95-412: Górski ( Polish pronunciation: [ˈɡurski] ; feminine: Górska ; plural: Górscy ) is a Polish-language surname which belongs to several noble Polish families . Variants found in other countries include Gorski, Gorsky , Gurski , Gursky (phonetic from Polish with diacritics). Notable people with this surname include: Polish name Polish names have two main elements: the given name , and
190-429: A double-barrelled name ( nazwisko złożone ). However, if she already has a double-barrelled name, she must leave one of the parts out—it is illegal to use a triple- or more-barrelled name. An exception is when one of the surnames is composed of a surname proper plus agnomen ( przydomek ), e.g., Maria Gąsienica Daniel-Szatkowska , where " Gąsienica Daniel" is her husband's surname. It is also possible, though rare, for
285-470: A name day is a tradition in many countries of Europe and the Americas, as well as Christian communities elsewhere. It consists of celebrating a day of the year that is associated with one's baptismal name , which is normatively that of a biblical character or other saint. Where they are popular, individuals celebrate both their name day and their birthday in a given year. The custom originated with
380-488: A nickname ( pseudonim, ksywa ) or instead of a given name. In 2009, the most popular female names in Poland were Anna, Maria and Katarzyna (Katherine). The most popular male names were Piotr (Peter), Krzysztof (Christopher) and Andrzej (Andrew). Surnames, like those in most of Europe, are hereditary and generally patrilineal , being passed from the father to his children. A Polish marriage certificate lists three fields,
475-403: A birthday ( день рождения / den rozhdeniya ) is still именинник / imeninnik (feminine: именинница / imeninnitsa ), literally "a person whose name day is being celebrated"). In Slovakia name days ( Slovak : meniny ) are widely celebrated. Name days are more often celebrated than birthdays in workplaces, presumably because it is simpler to know the date since most calendars contain
570-472: A continuation of names in the family line. According to the Greek Orthodox Church , every day of the year is dedicated to the memory of at least one (usually more than one) saint or martyr . If someone is named after a saint, then there is a big celebration on his or her name day. In Greece and Cyprus, many names derive from pagan Greek antiquity, and there may not be a Christian saint of
665-544: A few names of Lithuanian origin, such as Olgierd ( Algirdas ), Witold ( Vytautas ) or Danuta , are quite popular in Poland. Traditionally, the names are given at a child's baptism . Non-Christian, but traditional, Slavic names are usually accepted, but the priest may encourage parents to pick at least one Christian name. In the past, two Christian names were given to a child so that they had two patron saints instead of just one. At confirmation , people usually adopt yet another (second or third) Christian name, however, it
760-517: A flower name celebrate their name day on Palm Sunday ( Floriile in Romanian, which roughly translates as "the Flowers Day"). This name day varies: it is celebrated each year on the last Sunday before Orthodox Easter. Russians celebrate name days ( Russian : именины , romanized : imeniny ) separately from birthdays. Some calendars note name days, but usually one must refer to
855-525: A great number of popular names have been in use since the Middle Ages . Diminutives are popular in everyday usage and are by no means reserved for children. The Polish language allows for a great deal of creativity in this field. Most diminutives are formed by adding a suffix. For male names it may be -ek or the more affectionate -uś ; for female names it may be -ka , or -nia / -dzia / -sia / cia respectively. For example, Maria (a name which
950-450: A hyphen: Jan Jelita-Zamoyski . Other examples: Braniecki, Czcikowski, Dostojewski, Górski, Nicki, Zebrzydowski , etc. (prior to the 17th century, was a cognomen ) Gradually the use of family names spread to other social groups: the townsfolk ( burghers ) by the end of the 17th century, then the peasantry, and finally the Jews . The process ended only in the mid-19th century. After
1045-468: A list of name days, which can also be found in the header of daily newspapers. Celebrations in elementary schools are different from those within the family, as the celebrant gives candies to their classmates. Within the family, birthday-like celebrations are often held with cakes, presents and flowers. Flowers are sometimes sold out for popular name-days. In the past, the law did not allow parents to choose any name for their child. That has changed, although it
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#17327973511411140-486: A person's nickname, usually based on his profession, occupation, physical description, character trait, etc. The occupational surnames often would come from the Medieval Polish serf-villages, where a whole village serving the prince, township or lord, or a few streets in a town block would be inhabited by the same kind of specialized workers, often a guild of professionals. These areas would often be separate from
1235-442: A person's place of residence, birth or family origin). This caused a blur between the -ski bearing territorial toponymic surnames once a characteristic only borne by the nobility. As such, and contrary to a popular modern-day misconception, the fact of a person simply bearing the -ski suffix in their family surname or merely sharing the same toponymic surname as members of Poland's nobility, does not in itself denote that person too
