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49-496: A sub-system of European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), it is used for communication between train and railway regulation control centers. The system is based on GSM and EIRENE – MORANE specifications which guarantee performance at speeds up to 500 km/h (310 mph), without any communication loss. GSM-R could be supplanted by LTE-R, with the first production implementation being in South Korea. However, LTE

98-560: A Level 2-equipped train. A route is locked based on the national principles by the interlocking system and the RBC is informed about the routes set. The RBC checks whether it is possible to allocate a train to the route and then informs the interlocking system that a train is allocated to the route. The interlocking system may show the ETCS white bar aspect to signals at the ETCS Border or along

147-798: A common European operation management for railways, titled ERTMS. Today the development of ERTMS is steered by the ERA and driven by the Association of the European Rail Industry (UNIFE, Union des Industries Ferroviaires Européennes). Until this effort began, there were (for historical reasons in each national railway system) in Europe: all influencing train communication in parts. To illustrate this, long running trains like Eurostar or Thalys must have 6 to 8 different train protection systems. Technical targets of ERTMS are: In 1995

196-547: A development plan first mentioned the creation of the European Rail Traffic Management System . In 1996 the first specification for ETCS followed in response to EU Council Directive 96/48/EC99 on interoperability of the trans-European high-speed rail system . The functional specification of ETCS was announced In April 2000 as guidelines for implementation in Madrid . In autumn 2000

245-448: A fixed numbering plan for GSM-R. It is defined by number prefixes. Those numbers are used for functional registration and fixed entries for MSISDN or short dialcodes as defined within the HLR. 807660 for example defines a MSISDN of a mobile subscriber. The number 23030301 would be a functional number associated with the train number 30303 and the role of the user 01. Different groups make up

294-450: A frequency band rather close to GSM-R. This could cause ETCS disturbances, random emergency braking because of lost communications etc. As a result, there is an increasing trend towards monitoring and managing GSM-R interference using active and automated testing on board trains and trackside. The GSM-R standard specification is divided in two EIRENE specifications: EIRENE defines the "Technical Specification for Interoperability" (TSI) as

343-547: A given interval. Spectral bands have constant density, and when the bands overlap, the corresponding densities are added. Band spectra is the name given to a group of lines that are closely spaced and arranged in a regular sequence that appears to be a band. It is a colored band, separated by dark spaces on the two sides and arranged in a regular sequence. In one band, there are various sharp and wider color lines, that are closer on one side and wider on other. The intensity in each band falls off from definite limits and indistinct on

392-425: A route currently assigned for optical authorisation (e.g. after Start Of Mission (SOM) procedure or when the driver changes level from Level NTC to Level 2), the optical authorisation is automatically upgraded to a Level 2 movement authority. Consequently, a Level 2 movement authority is downgraded to an optical authorisation after a predefined time-out if the driver closes the cab or a fault is detected that restricts

441-485: Is GMSK modulation (Gaussian Minimum-Shift Keying). GSM-R is a TDMA ("Time-Division Multiple Access") system. Data transmission is made of periodical TDMA frames (with a period of 4.615 ms), for each carrier frequency (physical channel). Each TDMA frame is divided in 8 time slots, named logical channels (577 μs long, each time-slot), carrying 148 bits of information. There are worries that LTE mobile communication will disturb GSM-R, since it has been given

490-408: Is a dedicated group call with the number 599. The call is established with an emergency level priority whose level is the highest possible priority 0. The SEC is enabled and used by devices registered for shunting operations. The establishment of such a call leads to automatic acceptance of the call on all enabled devices within the current area or cell-group configured. The EIRENE SRS document defines

539-522: Is an interval in the frequency domain , limited by a lower frequency and an upper frequency. For example, it may refer to a radio band , such as wireless communication standards set by the International Telecommunication Union . In nuclear physics, spectral bands refer to the electromagnetic emission of polyatomic systems, including condensed materials, large molecules, etc. Each spectral line corresponds to

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588-502: Is coverage on all the lines and the old system called Telerail was abandoned in favour of GSM-R in 2006. In Norway, the GSM-R network was opened on all lines on 1 January 2007, replacing the older Scanet network. The implementation of over 14,000 km (8,700 mi) of GSM-R enabled railway, intended to replace both its legacy VHF 205 MHz National Radio Network (NRN) and UHF 450 MHz suburban Cab Secure Radio (CSR) systems

637-692: Is generally considered to be a " 4G " protocol, and the UIC 's Future Railway Mobile Communication System ( FRMCS ) program is considering moving to something " 5G "-based (specifically 3GPP R15/16, i.e. 5G NR ), thus skipping two technological generations. GSM-R is built on GSM technology, and benefits from the economies of scale of its GSM technology heritage, aiming at being a cost efficient digital replacement for existing incompatible in-track cable and analogue railway radio networks. Over 35 different such systems are reported to exist in Europe alone. The standard

