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78-697: In the late 18th century during the colonial war with the Chickamauga , the area was inhabited by Chickamauga Cherokee and Muscogee-Creek warriors residing in the "Five Lower Towns" on the Tennessee River (near present-day Chattanooga ). The warriors were mostly Cherokee men, led by Dragging Canoe . Small groups of Shawnee and Creek lived and fought with them, in addition to occasional bands of Muskogee, who also served as allies. Renegade whites, white traders; Spanish, French, and British agents; and refugee enslaved African Americans also inhabited

156-569: A Unionist government in western Virginia created a new state from 50 western counties which entered the Union as West Virginia . The new state contained 24 counties that had ratified Virginia's secession ordinance. The first seven seceding states, all of the Deep South, were motivated mainly by the election in November 1860 of President Lincoln, who had no support among Southern voters, and

234-665: A convention whose members disfavored secession. Union military intervention quickly restored Union control , first in St. Louis, then throughout nearly the whole state. The ineffective Missouri ordinance of secession eventually was passed only by a rump convention meeting at Neosho . In Kentucky , whose potential secession Unionists particularly feared, both the legislature and public opinion firmly opposed secession. Only an even less influential rump convention purported to secede. When Confederate armies invaded Kentucky in 1862, bringing extra arms to equip new volunteers, briefly seizing

312-511: A double agent for the Patriots, according to testimony after the war by Patriot General Nathanael Greene . Ordinance of Secession An Ordinance of Secession was the name given to multiple resolutions drafted and ratified in 1860 and 1861, at or near the beginning of the Civil War , by which each seceding slave-holding Southern state or territory formally declared secession from

390-810: A group of some twelve or thirteen Regulator families from North Carolina to the Watauga River . On May 8, 1772, the settlers on the Watauga and on the Nolichucky signed the Watauga Compact to form the Watauga Association . Each of the groups thought they were within the territorial limits of the colony of Virginia. After a survey proved their mistake, Alexander Cameron, Deputy Superintendent for Indian Affairs, ordered them to leave. Attakullakulla, First Beloved Man (Principal Chief) of

468-669: A large contingent of Catawba warriors, encountered an ambush by the Cherokee at the Battle of Cowee Gap in what is now western North Carolina. After defeating the attackers, he proceeded to a designated rendezvous with the South Carolina militia. On August 1, Cameron and the Cherokee ambushed Andrew Williamson and his South Carolina militia force near the Lower Cherokee town of Isunigu known to whites as Seneca, in

546-645: A large contingent of Cherokee and Muscogee warriors against the back country settlements of the Carolinas and Georgia. The Cherokee established a camp at the confluence of the Tennessee and Ohio Rivers (near present-day Paducah, Kentucky ) to prevent infiltration into the Mississippi in the spring of 1778. In late 1778, British strategy shifted south. As their attention went, so too did their efforts, their armies, and their supplies, including those slated for

624-411: A letter to indicate a large force of regular troops, plus Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Muscgoee, was on the march from Pensacola and planning to pick up reinforcements from the Cherokee. The forged letters alarmed the settlers, who began gathering together in closer, fortified groups, building stations (small forts), and otherwise preparing for an attack. In May 1776, partly at the behest of Henry Hamilton ,

702-578: A link to Henry Stuart, brother of John, in the West Florida capital of Pensacola . Cameron, the British deputy Indian superintendent, accompanied Dragging Canoe to Chickamauga. Nearly all the whites legally resident among the Cherokee were part of the related exodus. In March 1777, Cameron sent the refugees to Chickamauga along with a sizable amount of goods. The colonials learned of the materiel and planned to intercept it. When Cameron informed him of

780-788: A major war chief of the Iroquois, had organized the Western Confederacy of tribes to resist American settlement in Ohio Country. The Lower Cherokee were founding members and fought in the Northwest Indian War that resulted from this conflict. The Northwest Indian War ended with the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. The conclusion of the Indian wars enabled the settlement of what had been called "Indian territory" in

858-712: A metaphor for the entire struggle for the Southern frontier. The governors of Virginia and North Carolina repudiated the Watuga treaty, and Henderson fled to avoid arrest. George Washington also spoke out against it. The Cherokee appealed to John Stuart , the Indian Affairs Superintendent, for help, which he had provided on previous such occasions, but the outbreak of the American Revolution intervened. Henderson and frontiersmen thought

