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114-584: The Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation was founded in 1980 as the Greenwich Village Trust for Historic Preservation (GVT). In 1982, Regina Kellerman, a prominent architectural historian and co-founder of GVT, was named as its first executive director, and GVT moved its operations to the Salmagundi Club at 47 Fifth Avenue. In 1984, GVT changed its name to Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, and began using

228-401: A New York Times article from that year, described 53 Christopher Street as having wood-paneled walls, wood columns, and rhombus-shaped mirrors, giving the appearance of a "never-ending abstract forest". A commemorative plaque was installed on the facade in 1979 on the tenth anniversary of the riots. After serving as a bagel shop, 53 Christopher Street became a Chinese restaurant, known as

342-402: A 3,700-square-foot (340 m ) visitor center, containing interactive displays and exhibits about the bar and national monument. The visitor center includes a "content story wall" with information about people involved in the riot, a 1960s jukebox similar to the one used in the original bar, and a theater-like space with golden shovels bearing the names of the visitor center's sponsors. There

456-641: A 43-5 vote. Village Preservation lobbied against the construction project. GVSHP holds a number of events, such as lectures, walking tours, panel discussions, and house tours. The organization's primary annual fundraiser is the Village House Tour, held on the first Sunday each May. Its major members’ event is the Village Awards and Annual Meeting in June. Although a large portion of the Village

570-498: A bartender described tourists as comprising most of the visitors. There was a gift shop behind the bar room. The neighboring structure, at 51 Christopher Street, was operating as a nail salon. The Duell family sold 51–53 Christopher Street and five other buildings in 2015 to a holding company associated with Alan Wasserman, which paid $ 57 million. After the Stonewall National Monument was established around

684-403: A brick windowsill, which in turn is flanked by arched entrances. The entrance to the left is a narrow semicircular arch . The entrance to the right is a segmental arch , with wooden double doors. On the second story, the stucco facade is scored horizontally, and there is a rectangular iron flower-box holder beneath each of the three windows. By the 21st century, a neon sign with the bar's name

798-486: A clothing store. The bar at number 53 sold souvenirs and was one of several remaining gay bars on the street. The bar buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1999 and further designated as a National Historic Landmark in 2000. Due to repeated noise complaints, by the 2000s, patrons were required to enter through an adjacent building on Seventh Avenue South, rather than

912-567: A combined 23 apartments. Despite the bar's significance to the LGBT community, David W. Dunlap of The New York Times wrote: "An architectural monument, Stonewall is not". Ginia Bellafante wrote for the same newspaper in 2015 that the buildings were architecturally undistinguished but received an "A for meaning". Directly south of the two structures is Christopher Park , a 0.19-acre (770 m ; 8,300 sq ft) pocket park between Christopher, West 4th, and Grove streets. In tribute to

1026-517: A dollar, more than in contemporary bars, even though they were watered-down drinks that were, in many cases, acquired illegally. The owners could earn up to $ 5,000 on Fridays and $ 6,500 on Saturdays, and, given the monthly rent of $ 300, recouped their $ 3,500 investment soon after opening. The cash registers were taken the first time the New York City Police Department (NYPD) raided the bar; thereafter, Stonewall's income

1140-402: A large vertical sign on the facade and a doorway with columns around the entrance to 53 Christopher Street. The interior was designed in the style of a hunting lodge. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) wrote that, despite a lack of documentation on Stonewall's early history, "sources suggest that it was among the most notorious of the tearooms operating in the Village in

1254-586: A lawsuit against the local police chief in 1973, asserting malicious harassment. The Miami Beach establishment burned down shortly before 7:00 a.m. on March 2, 1974, following a suspected arson . Manny E. Duell, the operator of a holding company named 51 to 61 Christopher Corp., took over the buildings in March 1970. The owners submitted alteration plans to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission and

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1368-562: A lesbian autobiography by Mary Casal . The historian David Carter wrote that, even in the 1930s, this may have been an attempt to subtly welcome queer women. The bar was a secret speakeasy that illegally sold alcohol during Prohibition in the United States ; as a consequence, it was raided in December 1930. Bonavia relocated to 51–53 Christopher Street in 1934, after Prohibition was repealed. The architect Harry Yarish installed