686-476: Is mixed with NTC of ASFA and LZB . Operational principle of ETCS in mixed operation: NTC and ETCS Level 2 The principle of mixed level signalling is based on simple principles using bi-directional data exchange between the Radio Block Centre (RBC) and the interlocking systems. The operator sets a route and does not need to know if the route will be used for a Level NTC (former LSTM) only or

735-693: Is now complete as of January 2016. As of spring 2016, the only areas of UK Network Rail still currently employing VHF train radio communications are on sections of the Highland and Far North lines in Scotland, where the Radio Electronic Token Block system is utilised, using modified Ofcom frequencies around 180 MHz, having been de-scoped from the National GSM-R plan, due to practical difficulties involved in deploying

784-567: Is possible to run a line with both conventional and ETCS trains and to use the advantages of ETCS technology for the trains so equipped (e.g. higher speed or more trains on the line) but with the benefit that it is not necessary to equip the whole train fleet with ETCS simultaneously. Examples of ETCS in mixed operation include HSL 3 in Belgium where ETCS is mixed with national ATP system TBL or High-Speed Line Cordoba-Malaga in Spain where ETCS

833-538: Is standardized to be implemented in either the E-GSM (900 MHz-GSM) or DCS 1800 (1,800 MHz-GSM) frequency band which are both being used around the world. Europe includes the CEPT member states, which include all EU members and Albania, Andorra, Azerbaijan, Bosnia Herzegovina, Georgia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, North Macedonia, Moldavia, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine,

882-459: Is the location to which the train is permitted to proceed according to a MA. When transmitting a MA, it is the end of the last section given in the MA. The RBC sends a Movement Authority (MA) to the train if a Level 2 train is allocated to the route. Otherwise the signal shows the optical proceed aspect and the related NTC code is sent to the track. As soon as a Level 2 train reports itself in rear of

931-459: Is the result of over ten years of collaboration between the various European railway companies, with the goal of achieving interoperability using a single communication platform. GSM-R is part of the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) standard and carries the signaling information directly to the train driver, enabling higher train speeds and traffic density with a high level of safety. The specifications were finalized in 2000, based on

980-437: Is typically implemented using dedicated base station masts close to the railway, with tunnel coverage effected using directional antennae or 'leaky' feeder transmission. The distance between the base stations is 7–15 km (4.3–9.3 mi). This creates a high degree of redundancy and higher availability and reliability. In Germany, Italy and France the GSM-R network has between 3,000 and 4,000 base stations . In areas where

1029-496: The European Train Control System (ETCS) Level 2 or 3 is used, the train maintains a circuit switched digital modem connection to the train control center at all times. This modem operates with higher priority than normal users (eMLPP). If the modem connection is lost, the train will automatically stop. GSM-R is one part of ERTMS (European Rail Traffic Management System) which is composed of: GSM-R

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1078-1130: The European Union -funded MORANE (Mobile Radio for Railways Networks in Europe) project. The specification is being maintained by the International Union of Railways project ERTMS. GSM-R has been selected by 38 countries across the world, including all member states of the European Union and countries in Asia, Eurasia and northern Africa. GSM-R is a secure platform for voice and data communication between railway operational staff, including drivers, dispatchers, shunting team members, train engineers, and station controllers. It delivers features such as group calls ( VGCS ), voice broadcast (VBS), location-based connections, and call pre-emption in case of an emergency. This supports applications such as cargo tracking, video surveillance in trains and at stations, and passenger information services. GSM-R

1127-484: The ERTMS-route. Depending on the implementation, NTC systems along the route may or may not be active. Movement Authority (MA) is the permission for a train to move to a specific location within the constraints of the infrastructure and with supervision of speed. End of movement Authority (EoA) is the location to which the train is permitted to proceed and where target speed is equal to zero. End of movement Authority

1176-447: The ETCS and ATC balise frequencies are too close so that older trains would get faults when passing Eurobalises . Mixed operation is a strategy where the wayside signalling is equipped with both ETCS and a conventional Class B system. Often the conventional system is the legacy system used during the signalling upgrade program. The main purposes of introducing a mixed operation (mixed signalling system) are: With mixed operation it

1225-474: The GSM-R infrastructure: this number includes both ordinary and high speed lines, as well as more than 1,000 km (620 mi) of tunnels. Roaming agreements with other Italian mobile operators allow coverage of lines not directly served by GSM-R. Roaming agreements have also been set up with French and Swiss railway companies and it is planned to extend them to other countries. In the Netherlands, there

