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60-493: GIW may refer to: Great Indian Warpath , a Native American trail in the United States Groton Iron Works , a defunct American shipyard White Gelao language Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title GIW . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

120-585: A Muskogean -speaking Native American people now living primarily in the U.S. states of Louisiana , Oklahoma , and Texas . When the Coushatta first encountered Europeans, their Coushatta homelands where in present-day Tennessee , Georgia , and Alabama . They have long been closely allied and intermarried with the Alabama people, also members of the Creek Confederacy . The Koasati language

180-490: A reservation near Livingston. The Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town in Wetumka, Oklahoma, achieved federal recognition in 1939, following passage of the 1936 Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act . Its people were descendants of a community that had moved as a group from their town in Alabama to Indian Territory in the 1830s. They settled together and maintained their tribal town identity. In addition, its people have dual citizenship in

240-625: A branch of the Indian trail what would later be called the Great Wagon Road in what would eventually be Henry County, Virginia , that "The Indians, who have no way of traveling except on the Hoof, make nothing of going 25 miles a day, and carrying their little Necessities at their backs, and Sometimes a Stout Pack of Skins into the bargain." While archaeology shows that the Valley of Virginia

300-879: A fine country, that is watered by Several beautiful Rivers. The Ohio branch led up the Holston Valley to the north fork of the Holston River by what is now Saltville, Virginia , to the New River , and thence down the New and Kanawha rivers to Indian settlements in Ohio and western Pennsylvania. Most GIW branches cross West Virginia, although one more eastern route skips the state entirely, following U.S. Route 15 from Winchester to Frederick, Maryland . The Winchester Pike (now U.S. 11) passes through Berkeley County, West Virginia (including Martinsburg ) before crossing

360-569: A major settlement at the north end of Long Island, which is bisected by the present-day Tennessee–Alabama state line. By the time of the American Revolution , the Coushatta had moved many miles down the Tennessee River where their town is recorded as Coosada. In the 18th century, some of the Coushatta joined the emerging Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy, where they became a part of the "Upper Creeks". They were closely related to

420-542: A variety of maize , beans, and squash, and supplementing their diet by hunting game and fish. They are known for their skill at basketry . Nearly all the Spanish expeditions (including the 1539-1543 Hernando de Soto Expedition) into the interior of Spanish Florida recorded encountering the original town of the tribe. It was believed to be located in the Tennessee River Valley . The Spanish referred to

480-661: Is held in trust on the tribe's behalf by the United States Department of the Interior . In the 20th century, the Coushatta people in Louisiana began cultivating rice and crawfish on tribally owned farms on the reservation, where most of the current population resides. An estimated 200 people of the tribe still speak the Coushatta language . In the early 21st century, fewer young people are learning it, so

540-585: Is now open for our brethren of the Six Nations and their allies, and they may now pass as safely and freely as the people of the Twelve United Colonies themselves. And we are further determined, by the assistance of God, to keep open and free for the Six Nations and their allies, as long as the earth remains. The Iroquois Confederacy's central trail had its western terminus at the site of present-day Buffalo on Buffalo Creek . It crossed to

600-573: Is related to the Alabama language and mutually intelligible to Mikasuki language . Under pressure from European colonization after 1763 and the French defeat in the Seven Years' War , the Coushatta began to move west into Mississippi , Louisiana, and Texas, which were then under Spanish rule . They settled in these areas by the early 19th century. Some of the Coushatta and Alabama people were removed west to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) in

660-618: Is the only one of note which traversed our county northward and southward. Generally, they passed eastward and westward, from the river, to and across the mountains. The trails northward from Virginia and Pennsylvania converged at the junction of the Susquehanna River and the Chemung River ; these led to where the Seneca Trail started/ended in western New York near present-day Niagara Falls , used for centuries by

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720-427: Is unknown. Many of the trails were first broken by animals traveling to the salt licks in the region, especially by the herds of buffalo in the Valley of Virginia. These animal trails were later used by Native Americans. Certainly the trails were used for commerce, trading and communication between tribes before the land was explored by Europeans. In Virginia during November 1728, William Byrd II commented while passing

780-558: The Bluestone River to the New and Greenbrier rivers to the vicinity of White Sulphur Springs . It then follows Anthony Creek down to the Greenbrier River near the present Pocahontas – Greenbrier County line, then ascending toward Hillsboro and Droop Mountain . It crossed through present Pocahontas County by way of Marlinton , Indian Draft Run, and Edray . Passing into present Randolph County , it descended