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936-466: A popular vote. Because the apportionment of delegates to the convention was based on total population (including slaves), the Southern delegates effectively voted "on behalf" of enslaved African-Americans , who made up a large proportion of the population in the region. The results of the poll determined that the balance of power would shift to the North, where the population was mostly white. Ultimately,

1014-543: A small strip in what is now Oconee County . One provision of the Treaty of Fort Henry required that James Robertson and a small garrison be quartered at Chota on the Little Tennessee. He had been appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs for North Carolina, while Joseph Martin had been appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Virginia. From their new bases, the Cherokee conducted raids against settlers on

1092-520: The Free State of Winston persists; Harper Lee mentioned it in her bestselling novel To Kill a Mockingbird . On January 7, 1861, Alabama Governor Andrew B. Moore called delegates from Alabama to Montgomery for a convention to debate the Articles of Secession . Delegates from South Alabama wanted the convention delegates to determine the vote, while northern delegates wanted the issue put to

1170-539: The Battle of Twelve Mile Creek . The South Carolina Militia retreated and later joined up with the militia force of Andrew Pickens . The next day, August 2, the joint militia force bivouacked, and Pickens led a party of 25 to forage for food and firewood. In what is known as the Ring Fight , 200 Cherokee surrounded and attacked the party, which withdrew into a ring and were able to hold their attackers at bay until reinforcements arrived. Pickens and his militia defeated

1248-654: The Chattanooga, Tennessee area, where the Great Indian Warpath crossed the Chickamauga River (South Chickamauga Creek ). Since Dragging Canoe made that town his seat of operations, frontier Americans called his faction the "Chickamaugas". Other Cherokee refugees turned up in Pensacola and wintered there. John McDonald already had a trading post across the Chickamauga River. This provided

1326-915: The Chickamauga Wars , were a series of raids, campaigns, ambushes, minor skirmishes, and several full-scale frontier battles in the Old Southwest from 1776 to 1794 between the Cherokee and American settlers on the frontier. Most of the events took place in the Upper South region. While the fighting stretched across the entire period, there were extended periods with little or no action. The Cherokee leader Dragging Canoe , whom some historians call "the Savage Napoleon", and his warriors, and other Cherokee fought alongside and together with warriors from several other tribes, most often

1404-707: The Illinois Country . His plans were to assemble 500 warriors from various Indian nations, including the Cherokee, the Chickasaw, the Shawnee, and others, for a campaign to expel Clark's forces back east, then drive through Kentucky clearing American settlements. McDonald's headquarters at Chickamauga was to be the staging ground and commissary for the Cherokee and the Muscogee. Clark recaptured Fort Vincennes, and Hamilton along with it, on February 25, 1779, after

1482-585: The Iroquois in 1768. The Cherokee were initially to retain their lands west of the Kanawha River , from its confluence with the Ohio to its headwaters, with the boundary continuing south to Spanish Florida. However, colonists in the Cherokee region continued to ignore the treaty line, in part because Fort Stanwix promulgated a boundary in the north that simply continued west along the Ohio. To further adjust

1560-588: The Kingdom of Great Britain against the American colonies. The Cherokee War of 1776 encompassed the entirety of the Cherokee nation. At the end of 1776, the only militant Cherokee were those who migrated with Dragging Canoe to the Chickamauga towns and became known as the " Chickamauga Cherokee ". The second phase lasted from 1783 to 1794. The Cherokee served as proxies of the Viceroyalty of New Spain against

1638-681: The Maryland legislature, or any other group in Maryland, from considering secession further after the legislature overwhelmingly rejected calling a secession convention but retained some notion of limiting cooperation with the Union and military coercion. Geographic exposure to conflict between larger neighboring states also deterred secession in Delaware and Maryland. As in Missouri and Kentucky, thousands from Delaware and Maryland also fought for

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1716-823: The Muscogee in the Old Southwest and the Shawnee in the Old Northwest . During the Revolutionary War , they also fought alongside British troops, Loyalist militia, and the King's Carolina Rangers against the rebel colonists, hoping to expel them from their territory. Open warfare broke out in the summer of 1776 in the Overmountain settlements of the Washington District , mainly those along