1274-465: The GSM-R market: Transport NSW is installing a Digital Train Radio System (DTRS) throughout the 1,455-kilometre (904 mi) electrified rail network, including 66 tunnels covering 70 kilometres (43 mi), bounded by Kiama , Macarthur , Lithgow , Bondi Junction and Newcastle with GSM-R to replace the existing analogue MetroNet train radio. The replacement will fulfil recommendations from

1323-540: The GSM-R system in this region. Currently, 100% of the UK network has GSM-R coverage. European Rail Traffic Management System The European Rail Traffic Management System ( ERTMS ) is the system of standards for management and interoperation of signalling for railways by the European Union (EU). It is conducted by the European Union Agency for Railways (ERA) and is the organisational umbrella for

1372-603: The Special Commission of Inquiry into the Waterfall rail accident to provide a common platform of communication for staff working on the railway. The equipment will be installed at about 250 locations and more than 60 sites in tunnels. The old analogue network was dismantled in 2020. Public Transport Victoria has installed a Digital Train Radio System (DTRS) on the Melbourne train network with GSM-R to replace

1421-693: The UIC ERTMS World Conference in Stockholm, Sweden, the executive director of the Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies (CER) called for an accelerated implementation of ERTMS in Europe. After definition of ETCS Baseline 3 in about 2010 and starting of implementation in multiple countries with Baseline 3 Release 2 in summer 2016, it is again possible to direct attention to operational management requirements of payloads . Logistics companies like DB Cargo have

1470-628: The United Kingdom, and Vatican City. Although previously members of the CEPT, Belarus and Russia had their memberships suspended, indefinitely, with effect from 00:00 (CET), 18 March 2022. The CEPT Assembly made this decision following a poll of members by the CEPT Presidency, and published their decision on 17 March 2022.) GSM-R uses a specific frequency band , which can be referred to as the "standard" GSM-R band: In Germany this band

1519-411: The difference in two energy levels of an atom. In molecules these levels can split. When the number of atoms is large, one gets a continuum of energy levels, the so-called "spectral bands". They are often labeled in the same way as the monatomic lines. The bands may overlap. In general, the energy spectrum can be given by a density function, describing the number of energy levels of the quantum system for

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1568-527: The introduction of ETCS Level 1 (such as in Spain) proved to be expensive and nearly all implementations are delayed. The defined standards were comprehensive by political nature, but not exact in technical means. National rail authorities often had certain features or constraints in their existing system they did not want to lose, and since every authority was still required to approve the systems, dialects of ERTMS emerged. Some active players were willing to overcome

1617-526: The introduction of ETCS the infrastructure manager has to decide whether a line will be equipped only with ETCS or if there is a demand for a mixed signalling system with support for National Train Control (NTC). Currently, both 'clean' and mixed systems are being deployed in Europe and around the world. Many new ETCS lines in Europe are being created and then it may often be preferred to implement ETCS Level 1 or Level 2 only. With this implementation strategy

1666-507: The latest mandatory upgrade was in 2006. The complete timeline of GSM-R versions is: The current version of GSM-R can run on both R99 and R4 3GPP networks. GSM-R permits new services and applications for mobile communications in several domains : It is used to transmit data between trains and railway regulation centers with level 2 and 3 of ETCS. When the train passes over a Eurobalise , it transmits its new position and its speed, then it receives back agreement (or disagreement) to enter

1715-739: The member states of EU voted for publication of this specifications as decision of the European Commission to get a preliminary security in law and planning. This was to give the foundation for testing applications in six member railways of the ERTMS Users Group . In 2002 the Union of Signalling Industry (UNISIG) published the SUBSET-026 defining the current implementation of ETCS signalling equipment together with GSM–R – this Class 1 SRS 2.2.2 (now called ETCS Baseline 2 )

1764-490: The movement authority (e.g. if the GSM-R radio coverage is unavailable.) Frequency range Spectral bands are regions of a given spectrum , having a specific range of wavelengths or frequencies. Most often, it refers to electromagnetic bands , regions of the electromagnetic spectrum . More generally, spectral bands may also be means in the spectra of other types of signals, e.g., noise spectrum . A frequency band

1813-404: The need to develop functional capabilities in the target scope of ETML, which should be welcome for standardisation. The deployment of the European Rail Traffic Management System means the installation of ETCS components on the lineside of the railways and the train borne equipment. Both parts are connected by GSM-R as the communication part. Various railway roll out strategies can be used. With

1862-564: The next track and its new maximum speed. Like other GSM devices, GSM-R equipment can transmit data and voice. New GSM-R features for mobile communication are based on GSM, and are specified by EIRENE project. Call features are: There are other additional features: The following definitions are a part of the System Requirements Specification (SRS) as defined by the EIRENE standard. The Shunting Emergency Call