840-724: The Great Wagon Road or the Carolina Road . William Byrd II mentioned it during his survey of the dividing line between North Carolina and Virginia in November 1728. "The Trading Path above mentioned receives its name from being the Route the Traders take with their caravans, when they go to traffick with the Catawbas and other Southern Indians... The Course from Roanoke to the Catawbas is laid down nearest Southwest, and lies through

900-889: The Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad and U.S. Route 30 , which meets Route 15 at Gettysburg and Route 11 at Chambersburg. James Veech described the Catawba Trail in The Monongahela of Old : The most prominent, and perhaps the most ancient of these old pathways across our county, was the old Catawba or Cherokee Trail, leading from the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, &c., through Virginia and Western Pennsylvania, on to Western New York and Canada. We will trace it within our limits as well as we can. After crossing and uniting with numerous other trails,

960-585: The Onondaga Valley at the foot of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, met the Mohawk River at the "great carrying place" (the site of present-day Rome ), then followed the river to site of Schenectady and had its eastern terminus at the site of Albany (in the vicinity of Castle Island , where the Dutch built Fort Nassau ). Modern-day New York State Route 5 largely follows this path. Afterwards,

1020-638: The Potomac River at Hagerstown, Maryland through Chambersburg , Shippensburg and Carlisle, Pennsylvania ). Both these war and hunting routes joined to cross the Susquehanna River near Camp Hill (now a suburb of Harrisburg ) and jointly followed its tributaries further northward until again splitting near what became the Shamokin Dam and later Shikellamy State Park (then a major Indian village near Sunbury ). One branch followed

1080-653: The Roanoke River , down Catawba Creek to Fincastle or Amsterdam. The Richmond fork of the Chesapeake branch led off from Salem, and continued southwest of Lynchburg , and thence northeast to the future site of Richmond . Another branch turned south from Big Lick , near present-day Roanoke, and turned south toward the Catawba country in South Carolina. Later this trading path would be called part of

1140-539: The Shenandoah Valley through Buchanan , Lexington , Staunton , Harrisonburg , Winchester . From Winchester, most GIW routes briefly enter West Virginia , then continue northward into Maryland and Pennsylvania . Various forks led up (or down) rivers from Chesapeake Bay through the coastal plain and Piedmont . One Chesapeake branch cut off at present Ellett, Virginia , went up the North Fork of

1200-814: The Susquehanna , and into Western New York , then the empire of the Iroquois. A branch left the main trail at Robinson's mill, on Mill or Opossum run, which crossed the Yough at the Broad ford, bearing down across Jacobs creek , Sewickley and Turtle creeks, to the forks of the Ohio, at Pittsburgh , by the highland route. This branch, and the northern part within our county [Fayette], of the main route, will be found to possess much interest in connection with Braddock's line of march to his disastrous destiny. This Cherokee or Catawba Indian trail, including its Warrior branch,

1260-701: The Tygart Valley River from its headwaters and passed through the vicinity of present-day Elkins , after which it proceeded north by ascending Leading Creek . It left Randolph County after crossing Pheasant Mountain , and descended the Left Fork of Clover Run into present-day Tucker County . Crossing the Shavers Fork of the Cheat River , it exited Tucker county and West Virginia by way of Horseshoe Run northeast of St. George , crossing

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1320-874: The West Branch Susquehanna River westward along one bank via the Great Shamokin Path to the Allegheny River or northward along the other bank via the Great Island Path to Lock Haven, Pennsylvania and another major village at the confluence of five major trails. Another branch continued north and eastward along the main branch of the Susquehanna into the Wyoming Valley . The Sheshequin Path connected

1380-626: The Yough river , crossing it just below the run's mouth, where Braddock's army crossed, at Stewart's Crossings. The trail thence kept through the Narrows, by Rist's, near the Baptist meeting-house, beyond Pennsville, passing by the old Saltwell on Green Lick run, to the mouth of Bushy run, at Tinsman's or Welshouse's mill. Thence it bore across Westmoreland county , up the Allegheny , to the heads of

1440-982: The Youghiogheny and Allegheny rivers with Brownsville, Pennsylvania on the Ohio River . As the 19th century began, this east–west route became known as the Cumberland or National Road , later ( U.S. Route 40 ). Another major Indian route crossed the Potomac nearer what became Washington, D.C., and the falls of the Potomac River, crossing in the Sugarland/Seneca valley area of what became Montgomery County, Maryland (where historic Edward's Ferry operated and White's Ferry still operates), then continued to Rockville, Maryland . As European settlement progressed, this route also moved somewhat to