1794-665: The Overhill Cherokee . At the end of this conflict, the Cherokee signed the Treaty of Long-Island-on-the-Holston with the Colony of Virginia (1761) and the Treaty of Charlestown with the Province of South Carolina (1762). Conocotocko (Standing Turkey), the First Beloved Man during the conflict, was replaced by Attakullakulla , who was pro-British. Having concluded the Treaty of Paris in 1763 to settle

1872-531: The Royal Proclamation of 1763 , and culminated in the first trans-Appalachian states, Kentucky in 1792 and Ohio in 1803. The French and Indian War and the related European theater conflict known as the Seven Years' War laid many of the foundations for the conflict between the Cherokee and the American settlers on the frontier. These tensions on the frontier broke out into open hostilities with

1950-498: The Siege of Fort Vincennes . The Chickamauga Cherokee turned their sights to the northeast. The British captured Savannah on December 29, 1778, with help from Dragging Canoe, John McDonald, and the Cherokee, along with McGillivray's Upper Muscogee force and McIntosh's band of Hitichiti warriors. Just over a month later, January 31, 1779, they captured Augusta, Georgia , as well, though they quickly had to retreat. With these victories,

2028-575: The United States of America . South Carolina , Mississippi , Georgia , and Texas also issued separate documents purporting to justify secession. Adherents of the Union side in the Civil War regarded secession as illegal by any means and President Abraham Lincoln , drawing in part on the legacy of President Andrew Jackson , regarded it as his job to preserve the Union by force if necessary. However, President James Buchanan , in his State of

2106-718: The Watauga , Holston , Nolichucky , and Doe rivers in East Tennessee , as well as the colonies (later states) of Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . It later spread to settlements along the Cumberland River in Middle Tennessee and in Kentucky . The wars can be divided into two phases. The first phase took place from 1776 to 1783, in which the Cherokee fought as allies of

2184-600: The " Long Knives ", the squatters who settled and remained in Kain-tuck-ee, or, as the settlers called it, Transylvania . At the close of his speech, Cornstalk offered his war belt, and Dragging Canoe accepted it. Dragging Canoe also accepted belts from the Ottawa and the Iroquois. To prepare themselves for the coming campaign, the Overhill Cherokee began raiding into Kentucky, often with the Shawnee. Before

2262-656: The Alabama Ordinance of Secession was passed by a vote of 61 to 39, split along geographic lines. In addition to Nickajack, Winston County, Alabama , threatened to form its own Free State of Winston . These threats of internal separation never materialized, but men in the region fiercely resisted conscription into the Confederate Army . Many joined the Union Army . Cherokee%E2%80%93American wars The Cherokee–American wars , also known as

2340-547: The Beloved Woman (leader or Elder). The Cherokee offensive proved to be disastrous for the attackers. On July 3, a small war party of Cherokee besieged a small fort on the North Carolina frontier. The garrison managed to keep from being overrun until a large body of militia arrived in the rear of besiegers, who then retreated. A 190-strong war party of Cherokee and Loyalist partisans dressed as Cherokee attacked

2418-530: The Blue Ridge on September 1, and reached the outskirts of the Out, Valley, and Middle Towns on September 14, at which they started burning towns and crops. Williamson's militia were attacked at the Battle of Black Hole near Franklin, North Carolina on September 19 but were able to fend off the Cherokee and meet up with Rutherford. In all, Williamson, Pickens, and Rutherford destroyed more than 50 towns, burned

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2496-478: The British against their rebel subjects, and for help with the illegal settlers. The two men told him to wait for regular troops to arrive before taking any action. When the two arrived at Chota, Henry Stuart sent out letters to the frontier settlers. He informed them that they were illegally on Cherokee land and gave them 40 days to leave. In an exercise of propaganda, people sympathetic to the Revolution forged

2574-455: The British governor in Detroit, the Shawnee chief Cornstalk led a delegation from the northern tribes (Shawnee, Lenape, Iroquois, Ottawa and others) to the southern tribes. He traveled to Chota to meet with the southern tribes (Cherokee, Muscogee, Chickasaw, Choctaw ) about fighting with the British against their common enemy. Cornstalk called for united action against those they called

2652-575: The Cherokee on the Tugaloo River in the Battle of Tugaloo , which they then burned on August 10. On August 12, Williamson and Pickens defeated the Cherokee at the Battle of Tamassee . With this, they had completed their destruction of the Lower Towns, Keowee , Estatoe, Seneca, and the rest. Afterwards, they proceeded north to meet up with the North Carolina militia of Griffith Rutherford. Rutherford's militia traversed Swannanoa Gap in