1911-517: The old system called Urban Train Radio System (UTRS). The equipment was installed at about 100 locations. It cost $ 152 million. In France, the first commercial railway route opened with full GSM-R coverage is the LGV Est européenne linking Paris Gare de l'Est to Strasbourg . It was opened on 10 June 2007. As of 2008, in Italy more than 9,000 kilometres (5,600 mi) of railway lines are served by

1960-556: The other side. In complete band spectra, there is a number lines in a band. This spectra is produced when the emitting substance is in the molecular state. Therefore, they are also called molecular spectra . It is emitted by a molecule in vacuum tube , C-arc core with metallic salt. The band spectrum is the combination of many different spectral lines , resulting from molecular vibrational , rotational, and electronic transition . Spectroscopy studies spectral bands for astronomy and other purposes. Many systems are characterized by

2009-508: The separately managed parts of The main target of ERTMS is to promote the interoperability of trains in the EU. It aims to greatly enhance safety, increase efficiency of train transports and enhance cross-border interoperability of rail transport in Europe . This is done by replacing former national signalling equipment and operational procedures with a single new Europe-wide standard for train control and command systems. The development process

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2058-425: The set of mandatory specifications to be fulfilled to keep compatibility with other European networks; current TSI are FRS 7 and SRS 15. EIRENE also defines non-mandatory specifications, that are called "Interim version", which defines extra features that are likely to become mandatory in the next TSIs. The current versions are 21 December 2015 versions FRS 8.0.0 and SRS 16.0.0 The GSM-R specifications are fairly stable;

2107-595: The situation with a new Baseline definition, not suited for immediate action. This situation shifted the focus more onto the technical parts of ETCS and GSM-R as universal technical foundations of ERTMS. To master this situation, Karel Vinck was appointed in July 2005 as EU coordinator. In 2005 a Memorandum of Understanding on ERTMS was published by members of the European Commission, national railways and supplying industries in Brussels . According to this declaration ETCS

2156-722: The wayside signalling cost is kept to a minimum, but the vehicle fleet that operates on these lines will need to all be equipped with ETCS on board to allow operation. This is more suitable for new high-speed passenger lines, where new vehicles will be bought, less suitable if long-distance freight trains shall use it. Examples of 'clean' ETCS operation include HSL-Zuid in the Netherlands, TP Ferro international stretch (Sección Internacional / Section Internationale ) Figueres [ES] – Perpignan [FR], Erfurt–Halle/Leipzig in Germany , among others. Also all ETCS railways in Sweden and Norway, since

2205-487: Was accepted by the European Commission in decision 2002/731/EEC as mandatory for high-speed rail and in decision 2004/50/EEC as mandatory for conventional rail. In 2004 further development stalled. While some countries ( Austria , Spain , Switzerland ) switched to ETCS with some benefit, German and French railway operators had already introduced proven and modern types of domestic train protection systems for high speed traffic, so they would gain no benefit. Furthermore,

2254-608: Was extended with additional channels in the 873–876 MHz and 918–921 MHz range. Being used formerly for regional trunked radio systems the full usage of the new frequencies is aimed for 2015. GSM-R occupies a 4 MHz wide range of the E-GSM band (900 MHz-GSM). GSM-R occupies a 1.6 MHz wide range of the P-GSM band (900 MHz-GSM) held by Indian Railways : GSM-R is being implemented within DCS 1800 band DCS 1800 band

2303-681: Was initially divided and auctioned in paired parcels each of 2 × 2.5 MHz with duplex spacing of 95 MHz. State rail operators acquired six mostly non-grouped parcels which cover 2 × 15 MHz of spectrum to deploy GSM-R. State rail operators re-licensed 2 x 10 MHz of 1800 MHz spectrum in Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney for Rail Safety and Control Communications. All except for South Australian Department of Planning Transport and Infrastructure (Adelaide) re-licensed 2 x 5 MHz of 1800 MHz spectrum at commercial rates set by Australian Government. The used modulation

2352-500: Was started with the technical foundations for communication (GSM-R) and signalling (ETCS). Both are well established and in advanced public implementation worldwide . Now it begins to start attention for the 3rd part of ETML i.e. for fleet management or passenger information. In the mid-1980s, the International Union of Railways (UIC) and the European Rail Research Institute (ERRI) began the search for

2401-691: Was to be introduced in 10 to 12 years on a named part of the Trans-European Networks . Following this a conference was held in April 2006 in Budapest for the introduction of ERTMS, attended by 700 people. In July 2009, the European Commission announced that ETCS is now mandatory for all EU funded projects which include new or upgraded signalling and GSM-R is required when radio communications are upgraded. In April 2012 at

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