1500-626: The 1830s under Indian Removal , together with other Muscogee peoples . Today, Coushatta people are enrolled in three federally recognized tribes : The Koasati language is part of the Apalachee-Alabama-Koasati branch of the Muskogean languages . An estimated 200 people spoke the language in 2000, most of whom lived in Louisiana. The language is written in the Latin script . The Coushatta were historically farmers, growing

1560-679: The Alabama Indians and often intermarried with them. Coushatta and Alabama who stayed in Alabama were part of the 1830s forcible removal to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Today their descendants form the federally recognized Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town in Wetumka, Oklahoma . Some of the Coushatta tribe split from the Creek Confederacy and went to South Louisiana. Their descendants today make up

1620-625: The Chesapeake Bay. The Great Indian Warpath continued its south–north route through Pennsylvania toward New York along three major paths, pushed westward by development. The easternmost route followed the Appalachian foothills in what became U.S. Route 15 (from the Potomac River at Point of Rocks through Frederick, Maryland and Gettysburg to the Susquehanna River at Camp Hill, Pennsylvania ). Another route followed Pennsylvania's Cumberland Valley via U.S. Routes 11 and 81 (from

1680-658: The Diamond Spring (now William James'); thence nearly on the route of the present Morgantown road, until it came to the Misses Hadden's; thence across Hellen's fields, passing near the Rev. William Brownfield's mansion, and about five rods west of the old Henry Beeson brick house; thence through Uniontown , over the old Bank house lot, crossing the creek where the bridge now is, back of the Sheriff's house; thence along

1740-691: The GIW crossed the Hudson River into New England , taking the Mohawk Trail (largely followed by modern-day New York State Route 2 , Massachusetts Route 2 , and Massachusetts Route 2A ). From there, the Great Trail network eventually went into Newfoundland , where it reached its northern terminus. Coushatta Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas 1,000 enrolled The Coushatta ( Koasati : Koasati , Kowassaati or Kowassa:ti ) are

1800-701: The GIW passed through the Nickajack area, so-called by the Cherokee (from Ani-Kusati ) because it had once inhabited by the Koasati . After following the south bank of the Tennessee River, the path proceeded through Running Water Valley to Lookout/Will's Valley, where it met the Cumberland Trail. From present-day Gadsden, Alabama , this trail passed through the latter valley at a point along

1860-424: The GIW to Baltimore , where a connector path closely followed the present-day route of Maryland Route 10 , the Arundel Expressway. It continued south of Maryland Route 2 towards Annapolis near the once-planned extension of MD 10. War parties could then invade the Delmarva Peninsula , and the lands of the Algonkian speaking Lenape of the Delaware River Valley and/or the Piscataway and Powhatan Confederacy of

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1920-423: The Middle Mississippian town which archaeologists call the Dallas site. After crossing that valley, the branch from Chickamauga passed east to Parker's Gap through Whiteoak Mountain and turned northeast, eventually rejoining the main route. In the Overhill Cherokee country, the path ran from the north to the town of Chota on the Little Tennessee. Here, another important trail, the Warriors' Path, continued south to

1980-447: The Mount Braddock mansion, it passed a few rods to the east of the old Conrad Strickler house, where it is still visible. Keeping on through land formerly of John Hamilton (now Freeman), it crossed the old Connellsville road immediately on the summit of the Limestone hill, a few rods west of the old Strickler distillery; thence through the old Lawrence Harrison land (James Blackiston's) to Robinson's falls on Mill Run, and thence down it to

2040-488: The Ohio River valley through Emmitsburg, Maryland and could ultimately connect to Nemacolin's trail further north, even along what became U.S. Route 30 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania . Another GIW branch continued east along the Potomac River toward Washington, D.C. , and Alexandria, Virginia (then settlements of the Piscataway tribe ) following what became the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal . Yet another hunting, fighting and trading route from Frederick continued eastward from

2100-437: The Potomac River near Hagerstown, Maryland . Another more western Seneca Trail branch crossed West Virginia along routes that became U.S. Route 19 , I-79 and U.S. Route 219 . Entering a few miles west of Bluefield , what became Route 19 winds through the mountains until Beckley , then continues to Sutton and Morgantown before entering Pennsylvania and continuing to the Great Lakes at Erie via I-79. Route 219 follows

2160-459: The Potomac River near Oakland, Maryland . From crossing the Potomac River at Hagerstown, Maryland , the Seneca Trail ( U.S. Route 11 ) continued northward toward the Cumberland Valley and modern Chambersburg, Pennsylvania . Since the terrain in Virginia and West Virginia was the most difficult to cross east to west (or vice versa), along the Appalachian mountain range, due to numerous north–south ridges, most hunters (and later settlers) crossed