2730-553: The Cherokee, interceded on their behalf. The settlers were allowed to remain, provided no additional people joined them. In 1769, developers and land speculators planned to start a new colony called Vandalia in the territory ceded by the Cherokee. Plans for that fell through, however, and Virginia annexed it as the District of West Augusta in 1774. On June 1, 1773, the Cherokee and the Muskogee ceded their claims to 2 million acres in

2808-607: The Cherokee. North Carolina sent Griffith Rutherford with 2,400 militia to scour the Oconaluftee and Tuckasegee river valleys, and the headwaters of the Little Tennessee and Hiwassee . South Carolina sent 1,800 men to the Savannah , and Georgia sent 200 to attack Cherokee settlements along the Chattahoochee and Tugaloo rivers. Not long after leaving Fort McGahey on July 23, Rutherford's militia, accompanied by

2886-470: The Civil War regarded these eleven states and territory as de facto seceding. Two other Southern states, Missouri and Kentucky, attempted secession ineffectively or only by irregular means. These two states remained within the Union, but were regarded by the Confederacy as having seceded . Two remaining Southern states, Delaware and Maryland, rejected secession and were not regarded by either side as having seceded. No other state considered secession. In 1863

2964-540: The Confederacy. The unorganized Indian Territory did not document secession and was not unanimous in its orientation, but generally supported the Confederacy. No other state or territory contemplated secession, and the Confederacy did not claim Delaware or Maryland as member states. Bitter, violent controversy remained even in states where a popular majority clearly favored secession. A geographic correlation existed between local prevalence of slavery and support for secession. Beyond Virginia, effective secession in most of

3042-479: The Cumberland Basin, defending against territorial settlements, they also fought as allies of Great Britain against American patriots. British strategy was focused on the North, and not so much on the backwoods settlements, especially those in the west. The Cherokee, therefore, were on their own, except for supplies from British ports on the coast and some joint operations in South Carolina. As tensions rose, Loyalist John Stuart, British Superintendent of Indian Affairs,

3120-440: The European conflict, the British hoped to maintain peace in the colonies and were surprised with the outbreak of Pontiac's War in the north soon thereafter. In response, King George III hastened to issue the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in an effort to impose a boundary between the native tribes and encroaching colonists. The proclamation prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains , at least temporarily, but

3198-401: The French Salt Lick at Nashville ), the Cumberland Trail (from the Upper Creek Path to the Great Lakes ), and the Nickajack Trail ( Nickajack to Augusta ). Later, the Cherokee stalked the Natchez Trace and roads improved by the uninvited settlers, such as the Kentucky, Cumberland, and Walton roads. Occasionally, the Cherokee attacked targets in Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Kentucky, and

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3276-400: The Holston, Doe, Watauga, and Nolichucky rivers, on the Cumberland and Red rivers, and those in the isolated frontier stations in between. The Cherokee ambushed parties traveling on the Tennessee River, and on local sections of the many ancient trails that served as "highways", such as the Great Indian Warpath ( Mobile to northeast Canada), the Cisca and St. Augustine Trail ( St. Augustine to

3354-424: The Little Tennessee in late October, Christian's Virginia force found those towns from whence the militant attackers had sprung—Great Island, Citico ( Sitiku ), Toqua ( Dakwayi ), Tuskegee ( Taskigi ), Chilhowee, and Great Tellico—not only deserted but burned to the ground by their own former inhabitants, along with all the food and stores that could not be carried away. Oconostota supported making peace with

3432-400: The Lower Towns began attacking the frontier of South Carolina. On July 1, the Out, Middle, and Valley Towns sent out war parties raiding the frontiers settlements of North Carolina east of the Blue Ridge coming down the Catawba River . Meanwhile, traders warned the Overmountain settlers of the impending attacks from the Overhill Towns. They had come from Chota bearing word from Nancy Ward ,

3510-476: The Ohio country. In contempt of the peace proceedings at Fort Henry in April 1777, Dragging Canoe led a war party that killed a settler named Frederick Calvitt and stole 15 horses from James Robertson, then moved to Carter's Valley, killing the grandparents of David Crockett along with several children near the modern Rogersville , and marauding across the valley. In all the raiders took twelve scalps. In summer 1777, Deputy Superintendents Cameron and Taitt led

