specialist UAC–Integration Center and composite manufacturer AeroComposit. The aircraft was to be known simply as the Superjet 100 , dropping

5320-436: The Superjet's airworthiness certificate as part of the EU's sanctions against Russia following the Russian invasion of Ukraine . In summer 2017, the business jet variant's additional fuel tanks were certified to carry 3,100 kg (6,800 lb) more fuel, increasing range from 4,420 km (2,390 nmi) to 6,000 km (3,200 nmi). London City Airport is a major destination for Irish airline CityJet , which

5415-406: The UK government including increasing research and development spending in Britain, the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy approved the takeover without being referred for a full Competition and Markets Authority investigation. The acquisition completed in September 2022. In May 2022, it was announced Parker Hannifin has sold its aircraft wheel and brake division to

5510-412: The United States and French fuel filters for which no domestic replacement could be found. Rossiya Airlines expressed fears that only 40% of its Superjet 100 fleet would be active in the spring and summer of 2023 due to lack of parts. In September 2022, UEC Saturn, producer of the SaM146, resorted to cleaning old filters as a method to extend the lifetime of the engines, though this procedure was banned by

5605-624: The aging Tupolev Tu-134 and Yakovlev Yak-42 aircraft. It competes with the Antonov An-148 , Embraer E190 and the Bombardier CRJ1000 . Sukhoi claims cash operational costs are lower than competitors by 8-10%, with reduced fuel burn per seat and longer maintenance intervals. The design meets CIS AP-25, US FAR-25 and EU JAR-25 aviation rules, and conforms to ICAO Chapter 4 and FAR 36 Section 4 noise standards from 2006. The PowerJet SaM146 turbofans provide 60 to 78 kilonewtons (13,500–17,500 lbf) of thrust for 70–120 seat aircraft. The Russian Ministry of Industry and Trade supports it as

5700-422: The airline asked for compensation. In August 2012, Armavia announced that it had returned both of its SSJ100s to the manufacturer. Armavia then avoided further deliveries. In February 2013, Sukhoi stated teething problems are usual in new airliners. The SSJ entered service with Mexican Interjet on 18 September 2013; in their first four weeks, the first two aircraft operated were flown 580 times over 600 hours with

5795-427: The basic letters and punctuation found on English-language keyboards: no diacritics or unusual letters are required, although the interpunct character (·) may be used to avoid ambiguity. This particular standard is part of the BGN/PCGN romanization system which was developed by the United States Board on Geographic Names and by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use . The portion of

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5890-423: The company reached $ 2 billion in sales. The firm opened its first retail "ParkerStore" in Cleveland in 1993. Within 10 years, the network of stores expanded to 200 locations in the U.S. and more than 400 worldwide. ParkerStores offer a variety of Parker products, including hydraulics, automation, and hose and fitting components, at locations close to industrial product buyers. Parker Hannifin systems helped control

5985-412: The crash was caused, possibly intentionally, by the pilot. The FAA ordered an upgrade of all Boeing 737 rudder control systems by November 12, 2002. The firm argued that the components they supplied were not at fault, citing that the product has one of the safest records in its class, but the FAA directive went through regardless. In 2016, former NTSB investigator John Cox stated that time has proven

6080-513: The end of November 2020 to just four operational SSJ100s, quit flying in December 2020 and entered bankruptcy in April 2021. Part of Interjet’s plan was to try to return its 22 SSJ-100s to Sukhoi to cancel its debt, and resume flying with 10 Airbus A320 aircraft. In December 2020, Rossiya Airlines announced that it intends to operate 66 Superjets by the end of 2021, transferred from its parent company Aeroflot which currently has 54 SJs. In September 2023, North Korea’s supreme leader Kim Jong Un visited

6175-427: The end of the war, the company neared bankruptcy due to the sudden drop in demand. Arthur Parker's wife, Helen Parker, assumed control of the company and prevented its liquidation. She hired new management staff and directed the company's focus back to civilian manufacturing. In the early 1950s, the firm's executives set a goal to make Parker, as The New York Times put it, "the General Electric of fluid power ",