1330-638: A special name-day calendar. Celebrations range from the gifting of cards and flowers to full-blown celebrations similar to birthday parties. Such a celebration begins with attendance at the divine services marking that day (in the Russian tradition, the All-Night Vigil and Divine Liturgy ), and usually with a festive party thereafter. Before the October Revolution of 1917, Russians regarded name days as important as, or more important than,
1425-448: A temporary amusement park; it could last few days and is called sagra , even if the term is broadly used also for non-Catholic-related town festivals. In Latvia , name days ( Latvian : vārda dienas ) are settled on certain dates ; each day (except for 29 February in a leap year ) is a name day. Usually, Latvian calendars list up to five names each day—around 1,000 names a year. Recently an extended calendar with around 5,000 names
1520-515: A tradition in Catholic and Eastern Orthodox countries since the Middle Ages , and has also continued in some measure in countries, such as the Scandinavian countries, whose Protestant established church retains certain Catholic traditions. The name days originate in the list of holidays celebrated in commemoration of saints and martyrs of the church. For example, the name Karl or Carl
1615-425: A trainee - the learning assistant before achieving a full job title or seniority. Examples of cognominal surnames : Toponymic surnames ( nazwisko odmiejscowe ) usually derive from the name of a village or town, or the name of a topographic feature. These names are almost always of the adjectival form. Originally they referred to the village owner (lord). In the 19th century, however, surnames were often taken from
1710-430: Is a day corresponding to a date in the Catholic calendar when the respective saint's day is celebrated. Even though the celebration of the name day is less usual than celebrating a birthday, the name day is more often the occasion of congratulations from a broader number of acquaintances. This is due to the fact that the date of birth is seldom known and the person's name is known to many. The names that are celebrated on
1805-542: Is a female name that can be used also as a second name for males. Since the High Middle Ages , Polish-sounding surnames ending with the masculine -ski suffix , including -cki and -dzki , and the corresponding feminine suffix -ska/-cka/-dzka were associated with the nobility (Polish szlachta ), which alone, in the early years, had such suffix distinctions. They are widely popular today. Minor regional spelling differences also exist depending on whether
1900-467: Is a member of the nobility, of noble origin, or indeed connected to that particular family. When referring to two or more members of the same family and surname, the suffix -ski (or -cki , -dzki ) is replaced with the plural -skich , -scy , -ccy , or -dzcy (plural masculine or both masculine and feminine) as well as -skie , -ckie or -dzkie (plural feminine). The -ski ending and similar adjectival endings ( -cki , -dzki , -ny , -ty ) are
1995-549: Is an adjective-forming suffix, from the Proto-Slavic " ьskъ ", which defined affiliation to something. It was also used with names of territories and settlements to denote possession or place of origin. The suffix, -ski (feminine: -ska ), has been restricted to the nobility in eastern Europe and some parts of central Europe since the High Middle Ages. It was the equivalent to nobiliary particles appearing in
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#17327973511412090-556: Is celebrated in Sweden on 28 January, the anniversary of the death of Charlemagne (Charles Magnus , i.e., "the great"). The church promoted the celebration of name days (or rather saints' feast days ) over birthdays , as the latter was seen as a pagan tradition. Where name days occur, official lists contain the current assignations of names to days . There are different lists for Finnish , Swedish , Sámi , and other countries that celebrate name days, though some names are celebrated on
2185-454: Is commonly found in the US, Germany and Argentina. However, as an exception, feminine endings like -ska apply even to some women from non-Slavic countries, not just outside Poland or English-speaking ones, who have Polish parentage or are half-Polish, namely Britain's Ella Balinska , whose father has the masculine Balinski(-Jundzill), and Australians Mia Wasikowska and her sister, Jess, who have
2280-545: Is never used outside church documents. In Eastern Poland, as in many other Catholic countries, people celebrate name days ( Polish : imieniny ) on the day of their patron saint. On the other hand, in Western Poland, birthdays are more popular. Today, in Eastern Poland, birthdays remain relatively intimate celebrations, as often only relatives and close friends know a person's date of birth. Name days, on
2375-410: Is not always successful. Certain types of request are certain to be refused: for example, the surname of a famous historical figure (where the applicant cannot demonstrate a close family connection to the surname), or where there is concern that the applicant is applying with the aim of evading criminal or civil responsibility. Every application must give a motivation for the change of name; for example,