2220-426: The Seneca of the Iroquois and previous peoples around the Great Lakes. In 1775 the twelve united colonies entered into an agreement concerning the use of Native American paths and the roads: Brothers: It is necessary, in order for the preservation of friendship between us and brothers of the Six Nations (Iroquois) and their allies, that a free and mutual intercourse be kept between us; therefore we, Brothers: The road

2280-511: The Upper Creek Path and crossing the Tennessee River near Guntersville . It then followed roughly the same route as the Tennessee upriver until reaching the vicinity of the modern Bridgeport . There it crossed the Tennessee once again at the Great Creek Crossing just below the foot of Long Island on the Tennessee, intersecting another path, the Cisca and St. Augustine Trail, which ran from the area of St. Augustine, Florida to that of Nashville, Tennessee . Several miles upriver from Long Island,

2340-399: The Upper Creek Path, on its way to the Cumberland Gap , the Ohio Valley , and the Great Lakes region. Having met, both trails crossed the foot of Lookout Mountain ; their route was later followed by the improved Old Wauhatchie Pike . Once over the mountain, the path crossed lower Chattanooga Valley to what archaeologists refer to as the Citico site. For several hundred years this was

2400-437: The area of present-day Cleveland, Tennessee , the path has been followed by Lee Highway until reaching the Little Tennessee River . From Old Chickamauga Town, a third branch of the path passed across Hickory Valley, where it intersected a path from the Cisca and St. Augustine Trail in North Georgia to the Tennessee River. This intersected the main route of the path before fording the stream at Harrison, Tennessee , to reach

2460-446: The branches and continued to follow the Appalachians into New York. The westernmost GIW routes actually crossed the Alleghanies. That which became ( Interstate 79 ) crossed into the Great Lakes watershed at Erie, Pennsylvania . This or the Great Shamokin Path may have become the most used after the French and Indian War as settlement, the Kittanning Expedition of 1756 and the Wyoming Valley massacre of 1778 as well as disease pushed

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2520-463: The federally recognized Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana . Notable chiefs among the Coushatta-Alabama were Long King and his successor Colita (1838–1852). They led their people to settle in present-day Polk County, Texas , in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Colita's village was founded before the European-American settlement of Livingston, Texas . Descendants of these peoples form the federally recognized Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas and have

2580-409: The federally recognized Muscogee (Creek) Nation , representing descendants of the broader Creek Confederacy. It has an enrolled population of 380. In 1972, the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana achieved state-recognition as a tribe. A year later it gained federal recognition . The tribe has acquired 685 acres (2.77 km ) of reservation near its historical 18th and 19th-century homeland. This land

2640-400: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GIW&oldid=932845967 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Great Indian Warpath The age of the Great Indian Warpath

2700-486: The mountains between the Ohio River watershed and Chesapeake Bay watershed either in Tennessee to the south of that region, or via what was once called Nemacolin's Trail through the Cumberland Narrows of Maryland and western Pennsylvania. Named after the Delaware chief Nemacolin , who assisted surveyor Thomas Cresap on behalf of the Ohio Company of Virginia , it was further improved by Washington and General Braddock . This route connected Cumberland, Maryland by way of

2760-459: The northern side of the public grave-yard on the hill, through the eastern edge of John Gallagher's land, about six rods south of John F. Foster's (formerly Samuel Clarke's) house, it crossed Shute's Run where the fording now is, between the two meadows, keeping the high land through Col. Evans' plantation, and passed between William and John Jones' to the site of Pearse's Fort; thence by the Murphy school-house, and bearing about thirty rods westward of

2820-537: The old gun factory, and thence toward the mouth of Redstone , intersecting the old Redstone trail from the top of Laurel Hill , afterward Burd's road, near Jackson's, or Grace Church, on the National Road . The main Catawba trail pursued the even tenor of its way, regardless of minor points, which, like a modern grand railroad, it served by branches and turn-outs. After receiving the Warrior Branch junction, it kept on through land late of Charles Griffin, by Long's Mill, Ashcraft's Fort, Phillip Rogers' (now Alfred Stewart's),

2880-418: The people as Coste , with their nearby neighbors being the Chiaha , Chiska , Yuchi , Tasquiqui, and Tali. In the 17th and 18th centuries, avoiding the encroachment by European settlers, the Coushatta migrated west into present-day Alabama . Along the way they established their town at Nickajack ( Ani-Kusati-yi , or Koasati-place, in Cherokee ) in the current Marion County, Tennessee . Later they founded