6270-473: The engine manufacturer was implementing a strategy of using a computer model of the PD-8 for testing in order to reduce the number of required real engine tests, so as to accelerate PD-8 certification. At the end of November 2018, United Aircraft Corporation transferred SCAC from Sukhoi to the Irkut Corporation , to become UAC's airliner division, as Leonardo S.p.A. pulled out in early 2017 because of Superjet's poor financial performance. Irkut managed

6365-405: The equipment inside the mechanical shark in the 1975 movie Jaws . In 1982, Paul G. Schloemer replaced Patrick Parker as the company's president (although Patrick Parker remained chairman and CEO). That same year, the firm entered the Mexican market. By 2008, Parker Hannifin Mexico would come to operate 11 plants in the country, seven of which made parts exclusively for the U.S. market. In 1988,

6460-436: The firm as the Parker Appliance Company in Ohio around 1917 or 1918. In its early years, it built pneumatic brake systems for buses, trucks and trains. In 1919, Parker's truck slid over a cliff, causing the company to lose its entire inventory and forcing the founder to return to his previous job. Nonetheless, he restarted Parker Appliance Company in 1924. By 1927, the firm had expanded into airplanes. For his flight across

6555-440: The firm grew dramatically, with revenues rising from $ 197 million in 1968 to over $ 7 billion in 2005. The company debuted on the New York Stock Exchange in 1964, under the ticker symbol PH. In 1966, the company joined the Fortune 500. The company designed parts for the craft used in NASA's first crewed Moon landing in 1969 . An economic downturn in 1970 forced the company to expand beyond its focus on hydraulic systems. In

6650-463: The first commercial flight landed at Moscow Sheremetyevo , lasting 2 h 55 min; Armavia used the Airbus A319 on this route before switching to the Superjet 100. On 1 May, it made its first commercial flight to Venice Airport in around 4 hours, it had accumulated 50 hours in 24 flights by then. By March 2012, the six aircraft operated by Aeroflot were flying 3.9 hours/day instead of the standard 8–9 hours due to failures and parts delivery delays, and

6745-500: The first four scheduled to be handed over to clients from December. Armenian Armavia was to receive the first two, followed by Aeroflot , having ordered 30 with an option for 15 more. Other customers include Russian Avialeasing , Swiss AMA Asset Management Advisor, and Indonesian Kartika Airlines . Sukhoi expected production to reach a rate of 70 aircraft per year by 2012. In December 2009, engine availability issues resulted in deliveries being delayed indefinitely. On 4 February 2010,

6840-620: The first week of January 2017 after Sukhoi sent 22 technicians to repair the grounded aircraft. In June 2017, dispatch reliability increased to 97.85% from 96.94% a year earlier, while there were 89.6 malfunctions per 1,000 flight-hours, down by 40%. On 21 July 2017, following the discovery of horizontal stabiliser rear spar cracks , the EASA mandated compulsory inspections. Sukhoi recognised it needed to improve customer support with more responsiveness and availability for flight training , engineering and spare parts supply. In early November 2017,

6935-446: The following years it began to expand into the automotive aftermarket, considered a more stable industry. The company also directed itself toward growth in aerospace, acquiring companies that created flight controls and wheel brake equipment for airplanes. By 1979, Parker Hannifin employed 20,000 people in 100 plants, selling 90,000 items for machinery, airplanes, cars and construction equipment to 60,000 customers. The company made some of

7030-447: The fourth prototype made its maiden flight using engines removed from the first prototype, as a result of continuing delays in engine production, including NPO Saturn quality problems. On 15 September 2010, static tests for certification of the aircraft were completed by TsAGI. By June 2010, certification was 90% complete but was delayed due to SaM146 engine problems that were not encountered during testing. In September 2010, certification

7125-496: The introduction of a dedicated Latin alphabet for writing the Russian language. Such an alphabet would not necessarily bind closely to the traditional Cyrillic orthography. The transition from Cyrillic to Latin has been proposed several times throughout history (especially during the Soviet era), but was never conducted on a large scale, except for informal romanizations in the computer era. The most serious possibility of adoption of