3588-421: The Overhill towns and other Cherokee towns. Dragging Canoe , headman of Great Island Town and son of Attakullakulla, refused to go along with the deal. He told the North Carolina men, "You have bought a fair land, but there is a cloud hanging over it; you will find its settlement dark and bloody". This utterance gave rise to the contentious epithet for Kentucky as the dark and bloody ground . The phrase became

3666-463: The Seminole commanding his East Florida Rangers, who fought with them and some of the Lower Muskogee. From St. Augustine, Stuart sent his deputy, Alexander Cameron, and his brother Henry to Mobile to obtain short-term supplies and arms for the Cherokee. Dragging Canoe took a party of 80 warriors to provide security for the pack train. He met Henry Stuart and Cameron (whom he had adopted as a brother) at Mobile on March 1, 1776. He asked how he could help

3744-484: The Southern Indians. The Southern theater had the added advantage of being home to more Loyalists than the North. With all these new advantages, the Cherokee were able to greatly renew their territorial defense. Both the Cherokee and the Upper Creek signed on for active participation. On December 17, 1778, Henry Hamilton captured Fort Vincennes and used it as a base to plan a spring offensive against George Rogers Clark , whose forces had recently seized control of much of

3822-709: The Union Address of December 3, 1860, stated that the Union rested only upon public opinion and that conciliation was its only legitimate means of preservation; President Thomas Jefferson also had suggested in 1816, after his presidency but in official correspondence, that secession of some states might be desirable. Beginning with South Carolina in December 1860, eleven Southern states and one territory both ratified an ordinance of secession and effected de facto secession by some regular or purportedly lawful means, including by state legislative action, special convention , or popular referendum , as sustained by state public opinion and mobilized military force. Both sides in

3900-433: The advent of the American Revolution . The action of the French and Indian War in North America included the Anglo-Cherokee War , lasting 1758–1761. British forces under General James Grant destroyed a number of Cherokee towns, which were never reoccupied. Kituwa was abandoned, and its former residents migrated west; they took up residence at Mialoquo , called Great Island Town , on the Little Tennessee River among

3978-421: The area. After those wars, the settlement of Nickajack soon eclipsed the neighboring town of Running Water (Dragging Canoe's seat of operations) as the dominant town in the immediate area. It was strategically positioned near where the "Federal Road", running from Athens to Nashville , crossed over the Tennessee River . Turtle-at-Home (a brother of Dragging Canoe) was a prominent resident because he owned

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4056-430: The boundary, John Stuart , as Superintendent for Southern Indian Affairs, negotiated a second treaty with the Cherokee in 1770, the Treaty of Lochaber . This surrendered their remaining claims in what is now West Virginia and Kentucky and protected colonists north of the Holston River , in the region of today's Tennessee-Virginia border. The earliest colonial settlement in the vicinity of what became Upper East Tennessee

4134-435: The colonists. Dragging Canoe called for the women, children, and old to be sent below the Hiwassee and for the warriors to burn the towns, then ambush the Virginians at the French Broad River . Oconostota, Attakullakulla, and the older chiefs decided against that plan. Oconostota sent word to the approaching colonial army, offering to exchange Dragging Canoe and Cameron if the Overhill Towns were spared. Dragging Canoe spoke to

4212-403: The council of the Overhill Towns, denouncing the older leaders as rogues and "Virginians" for their willingness to cede land for an ephemeral safety. He concluded, "As for me, I have my young warriors about me. We will have our lands." Afterward, he and other militant leaders, including Ostenaco , gathered like-minded Cherokee from the Overhill, Valley, and Hill towns, and migrated to what is now

4290-405: The danger, Emistisigua, Paramount Chief of the Upper Muscogee , sent a force of 350 warriors to guard them as well as to assist in rebuilding and waging war. Preliminary negotiations between the Overhill Towns and Virginia were held at Fort Patrick Henry in April 1777. Nathaniel Gist , later father of Sequoyah , led the talks for Virginia, while Attakullakulla, Oconostota, and Savanukah headed

4368-444: The delegation of Cherokee. The Cherokee signed the Treaty of Dewitt's Corner with Georgia and South Carolina on May 20 and the Treaty of Fort Henry , also known as the Avery Treaty , with Virginia and North Carolina on July 20. They promised to stop warring, with those colonies promising in return to protect them from attack. In the Treaty of Dewitt's Corner, the Lower Towns ceded all their land in modern South Carolina except for