2470-631: Is often changed to v and sz to sh . Similar changes occur in French . Changes in Spanish can be even more extreme; a Spiczyński may become simply Spika , for example, where a more rigorous transcription would produce de Spichiñsqui . Another typical change is the loss of the gender distinction in adjectival surnames, especially visible for those ending in -ski (fem.: -ska ), -cki (fem.: -cka ) and -dzki (fem.: -dzka ). Western languages do not distinguish between male and female surnames, even if
2565-582: Is popularly believed to be an especially rainy week, and this is to some extent supported by statistics, as late July and early August are the rainiest times of the year in Finland. The Almanac Office reviews the name lists at intervals of 5 to 10 years, adding new names as they gain popularity and removing others that have faded into disuse. The University of Helsinki owns the copyright to the name lists and their corresponding dates. The Finnish Orthodox Church has its own calendar of name days, corresponding to
2660-577: Is practically unknown in Denmark, and few Danes know when their name day is. Finns celebrate their name days ( Finnish : nimipäivä , Swedish : namnsdag ) according to their given names on the dates set by the calendar published by the University of Helsinki Almanac Office (Finnish: Almanakkatoimisto ). Every day except New Year's Day , Christmas Day and 29 February is a name day. For each day, there are names in both Finnish and Swedish;
2755-423: Is similar to celebrating a birthday, although it may vary depending on the period of time between one's birthday and name day; usually, one will eat cake with household members and receive presents. Some families may even celebrate their name days more than their birthdays if the name day falls on a date during a much nicer season. For example: they are more likely to organise a big party for a name day that falls in
2850-493: Is still common to choose a name from the name-day list in the calendar. The original list was the Roman Catholic calendar of saints , but changes have been made to reflect the present-day usage of names. Name days ( Slovene : god ) were widely celebrated and preferred over birthday celebrations, until after World War II and the advent of Communism . In rural areas as well as among certain strata of town people
2945-567: Is still common to choose the name from the name-day "calendar". The original list was the Roman Catholic calendar of saints, but changes have been made to reflect the present-day usage of names. Any existing name, Czech or foreign, can be given, but not domestic or diminutive forms. Name days corresponding to some of the most frequently occurring names in the Czech Republic gain slightly more importance than others. For example,
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3040-425: Is the most celebrated (19 December). Traditionally, name-day celebrations ( Polish : imieniny ) have enjoyed a celebratory emphasis greater than that of birthday celebrations in parts of Poland. However, birthday celebrations are increasingly popular and important, particularly among the younger generations. Imieniny involve the gathering and socializing of friends and family at the celebrant's home, as well as
3135-556: The Sanctorale , a cycle found in the General Roman Calendar giving almost each day a few saints, so different names may celebrated on the same day. Traditionally, parents fix the name day of their child at christening , according to the favourite saint in case of different ones (on different days) with the same name, and the child will carry it all along throughout their life. In the case of multiple given names,
3230-565: The surname . The usage of personal names in Poland is generally governed by civil law , church law, personal taste and family custom. The law requires a given name to indicate the person's gender. Almost all Polish female names end in the vowel -a , and most male names end in a consonant or a vowel other than a . There are, however, a few male names that end in a , which are very old and uncommon, such as Barnaba, Bonawentura, Boryna, Jarema, Kosma, Kuba (a diminutive of Jakub) and Saba. Maria
3325-629: The Catholic St. Valentine's Day). Two of the most popular name days in Bulgaria are St. George's day ( Гергьовден , celebrated on 6 May) and St. John's day (Ивановден, celebrated on 7 January). Another example of a name day connected with Christianity is Tsvetnitsa ( Цветница , Palm Sunday ). On this day people with names derived from flowers, trees, herbs, etc., celebrate. Name days are frequently connected with some year or season features like Dimitrovden (Dimitar's day, 26 October) marking
3420-569: The Julian calendar . Each month there are several name days which are celebrated by the people with the same name. Some of the name-days that are more significant to the history and culture are non-working days for the whole country. At these days everyone is invited or would like to say " Кој дојде – Добредојде " ("Whoever comes—is welcomed") in Macedonian. Bringing presents is optional (usually wine or something symbolic). A typical phrase to salute
3515-475: The 13th century and were only used by the upper social classes of society. Over time the Polish nobility became grouped into heraldic clans (Polish ród herbowy ) whose names survived in their shared coats of arms . Members of one clan could split into separate families with different surnames, usually derived from the name of their holdings or estates. Sometimes the family name and the clan name (associated with