7220-539: The massive replica of the Titanic in the 1997 film of the same name . In 1997, the firm moved its headquarters from Cleveland to a new building in Mayfield Heights , a suburb of Cleveland. In 1999, the company's sales reached approximately $ 5 billion. Parker Hannifin acquired Commercial Intertech Corporation, a maker of hydraulic systems, in 2000.Commercial Intertech had previously acquired Oildyne Inc.,

7315-484: The new system and the old one, citizens who wanted to retain the old version of a name's transliteration, especially one that had been in the old pre-2010 passport, could apply to the local migration office before they acquired a new passport. The standard was abandoned in 2013. In 2013, Order No. 320 of the Federal Migration Service of Russia came into force. It states that all personal names in

7410-560: The passports must be transliterated by using the ICAO system , which is published in Doc 9303 " Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 3 ". The system differs from the GOST R 52535.1-2006 system in two things: ц is transliterated into ts (as in pre-2010 systems), ъ is transliterated into ie (a novelty). In a second sense, the romanization or Latinization of Russian may also indicate

7505-543: The plaintiff families of the 1997 SilkAir Flight 185 crash in Indonesia . Parker Hannifin subsequently appealed the verdict, which resulted in an out-of-court settlement for an undisclosed amount. The Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) could not determine the cause of the crash due to the near total lack of physical evidence because of the complete destruction; The US National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), however disagreed, and concluded that

7600-565: The romanization of Russian Cyrillic , with none of them having received much popularity, and, in reality, transliteration is often carried out without any consistent standards. Scientific transliteration, also known as the International Scholarly System , is a system that has been used in linguistics since the 19th century. It is based on the Czech alphabet and formed the basis of the GOST and ISO systems. OST 8483

7695-502: The system pertaining to the Russian language was adopted by BGN in 1944 and by PCGN in 1947. In Soviet international passports , transliteration was based on French rules but without diacritics and so all names were transliterated in a French-style system . In 1997, with the introduction of new Russian passports , a diacritic-free English-oriented system was established by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs , but

7790-447: The system was also abandoned in 2010. In 2006, GOST R 52535.1-2006 was adopted, which defines technical requirements and standards for Russian international passports and introduces its own system of transliteration. In 2010, the Federal Migration Service of Russia approved Order No. 26, stating that all personal names in the passports issued after 2010 must be transliterated using GOST R 52535.1-2006. Because of some differences between

7885-595: The targeted market to be around 800 aircraft, including 250–300 from Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States . On 15 October 2001, the Russian government allocated $ 46.6 million to the development of a new 70–80 seat regional jet, targeting first flight in 2006 and entry into service in 2007. Sukhoi's RRJ was competing against Myasishchev 's M-60-70 and Tupolev 's Tu-414 projects. Boeing provided advice to Sukhoi and its partners on programme management, engineering, marketing, product development, certification, supplier management and customer support. The Sukhoi RRJ

7980-476: The two prototypes were flown 3,000 km (1,600 nmi) from Novosibirsk to Moscow, and EASA pilots conducted a number of familiarisation flights. A third prototype joined the test campaign in July 2009. The SSJ made its international debut at the 2009 Paris Air Show ; during the show, Malév Hungarian Airlines placed a $ 1 billion order for 30 aircraft. As of June 2009, 13 aircraft were under construction, with

8075-491: The updated airframe and certification of the PD-8 engine both expected to be completed by the autumn. As of May 2023, serial production was expected to begin in 2024. Yakovlev carried out the first flight of its new version of the Superjet 100 featuring all-Russian components – now known as the SJ-100 ;– in August 2023, albeit with SaM146 engines rather than the intended PD-8s. As of mid-2024,

8170-671: The use of diacritics) that faithfully represents the original and allows for reverse transliteration for Cyrillic text in any contemporary language. The UNGEGN , a Working Group of the United Nations , in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names, which was based on the 1983 version of GOST 16876-71 . It may be found in some international cartographic products. American Library Association and Library of Congress (ALA-LC) romanization tables for Slavic alphabets are used in North American libraries and in