1482-660: A liquor license because state law in the 1960s did not allow bartenders to legally serve LGBT people. At the time, the New York State Liquor Authority (NYSLA) regarded any LGBT person in a bar as engaging in disorderly conduct. Frequent raids against gay bars forced most to close, except for those operated by mobsters. Furthermore, gay people who were arrested risked losing their jobs, homes, and families. By contrast, members of private clubs could bring their own alcoholic beverages under New York state law. Accordingly, Lauria and his co-owners acquired

1596-423: A long bar with narrow stools, and there was a dance floor at the rear. Swinging doors led from the main room, up one step, to the back room at 53 Christopher Street. The back room contained a bar at its rear. Toward the rear of the bar were the men's and women's restrooms, which had doors from both the main and back rooms. The interior of the original Stonewall Inn was divided into two spaces and redesigned after

1710-459: A long bar, jukebox, tables, and seating booths. The facade was nondescript, and the only external indication of the club's existence was a small sign proclaiming that it was a private, members-only club. When it opened, Stonewall "was a small gay bar just like any other", as the LGBT newspaper Gay News would later describe it. Its manager was Ed Murphy (also known as the Skull), an ex-convict who

1824-518: A men's clothing store. A gay bar named New Jimmy's opened at the Stonewall site in May 1990, serving the city's growing outwardly LGBT community. The space was operated by Jimmy Pisano, a first-time bar owner who, according to his boyfriend Thomas Garguilo, was initially loath to name the bar "Stonewall" because of the sudden closure of the similarly named bar next door. Rather, Pisano initially named

1938-506: A nondescript space with stools and a pool table. There is also a side room with red lighting. Inside is the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor , which was established in 2019 to honor notable LGBT individuals. The modern bar has contained a variety of pride flags; banknotes collected from foreign visitors; pictures and newspaper clippings about the riots; and a sign indicating that the bar had been raided. The second story of

2052-403: A partition in 51 Christopher Street to create a dance floor, while another partition was installed in 53 Christopher Street. Alice Echols, in a 2010 book, cited the two dance floors as possibly having "helped to undermine the sort of sexual indirection and repression that characterized most gay bars". The bar's lack of a license made it vulnerable to police raids. The owners gave cash bribes to

2166-589: A poor sound system, and the toilets were regularly clogged, giving the Stonewall Inn a reputation for filthiness. The buildings, at the time, did not have a rear emergency exit, which not only precluded Stonewall from receiving a liquor license but also created a fire hazard. Additionally, the bar's employees were known to have engaged in blackmail. In the 1969 edition of the New York Mattachine Society 's guidebook to gay clubs around

2280-461: A private club's license for Stonewall, as they intended to serve LGBT people without obtaining a license from the NYSLA. After acquiring the buildings, the owners renovated the exterior, blacked out the windows for privacy, and reinforced the wooden front doors with steel plates in anticipation of police raids. The new operators added peepholes and several locks to the front doors, and they removed

2394-478: A restaurant until 1966. Four mafiosos associated with the Genovese crime family bought the restaurant and reopened it as a gay bar in early 1967. The Stonewall Inn was a popular hangout for gay men, particularly for youth and those on the fringes of the gay community. Stonewall operated as a private club because it was not allowed to obtain a liquor license; police raided the bar frequently, in spite of bribes from

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2508-502: A result the staff were unconcerned about being arrested. By June 1969, campaigning for that year's mayoral election had precipitated frequent raids in local bars, including one at the Stonewall Inn less than a week before the Stonewall riots. The raids targeted not only gay bars but also straight bars frequented by minorities, and several clubs in Greenwich Village closed because of these raids. According to Rodwell and

2622-431: A series of rented properties including 121 Fifth Avenue, 49 West 22nd Street, 40 West 22nd Street and finally 14 West Twelfth Street, where it remained for 22 years. In April 1917, following a three-year search, the club purchased Irad and Sarah Hawley's 1853 Italianate-style brownstone townhouse at 47 Fifth Avenue between East Eleventh and East Twelfth Streets from the estate of William G. Park for $ 75,000.00 and erected

2736-480: A small share at below-market rents. The plan was rejected by the Community Board by a 49-1 vote. In 2020, New York mayor Bill De Blasio proposed a rezoning plan for SoHo that would allow construction of 3,200 new housing units, 25% of which would be designated as affordable housing, while protecting existing rent-controlled properties." GVSHP said that the construction of new housing would raise prices and make

2850-433: A team of eight undercover officers, led by Pine, raided the bar. As was customary, the police began to check patrons' identification. The routine raid did not go as planned, as patrol wagons for the arrested patrons took longer to arrive than expected. A scuffle broke out when a butch lesbian in handcuffs was escorted from the door of the bar to the waiting police wagon several times. The police tried to restrain some of