3610-536: The 18th century onwards, names used by the royal family were introduced to the Swedish list of name days, followed by other common names. In 1901 a comprehensive modernisation was made to make the list up to date with current names. The monopoly on almanacs, held by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , expired in 1972 and so did the official name-day list. Competing name-day lists began to emerge, but
3705-510: The 1950s, the tradition has mostly disappeared even in Catholic families. In Greece and Cyprus , a name day ( Greek : ονομαστική εορτή , romanized : onomastikí eortí , or [γιορτή] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |translit= ( help ) ) is celebrated in a similar way to a birthday , except for expected differences (e.g. no birthday cake ). It has been a strong Greek tradition since antiquity for newborn children to be named after one of their grandparents. This results in
3800-596: The Christian calendar of saints : believers named after a saint would celebrate that saint's feast day. Within Christianity, name days have greater resonance in areas where the Christian denominations of Catholicism , Lutheranism and Orthodoxy predominate. In some countries, however, name-day celebrations do not have a connection to explicitly Christian traditions. The celebration of name days has been
3895-524: The Dormition or on the Presentation of Mary, mother of Jesus . The traditional format of a name-day celebration is an open house: once a family or person has chosen to celebrate with invited guests (at home, at a restaurant, a bar or a club) if at all (e.g. following a recent bereavement), all well-wishers may be welcomed. Children celebrate their birthdays and name days equally festively, but as
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3990-472: The First and Second World Wars some resistance fighters added their wartime noms de guerre to their original family names. This was yet another reason for creating double-barrelled names. Examples include Edward Rydz-Śmigły , Jan Nowak-Jeziorański , and Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski . Some artists, such as Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński , also added their noms de plume to their surnames. A Polish citizen may apply to
4085-509: The Radwan coat of arms". But with the later addition of his cognomen or nickname, Żądło , he would become known as, Jakub z Dąbrówki, Żądło, herbu Radwan - or he could be called just plain, Jakub Żądło . The most striking concept of the Polish heraldic system is that a coat of arms may originate from a single family, but come to be carried by several non-related families of the Polish szlachta (nobility). Unrelated families who have joined
4180-521: The arms) would be used together and form a double-barrelled name. The opposite process happened as well: different families may have joined a heraldic clans by the means of heraldic adoption . To explain the formation of a particular Polish nobleman's name, e.g. Jakub Dąbrowski, Radwan coat of arms , the process might be the following. In Polish dąb means "oak", dąbrowa means "oak forest" and dąbrówka means "oak grove". Then, by analogy with German surnames associated with noble provenance using von ,
4275-737: The beginning of winter and Gergyovden (George's day, 6 May) heralding the end of it according to traditional folklore. Name days in Bulgaria are important and widely celebrated. Children celebrate their name days by bringing sweets and chocolates to school. By an ancient Bulgarian tradition, everybody is welcome on name days; there is no need to invite guests. Presents are given. Common well-wishes include "May you hear your name from grandchildren and great-grandchildren!" ( Да чуеш името си от внуци и правнуци! ), "May you hear your name only with good!" ( Да ти се чува името само за добро! ) and "May your name be healthy and well!" ( Да ти е живо и здраво името! ). In Croatia , name day ( Croatian : imendan )
4370-558: The celebrant is "Let your name last forever" (" Нека ти е вечно името ", " Neka ti e vecno imeto ") or "For years to come" (" За многу години " / " Za mnogu godini "). Among the most celebrated name-days in North Macedonia are St. Stefan (9 January), Epiphany (19 January), St. John (20 January), Blagovec (7 April), St. George (6 May), Ss. Cyril and Methodius (24 May), St. Kostadin and Elena (3 June), St. Peter (12 July), St. Paul (12 July), and St. Dimitar (8 November). Sv Nikola
4465-461: The celebration of Tatiana's name day, and Leo Tolstoy 's War and Peace , Book I, where both the mother and the youngest daughter of the Rostov family (referred to as Natalya and Natasha, respectively) celebrate their name day. Although the name day ( Russian : именины , romanized : imeniny ) celebration is not as popular as a birthday celebration, the Russian word for a person having
4560-504: The celebration of birthdays, based on the rationale that one's baptism is the event by which people become "born anew" in Christ. The Russian Imperial family followed a tradition of giving name-day gifts, such as a diamond or a pearl. References to name days in Russian literature and theatre include the entire first act of Anton Chekhov 's Three Sisters , where Irina celebrates her name day, Alexander Pushkin 's Eugene Onegin with