8265-538: Was expected for November. In October 2010, noise was tested for certification authorities, Russian IAC and European EASA . On 4 November 2010, the first production aircraft, intended for Armavia, was first flown. By November 2010, the SSJ test fleet had made 948 flights totalling 2,245 hours. On 3 February 2011, IAC granted a Type Certificate . EASA's Type Certificate followed on 3 February 2012, allowing operations in European countries. On 14 March 2022, EASA revoked

8360-649: Was focused on the largest model, the 98-seat RRJ95. The 78-seater RRJ75 remained under consideration, and a future stretch was also envisaged. The RRJ95 was renamed the Sukhoi Superjet 100 at the Farnborough Air Show in July 2005. The first order, for 30 aircraft, was signed on 7 December with Aeroflot . In June 2007, Boeing expanded its assistance to cover flight and maintenance crew training and manuals, and spare parts management and supply. On 22 August, Sukhoi and Alenia Aeronautica established

8455-529: Was later refuted by Interjet. One grounded SSJ100 was due to be back in service on 19 January 2018 and the remaining three in March. In August 2018, Russian regional carrier Yakutia Airlines considered withdrawing their SSJs, after two were grounded because their engines were removed after 1,500-3,000 cycles, below the 7,000 specified, and no replacements were available. PowerJet was expanding its repair capacity and lease pool as engine maturity improved, noting that

8550-649: Was selected by Rosaviakosmos , the government's aviation and space agency, in March 2003. The RRJ programme allocated $ 63.5 million to the development of a 4–5 tf (8,800–11,000 lbf) engine between 2003 and 2015. Four engines were initially envisaged: the Pratt & Whitney PW800 , the Rolls-Royce BR710 , the General Electric CF34 -8, and the Snecma / NPO Saturn SaM146 . The BR710 and

8645-519: Was substituted in 2013 by GOST R ISO/ IEC 7501-1-2013, which does not contain romanization, but directly refers to the ICAO romanization ( see below ). Names on street and road signs in the Soviet Union were romanized according to GOST 10807-78 (tables 17, 18), which was amended by newer Russian GOST R 52290-2004 (tables Г.4, Г.5), the romanizations in both the standards are practically identical. ISO/R 9, established in 1954 and updated in 1968,

8740-570: Was the adoption of the scientific transliteration by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It covers Russian and seven other Slavic languages. ISO 9:1995 is the current transliteration standard from ISO. It is based on its predecessor ISO/R 9:1968, which it deprecates; for Russian, the two are the same except in the treatment of five modern letters. ISO 9:1995 is the first language-independent, univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by

8835-681: Was the first Soviet standard on romanization of Russian, introduced on 16 October 1935. Developed by the National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography at the USSR Council of Ministers , GOST 16876-71 has been in service since 1973. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000. This standard is an equivalent of GOST 16876-71 and was adopted as an official standard of the COMECON . GOST 7.79-2000 System of Standards on Information, Librarianship, and Publishing–Rules for Transliteration of

8930-542: Was to receive 15 SSJ100s, but its steep 5.5° approach required new control laws, wing flap setting and modified brakes: test flights were to begin in December 2017, with certification planned for 2018, and the modified aircraft to be available in 2019. In any event, CityJet ceased all use of SSJ-100 aircraft by November of 2020. A new "sabrelet" winglet , helping takeoff and landing performance and delivering 3% better fuel burn , will be standard and available for retrofit . Designed with CFD tools by Sukhoi and TsAGI ,

9025-525: Was unable, while sold all other but one plane of all other models. By November of that year it kept 3 or 4 of its 22 SSJ100 potentially able to fly, using other planes for parts; and in December the company was closed because was unable to continue operation. On 3 June 2016, the Irish carrier CityJet was the first western European airline to take delivery of an SSJ100. But CityJet had ceased all use of SSJ-100 aircraft by November of 2020. On 24 December 2016,

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