4446-408: The direct threat to slavery his election posed. The next four seceding states, further north, also were motivated by the same two factors, but another factor was the Federal policy of using military force to preserve the Union. In Missouri and Kentucky, attempted secession was belated, severely disrupted, lacked sufficient popular support, and failed. In Missouri , the state government called

4524-455: The ferry at that crossing and had other commercial interests. In addition, Turtle-at-Home was on the council of the Lower Towns, and served as speaker of the Cherokee National Council . Nickajack Cave , formerly called Tecallassee, near the site of the former town, may have been used as a hideout and cache by the Chickamauga Cherokee. During the Civil War, its deposits of bat guano were mined by Confederate forces . The cave became one of

4602-459: The group. The Shawnee , Lenape (Delaware), Mingo , and some Cherokee attacked a scouting and forage party, which included Boone's son James. James Boone and Henry Russell, son of William Russell , a compatriot of Daniel Boone, were captured by the Native Americans and ritually tortured to death. The settlement attempt was abandoned. When word got back to Virginia, the colonists led by Lord Dunmore himself retaliated with Dunmore's War (1774) which

4680-414: The houses and food stores, destroyed the orchards, slaughtered livestock, and killed hundreds of Cherokee. They sold captives into slavery, and these were often transported to the Caribbean. In the meantime, the Continental Army sent Col. William Christian to the lower Little Tennessee Valley with a battalion of Continentals, 500 Virginia militia, 300 North Carolina militia, and 300 rangers. Upon reaching

4758-418: The interests of wealthy planters who had large cotton plantations in the Black Belt . This area stretched across central and southern Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. Citizens in the more mountainous regions of North Alabama and East Tennessee, where slave ownership was less common, often favored the Union. Many believed, as some said at the time, that rebellion would become "a war for the rich, fought by

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4836-437: The island. However, on July 20, it encountered a larger force of militia six miles from their target, about half the size of his own but desperate, in a stronger position than the small group before. During the "Battle of Island Flats" which followed, Dragging Canoe was wounded in his hip by a musket ball, and his brother Little Owl incredibly survived after being hit eleven times. His force then withdrew, raiding isolated cabins on

4914-544: The large fort on the South Carolina frontier known as Lindley's Station . Its 150-man Patriot garrison had just finished building it the day before. After repulsing the attack, the Patriots gave chase, killing two Loyalists and capturing ten, but inflicting no casualties on the Cherokee. Dragging Canoe's forces advanced up the Great Indian Warpath and had a small skirmish with a body of militia numbering twenty who quickly withdrew. Pursuing them and intending to take Fort Lee at Long-Island-on-the-Holston, his force advanced toward

4992-452: The leading sources of saltpeter for the Confederate Powderworks at Augusta, Georgia . The road used to transport the material was known as the "Nickajack Trail". The Nickajack region was a loosely defined region of North Alabama and East Tennessee where public sentiment adhered more strongly to the Union . In the period leading up to the American Civil War , there had been increasing talk of secession by politicians representing

5070-407: The most prominent, ceded the claim of the Cherokee to the Kentucky lands. The Transylvania Land Company believed it was gaining ownership of the land, not realizing that other tribes, such as the Lenape, Shawnee, and Chickasaw , also claimed these lands for hunting. Documented Cherokee towns like Sullen Possum in southeast Kentucky and in other areas of Kentucky did exist with links to what is called

5148-498: The northern delegation had left, Dragging Canoe led a small war party into Kentucky and returned with four scalps to present to Cornstalk before they departed. In another raid, a war party led by Hanging Maw , captured three teenage settler girls, Jemima Boone and Elizabeth and Frances Callaway , on July 14 but lost them three days later to a rescue party led by Daniel Boone , father of Jemima, and Richard Callaway , father of Elizabeth and Frances. In late June 1776, war parties from

5226-420: The northern sector of the Georgia colony, in return for the cancellation of their debts. Most of the Muskogee refused to recognize the treaty, and the British government rejected it. In Sept. 1773, Daniel Boone led one of the first settler's expeditions through the fabled Cumberland Gap route to establish a temporary settlement inside the hunting grounds of modern-day Kentucky. There were about 50 settlers in