4655-541: The celebration on the night before, with a decade of the Rosary to ask the Virgin Mary and the child's patron for his or her needs. In Italy , one's name day is referred to as their " Onomastico [ it ] " ( Greek : όνομα , romanized : onoma , lit. 'name'). People often receive small gifts on their Onomastico ; cakes are also baked. Name days are determined according to
4750-462: The celebrations are best merged. It is also common to shift a name day celebration to a more convenient day, e.g. to the following Friday or to a weekend. Name days can be celebrated up to 40 days after the nominal date. Name days in Hungary are very popular, although not quite as much as a person's actual birth date. A woman is typically given flowers on her name day by acquaintances, including in
4845-556: The certain saint's day are all the names that correspond to the respective name and all the derivative names. For example, if there are different versions of the same name in different languages (e.g. John ), i.e. different versions in Slavic , Romance , Germanic or other language groups, all the respective names are celebrated. In the Czech Republic, each day of the year corresponds to a personal name (or several names). People celebrate their name day ( svátek or dated jmeniny ) on
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#17327973511414940-406: The child will celebrate only one, usually the first. In South Italy, the onomastico is given a much higher relevance, and sometimes it is considered more important than the birthday itself. Many parishes used to celebrate the name-day of their patron saint with Mass celebrations, religious processions and also charity festivals. Such a festival can involve a community canteen, food stands or
5035-531: The church calendar, on the date listed there (so in a leap year such a person can choose from 2 to 4 dates when to celebrate). The Latvian name-days calendar is updated at one or two-year intervals; anyone can suggest a name for the calendar, usually by sending an application to the State Language Centre ( Valsts valodas centrs ). Celebrations are very much like birthday celebrations. It is popular to celebrate name days in one's workplace—usually,
5130-552: The clan Jelita . From the 15th to the 17th century, the formula seems to copy the ancient Roman naming convention with the classic tria nomina used by the Patricians : praenomen (or given name), nomen gentile (or gens /Clan name) and cognomen (surname), following the Renaissance fashion. Thus, Jan Jelita Zamoyski , forming a double-barrelled name (nazwisko złożone). Later, the double-barrelled name would be joined with
5225-477: The custom of celebrating name days lasted longer. Nowadays, while the tradition has not been obliterated, name days are celebrated mostly among older people. Until recently, name days in Spain ( Spanish : onomásticos or día de mi/su santo ) were widely celebrated. Onomásticos are not limited to saints but also include the celebration days of the different representations of the Virgin Mary . For example,
5320-401: The date corresponding to their own given name. Name days are commonly of less importance than birthdays to Czech people. However, name-day celebrations can be, and often are, held together with friends or co-workers of the same name and in this way can grow in size and importance. In the past, by law, parents were not allowed to choose just any name for a child. This has changed, although it
5415-405: The dates associated with the names Josef (Joseph) and Karel (Charles) are commonly known even by people with different names. However, the popularity of these names has decreased in the last years (6836 Josefs were born in 1947, but only 638 in 2014 ). Danes have their own calendar [ da ] for name days ( Danish : navnedag ). However, the custom of celebrating one's name day
5510-559: The devout their saint day can be more important and significant than their own birthday. Name-days ( Macedonian : Именден , Imenden ) in North Macedonia have been celebrated throughout the history of this country. It has some similarities with the other Balkan countries but there are some name days unique to the country. The name days are scheduled according to the Macedonian Orthodox Church following
5605-424: The equivalent Polish preposition is z , which means "from", followed by the name of the patrimony or estate . In Polish the expressions, z Dąbrówki and Dąbrowski mean the same thing: hailing "from Dąbrówka". More precisely, z Dąbrówki actually means owner of the estate, Dąbrówka , but not necessarily originating from there. Thus Jakub z Dąbrówki herbu Radwan translates as "Jacob from Dąbrówka, with
5700-604: The existing name being offensive or funny, the desire to revert to a previous name, a close attachment to family members (e.g. parent, step-parent) bearing a different surname, or being commonly known in unofficial contexts by a different name. The Polish names, of course, are unpronounceable When Polish individuals emigrate to countries with different languages and cultures, the often-difficult spelling and pronunciation of Polish names commonly cause them to be misspelled, changed, shortened, or calqued . For example, in English , w