2940-490: The pre-eminent town in the early period of the Mississippian culture in East Tennessee (until around 1200). Past Citico, the path ran east (later followed by the late Shallowford Road) to Missionary Ridge , where it divided. The main branch headed northeast toward the Shallow Ford (which can still be seen) across the Chickamauga River (South Chickamauga Creek ) and the other branch went directly east (a route now followed by Bird's Mill/Brainerd Road) to cross at another ford at

3000-418: The principal one entered Fayette territory, at the State line, at the mouth of Grassy run. A tributary trail, called the Warrior Branch, coming from Tennessee, through Kentucky and Southern Ohio, came up Fish creek and down Dunkard , crossing Cheat river at McFarland's. It run out a junction with the chief trail, intersecting it in William Gans' sugar camp, but it kept on by Crow's mill, James Robinson's, and

3060-484: The remaining Algonquian-speaking peoples westward. The northernmost major east–west branch in Pennsylvania connecting to the GIW became the track of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad; a part has recently been converted back to pedestrian use as the Susquehanna Warrior Trail in Luzerne County . The easiest and most traveled east–west route of the pre- and colonial era became the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike (first used in 1795), which even later became

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3120-434: The site of the later Brainerd Mission and Bird's Mill. The east bank of that site is where Dragging Canoe and his Chickamauga Cherokee faction established their base after leaving the Overhill Cherokee towns on the Little Tennessee River . From there, it proceeded north along the modern-day Chickamauga Road until reaching the main route again. Its path was later followed by the improved Chattanooga-Cleveland Pike. From

3180-464: The states, tribes often negotiate agreements with the states to share some portion of income, in recognition of their reliance on state infrastructure and other assets. In the 1990s, the Coushatta of Louisiana hired the lobbyist Jack Abramoff to assist in establishing a casino on their reservation. They were victims of his manipulations , as he charged them high fees but did not work on their behalf to gain federal or state approval of such development. He

3240-436: The time of the French and Indian War (1756–63). When King George III issued a proclamation in 1763 forbidding further settlement beyond the mountains and demanding the return of settlers who had already crossed the Alleghenies , a line was designated roughly following the Seneca Trail. In the south, the GIW began at the Gulf of Mexico in the Mobile area and proceeded north by northeast, bisecting another trail known as

3300-466: The town of Great Tellico (present-day Tellico Plains ), following Ball Play Creek and the Tellico River . At Great Tellico, the Warrior's Path intersected the Trading Path (later called the "Unicoi Turnpike"), which ran east over the mountains. From Great Tellico, the Warrior's Path followed Conasauga Creek to its confluence with the Hiwassee River , where the town of Great Hiwassee stood. In Virginia, U.S. Route 11 (parallel to Interstate 81 )

3360-519: The tribe is working on language preservation. Since the late 20th century and the rise in Indian self-determination , many Native American tribes have developed a new source of revenue by establishing gaming casino on their reservations which are sovereign territories. States, which had begun their own gaming operations and regulated private ones, and the federal government have passed legislation to control Indian gaming, which must conform to what exists by state law. While such revenues are not taxable by

3420-404: The west, so the major crossing became at Point of Rocks, Maryland or Brunswick, Maryland , then continued to Frederick, Maryland . This route did not cross the Alleghenies, instead following their foothills, especially along Monocacy River , roughly along the old alignment of U.S. Route 15 (the Catoctin Highway, now Maryland Route 28 and Maryland Route 85 ). One branch continued west toward

3480-451: Was built along the GIW route. From the Cumberland Gap and Appalachian mountains at the Tennessee border, the fork called the Chesapeake Branch led northeast, passing 3 miles (5 km) west of what is now Bristol , then through the sites of present-day Abingdon , Glade Spring , Marion , Rural Retreat , Fort Chiswell (another possible westward gap route), Draper , Ingle's or Pepper's ferry , Salem , Roanoke and Amsterdam , then up

3540-418: Was inhabited before the arrival of the Europeans, by the 18th century most of the region was abandoned. Only smaller villages and settlements of different tribes occupied the valley, which was used as a hunting ground, a travel route, and a warpath between the two great clusters of Eastern Indians in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the north, the line of the Seneca Trail formed the boundary of "the frontier" by

3600-470: Was ultimately prosecuted for his actions. Since then, Louisiana Coushatta have established gaming on its reservation. It also has state tax–free sales of certain items to raise revenues. The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas achieved federal recognition in 1987. The nation acquired a 4,600-acre (19 km ) reservation near Livingston, Texas , its homeland since settling in this area in the early 19th century. It has 1,100 enrolled citizens. A decoction of

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