5304-414: The outbreak of the Revolution superseded the judgments of the royal governors. The Transylvania Company began recruiting settlers for the region they had "purchased". In 1776, the Virginia General Assembly prohibited further settlement, and in 1778, declared the Transylvania compact void. During the Revolutionary War, the Cherokee not only fought against the settlers in the Overmountain region, and later in

5382-435: The outskirts of Carter's Valley far into the Clinch River Valley in Virginia, but those targets contained only small settlements and isolated farmsteads, so he did no real military damage. The affected colonies of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia conferred and decided that swift and massive retaliation was the only way to preserve peace on the frontier. The colonials gathered militia who retaliated against

5460-426: The poor." People discussed that if Tennessee and Alabama attempted to secede from the Union, the adjacent territories of East Tennessee and North Alabama should secede from their respective states. They should form a new state to be called Nickajack and stay with the Union, joined at the southeast corner of Kentucky. Nothing came of the idea, although Winston County, Alabama discussed secession. The area's reputation as

5538-418: The recently formed United States of America . Because they migrated westward to new settlements initially known as the "Five Lower Towns", referring to their location in the Piedmont, these people became known as the Lower Cherokee. This term was used well into the 19th century. The Chickamauga ended their warfare in November 1794 with the Treaty of Tellico Blockhouse . In 1786, Mohawk leader Joseph Brant ,

5616-637: The remaining neutral towns of the Lower Muscogee threw in their lot with the British side. Thomas Brown of the King's Carolina Rangers was assigned to the Atlantic District to work with the Cherokee, Muscogee, and Seminole. Charlestown was captured on May 12, 1780, after a siege that began March 29. Along with it, the British took prisoner some 3,000 Patriots, including South Carolina militia leader Andrew Williamson. Upon giving his parole that he would not again take up arms, Williamson became

5694-686: The state capital, and installing an ephemeral state government, local recruitment proved weak and Union forces soon decisively defeated the invasion. Despite Missouri and Kentucky remaining within the Union, thousands from both states embraced secession by choosing to fight for the Confederacy . Elsewhere, the Delaware legislature quickly, firmly rejected secession despite targeted lobbying from states intending to secede. President Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus and overwhelming Union military intervention aimed at protecting Washington blocked

5772-560: The way and returned to the Overhill area with plunder and scalps, after raiding further north into southwestern Virginia. On July 21, Abraham of Chilhowee led his party in attempting to capture Fort Caswell on the Watauga, but his attack was driven off with heavy casualties. Instead of withdrawing, however, he put the garrison under siege, a tactic which had worked well the previous decade with Fort Loudon. After two weeks, though, he and his warriors gave that up. Savanukah's party raided from

5850-515: Was Sapling Grove ( Bristol ). This initial North-of-Holston settlement was founded by Evan Shelby , who first entered the area as early as 1765, but "purchased" the land in 1768 from John Buchanan. Jacob Brown began another settlement on the Nolichucky River , and John Carter another in what became known as Carter's Valley (between Clinch River and Beech Creek), both in 1771. Following the Battle of Alamance in 1771, James Robertson led

5928-629: Was besieged by a mob at his house in Charleston and had to flee for his life. His first stop was St. Augustine in East Florida . Another noted Loyalist later associated with the Cherokee, Thomas Brown , was not nearly so fortunate. In his home of Brownsborough, Georgia, near Augusta, he was assaulted by a crowd of the Sons of Liberty , tied to a tree, roasted with fire, scalped, tarred, and feathered . After his escape, he took up residence among

6006-450: Was conducted mostly against Shawnee raiders from north of the Ohio. The Cherokee and the Muskogee were active also, mainly confining themselves to small raids on the backcountry settlements of the Carolinas and Georgia. On March 17, 1775, a group of North Carolina speculators led by Richard Henderson negotiated the extra-legal Treaty of Watauga at Sycamore Shoals with the older Overhill Cherokee leaders; Oconostota and Attakullakulla,

6084-426: Was widely resented by the colonists. Once they were able to end hostilities with Pontiac's confederation, the British refocused their attention to settling treaties that could resolve land claims with tribes across the colonies. The two Superintendents for Indian Affairs for the northern and southern colonies contemporaneously negotiated the Treaty of Hard Labour with the Cherokee and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix with

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