5795-614: The feasts of Orthodox saints . In France name days ( French : fête du prénom ) have long been very important in everyday culture and it was traditional to give a small gift to a friend or family member on their name day. Some days of the year are commonly referred to by their saint's day: "la [ sc. fête de] Saint Sylvestre " is New Year's Eve ; "la Saint Jean " is Midsummer (24 June); and so on. In Germany name days ( German : Namenstag ) used to be widely popular in traditionally Catholic southern and western regions, where historically they were more important than birthdays. Since
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#17327973511415890-640: The giving of gifts and flowers at home and elsewhere, such as at the workplace. Local calendars often contain the names celebrated on a given day. Name days ( onomastica ) in Romania are associated with the Orthodox Christian saint's celebrations. The celebrations are made very much in the same way as in Greece (see above). Name days are almost as important as birthdays, and those who have the name of that particular saint celebrate on that day. Some of
5985-625: The husband to adopt his wife's surname or to add his wife's surname to his family name (an example is businessman Zygmunt Solorz-Żak , who did both, taking his wife's name on his first marriage, and later appending his second wife's name to it). Polish triple-barreled surnames are known to exist; an example is the one borne by Ludwik Kos-Rabcewicz-Zubkowski [ pl ] , a university professor and writer, living in Canada. The most widespread Polish surnames are Nowak , Kowalski , Wiśniewski and Wójcik . -ski (also -sky in other regions)
6080-528: The language has gender-specific adjectives (like German, French or Spanish). As the surname is, in most cases, inherited from the father (or accepted from the husband), the Western registries of birth and marriage ascribe the masculine form (the one ending in -i ) to the female members of the family. Slavic countries, in contrast, would use the feminine form of the surname (the one ending in -a ). The form Anna Kowalski would never be met within Poland, whereas it
6175-474: The languages involved are Slavic and less difficult for the natives, and feminine forms are preserved although the -ski/-ska ending is altered slightly to the corresponding ending in Russian (-ский/-ская) or Ukrainian (-ський/-ська). Similar alterations occur to Polish names in Belarus, Lithuania and Latvia. Based on grammatical features, Polish surnames may be divided into: Adjectival names very often end in
6270-735: The more important name days are 1 January: Sf. Vasile (St. Basil), 7 January: Sf. Ioan (St. John), 23 April: Sf. Gheorghe (St. George), 21 May: Sf. Constantin şi Elena (St. Constantine and Helen), 29 June: Sf. Petru şi Pavel (St. Peter and Paul), 20 July: Sf. Ilie (St. Elias), 15 August and 8 September: Sf. Maria (St. Mary), 9 September: Sf. Ana (St. Ann), 14 October: Sf. Parascheva (St. Paraskeva), 26 October: Sf. Dumitru (St. Demetrios), 8 November: Sf. Mihail şi Gavril (St. Michael and Gabriel), 25 November: Sf. Ecaterina (St. Catherine), 30 November: Sf. Andrei (St. Andrew), 6 December: Sf. Nicolae (St. Nicholas), 27 December: Sf. Stefan (St. Stephen). Persons (especially women) who have no saint name or who only have
6365-465: The name day of a woman named Carmen would be 16 July, day of Our Lady of Mount Carmel . Currently, onomásticos are still remembered in more traditional families, but are not generally celebrated with festive parties and presents as they were in the past. To celebrate name days, practising Catholics typically attend mass and have some intimate family celebration. In Spain, children often take sweets or cake to school to share with their classmates. From
6460-400: The name day on daily newspapers by the date and on Hungarian websites. Some highly popular names have several name days; in that case, the person chooses on which day they wish to celebrate, though traditionally the one closest to their birthday is celebrated. The list of the name days is, as usual in name day celebrating cultures, based on the traditional Catholic saints' feasts, but the link of
6555-461: The name of a person's town. Examples of toponymic surnames : A patronymic surname ( nazwisko odimienne ) derives from the given name of a person, and usually ends in a suffix suggesting a family relation. Examples of patronymic surnames: Adjectival surnames, like all Polish adjectives, have masculine and feminine forms. If a masculine surname ends in -i or -y ; its feminine equivalent ends in -a . Namesdays In Christianity ,
6650-473: The names are frequently, but not always, cognates . Women are slightly underrepresented in the calendar: approximately 45 per cent of name days celebrate only women while some 49 per cent are name days of men. The rest relate to names which may be given to either sex, such as Rauni (15 July), or which feature both women's and men's names, such as Oliver and Olivia (29 May). There are many traditional beliefs associated with various name days, especially involving
6745-511: The names of nobility, such as in the Germanic von or zu . Almost all surnames borne by the nobility with the -ski (or -sky ) suffix are preceded by a place name (toponymic) or other territorial designation derived from their main court, holdings, castle, manor or estate. For example, the Polish nobleman Jan of Tarnów whose name in Polish is "Jan z Tarnowa" was equally known by the name "Jan Tarnowski"; this highlighted his nobility unlike
6840-677: The newborn son was named with the name that the Catholic saint indicated for that day, the day of someone's birthday does not always coincide with the day of his name. In this way, women called "Rosa" could celebrate their name on the day of Saint Rose of Viterbo in Italy, Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne in France or Saint Rose of Lima on 23 August in Peru; women called "Mercedes" celebrate on 24 September, and men called "Joseph" celebrate on 19 March, regardless of whether or not they were born on those dates. For
6935-477: The nobility by heraldic adoption can share the same coat of arms, even though that coat of arms bears the surname of the family who created it. Thus the total number of coats of arms in this system was relatively low — about 200 in the late Middle Ages. One side-effect of this unique arrangement was that it became customary to refer to noblemen by both their family name and their coat of arms/clan name. For example: Jan Zamoyski herbu Jelita means Jan Zamoyski of
7030-478: The official list was still in general use until 1986 when the consensus of a new list with three names on each day was reached. This list was revised in 1993 and reduced to two names on each day. However, widespread dissatisfaction with the list prompted the Swedish Academy to compile a new two-name list which was finally accepted and brought into use in 2001. Although it does not have the official status of
7125-500: The only ones in Polish that have feminine forms, where women have the feminine version ending in -ska ( -cka , -dzka , -na , -ta ) instead. Historically, female versions of surnames were more complex, often formed by adding the suffix -owa for married women and -ówna or -wianka for unmarried women. In most cases, this practice is now considered archaic or rustic. Other common surname suffixes are -czyk, -czek, -czak, -czuk, and -wicz. Family names first appeared in Poland around
7220-460: The other hand, are often celebrated together with co-workers and other less-intimate friends. Information about whose name is associated with a given day can be found in most Polish calendars and on the Internet. The choice of a given name is largely influenced by fashion. Many parents name their child after a national hero or heroine, or a character from a book, film, or TV show. In spite of this,
7315-447: The person grows up the emphasis may shift decisively. Entertainment provided by the celebrating host may include a meal, drinks, desserts, music and partying , rather than the guests fussing over the person celebrating. Gifts are expected from the guests. Optionally, an adult relative or a godparent might give pocket money to a celebrant child or teenager instead of a gift. In cases where birthdays and name days are close to each other,
7410-441: The person who has a name day prepares snacks for well-wishers, and during the day colleagues arrive one after another with flowers, sweets and small presents to greet him. Sometimes, especially in smaller companies, a certain time is set for the main celebrations. It is normal to come to a name day celebration without an invitation. At school one is expected to arrive with candy for classmates and teachers. Celebrating name days at home
7505-433: The pre-Christian rite of the "first haircut" ( Polish : postrzyżyny ), which also involved giving the child a new name. ) In the past, there was no restrictions on the number of the given names. In formal situations, multiple given names were presented in the following style: "Zygmunt, Józef, Erazm 3-ga imion Kaczkowski, urodził sie dnia 2 maja 1825 roku..." (Zygmunt, Józef, Erazm of three names Kaczkowski,
7600-490: The preposition of "z" alone which could be construed as a regular prepositional particle . In the 19th century, a wave of seemingly noble sounding surnames began to appear among the common population , where a significant number of the bourgeoisie class, and even the peasantry , began to adopt or bear the noble -ski suffix. The -ski suffix was thus attached to surnames derived from a person's occupation, characteristics, patronymic surnames, or toponymic surnames (from
7695-400: The registry office ( Urząd Stanu Cywilnego ) with a request for a change of name or surname alongside the payment of a small administrative fee. If the change of surname is not linked to marriage, the family surname is also changed in the successful applicant's documents. A note is added to the applicant's birth certificate in the system, informing of the subsequent change of name. The request
7790-416: The rest of the town due to the danger of fire (bell-makers and smiths), area ownership by the guild, or due to unpleasant pollution (tanners, wool-workers). Such serf areas would bear the plural form of the profession name, such as Piekary (bakers), Garbary (tanners), Winiary (winemakers). Furthermore, the suffix -czyk, -yk, -ek was used to describe a profession as a diminutive, often, but not always, indicating
7885-518: The same day in many countries. From the 18th century and onwards the list of name days has been modified in Sweden and Finland . Name days ( Bulgarian : имени дни ) in Bulgaria have almost always been associated with Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox celebrations. Some names can be celebrated on more than one day and some have even started following foreign traditions (like Valentina being celebrated on
7980-566: The same ending as their mother's. Another modification is changing the final vowel -i of the endings -ski , -cki and -dzki into -y . Those endings are common in Czech, Slovak and Ukrainian, as well as in English, but they never occur in Polish. When transliterated into languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet, such as Russian or Ukrainian, alterations are usually much less drastic, as
8075-712: The same name. In such a case, the person is said "not to have" a name day, or they may choose to celebrate on All Saints' Day . The vast majority of name days are on the same date every year ; the few exceptions are names directly or indirectly associated with Easter , and so are floating. The tradition facilitates social interaction, as all Greek language calendars include detailed name-day lists. Some name days coincide with major Christian feasts. For example, people whose names are Chrēstos or Christine have their name day on Christmas , people named after St. Basil have their name day on New Year's Day, Anastásios and Anastasía on Easter Sunday , and María and Mários either on
8170-523: The secular name-days calendar to the Catholic calendar is not maintained any more. For example, even religious Catholic people named Gergely (Gregory) after Pope Gregory the Great still celebrate their name days on 12 March, although the Church moved the feast of that saint to 3 September in 1969. In Ireland , name days were occasionally observed in the past. Among Roman Catholics , it was traditional to begin
8265-483: The suffixes, -ski , -cki and -dzki (feminine -ska , -cka and -dzka ), and are considered to be either typically Polish or typical for the Polish nobility. In the case of '-ski', it holds true if the surname contains the name of a city, town, village or other geographical location. Based on origin, Polish family names may be generally divided into three groups: cognominal, toponymic and patronymic. A Polish cognominal surname ( nazwisko przezwiskowe ) derives from
8360-471: The summer months than a birthday during the months with bad weather (late autumn or winter). The onomastico in Latin America is the feast of the saint in honor of which someone was named. It is very common for this term to be used as a synonym for birthdays, but this word refers to the list of the names of the saints, so they are not synonymous. Although (especially years before) by popular tradition
8455-462: The surname originated in Polish , Czech or Slovak ( -sky/-ský ). A child in Poland is usually given one or two names; Polish registry offices do not register more than two. Among Catholics, who form the vast majority of the population, it is customary to adopt the name of a saint as an informal, third given name at confirmation , however, this does not have any legal effect. (This is reminiscent of
8550-489: The surnames for the husband, wife, and children. The partners may choose to retain their surnames, or both adopt the surname of either partner, or a combination of both; the children must receive either the joint surname or the surname of one of the partners. However, a married woman usually adopts her husband's name, and the children usually bear the surname of the father. The wife may keep her maiden name ( nazwisko panieńskie ) or add her husband's surname to hers, thus creating
8645-457: The weather and the appropriate times to perform agricultural tasks, such as planting some particular crop. For example, there is a saying that "Jaakko (James) casts a cold rock into the water", meaning that on Jaakko's day, 25 July, the lake and sea waters will start getting colder, which is not far from true on average. The seven days from the 18th to the 24th of July, all being women's name days, are known as "the women's week" ( naistenviikko ). It
8740-425: The workplace, and the price of flowers often rises around the dates of popular names because of demand. A bottle of alcohol is a common gift for men on their name day. Children frequently bring sweets to school to celebrate their name days. Name days are more often celebrated than birthdays in workplaces, presumably because it is simpler to know the date since most calendars contain a list of name days. You can also find
8835-570: Was born on the day of the 2nd of May, in the year of 1825...) In the case of two first names the qualifier "of two names" (dwojga imion) was used; four names: "of 4 names" (4-ga imion), etc. Parents normally choose from a long list of traditional names, which includes: The names of Slavic saints, such as Wojciech ( St Adalbert ), Stanisław ( St Stanislaus ), or Kazimierz ( St Casimir ), belong to both of these groups. Slavic names used by historical Polish monarchs , e.g. Bolesław , Lech , Mieszko , Władysław , are common as well. Additionally,
8930-416: Was once reserved to refer to the Virgin Mary ; now the archaic form "Maryja" is used for this), has diminutives Marysia, Maryśka, Marysieńka, Mania, Mańka, Maniusia, etc. Alternatively, augmentative forms (Polish: zgrubienie ) may be colloquially used, often with scornful or disdainful intention. For example, Maria may be called Marycha or Marychna. As in many other cultures, a person may informally use
9025-476: Was published, and there are also a few extended calendars found on the Internet , listing names even on 29 February. 29 February is a popular date to celebrate name days of people who do not have a name day; another such date is 22 May. People who do not have name days in ordinary calendars can enjoy many variations when to celebrate—on 29 February or 22 May and, if they have their name in an extended calendar or in
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