2964-434: A two-story annex in the rear at an additional cost of $ 20,000.00 to house its primary art gallery and a billiard room. A housewarming event on February 5, 1918 was attended by more than 500 persons. In 1918, the club spearheaded a national effort to produce range-finder paintings used to train military gunners for World War I. The club provided the canvas and painting materials for these special-purpose paintings. In 1969

3078-401: A vertical sign, though this has since been removed. There was also a stoop at 51 Christopher Street's entrance, which was removed when the building became a visitor center. When the Stonewall Inn was turned into an LGBT bar, the bar was split into two primary rooms, one in each building. The bar had almost no decoration and scant lighting, and what little decoration did exist was destroyed on

3192-789: Is also a sponsor of the United States Coast Guard Art Program (COGAP). It was founded in 1871. Originally called the New York Sketch Class , and later the New York Sketch Club , the Salmagundi Club had its beginnings at the eastern edge of Greenwich Village in sculptor Jonathan Scott Hartley 's Broadway studio, where a group of artists, students, and friends at the National Academy of Design , which at

3306-487: Is also artwork, as well as information about the history of the building and the riots. The visitor center also includes restrooms and space for park rangers. The interior of the visitor center is decorated in white, and the doorway to the existing bar at 53 Christopher Street has been bricked up. One observer for the magazine Fast Company said the visitor center "makes Stonewall a sanitary, consumable story", while The New York Times art critic Holland Cotter wrote of

3420-420: Is responsible for maintaining Salmagundi’s permanent representational art collection of approximately 1,800 works from the 1840s to today, including: paintings, sculpture, objects and works on paper by its past and present artist members. The collection consists of exhibition purchase prizes, competition purchase prizes, artist donations, and estate bequests. The works are rotated on a continual basis throughout

3534-448: Is unknown to what extent women patronized the bar, though several observers interviewed by David Carter described the bar as being almost exclusively male. These observers also said that almost all of the lesbians at Stonewall were butch lesbians . Due to differing terminologies used in the late 1960s, it is also unknown to what extent transvestites visited the bar, but Carter writes that the number of transsexual and transvestite customers

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3648-468: The Liberty Bell ." Around 2007, the bar was taken over by the businessmen Bill Morgan, Tony DeCicco, and Kurt Kelly, along with the bar's first lesbian investor, Stacy Lentz . Morgan told the LGBT newspaper PinkNews that "When we went looking for investors to save the Stonewall people came out of the woodwork. Gay and straight." An NPR reporter stated that the co-owners sought to renovate

3762-725: The National Register of Historic Places in 1999 and designation as part of the Stonewall National Monument in 2016, the first U.S. national monument or city landmark based upon LGBT history. Their other accomplishments include landmark designation for the Meatpacking District and most of the South Village; the first extensions of the Greenwich Village Historic District since 1969; first-of-their-kind landmark designation of sites such as Webster Hall , I.M. Pei 's Silver Towers , and

3876-483: The New York City Department of Buildings in late 1970, as they sought to convert 51 to 53 Christopher Street into a restaurant and non-alcoholic bar. The new venue would have retained most of the 1967 bar's interior decorations, but the architects planned to replace the damaged doors and windows. By 1973, the original gay bar had been divided into two storefronts at the ground level and apartments on

3990-588: The Salmagundi Art Club , is a fine arts center founded in 1871 in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan , New York City . Since 1917, it has been located at 47 Fifth Avenue . As of 2021 , its membership roster totaled roughly 1,250 members. The Salmagundi Club has served as a center for fine arts , artists and collectors, with art exhibitions , art classes, artist demonstrations, art auctions and many other types of events. It

4104-525: The gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States . When the riots occurred, Stonewall was one of the relatively few gay bars in New York City. The original gay bar occupied two structures at 51–53 Christopher Street, which were built as horse stables in the 1840s. The original Stonewall Inn was founded in 1930 as a speakeasy on Seventh Avenue South. It relocated in 1934 to Christopher Street, where it operated as

4218-467: The legal drinking age were frequently admitted. In keeping with private club regulations, patrons were required to sign a logbook upon entry; the logbook also served to screen out straight patrons. The visitor logbook frequently contained pseudonyms such as Donald Duck , Elizabeth Taylor , and Judy Garland . If a visitor wished to leave the bar and return the same night, the bouncers would stamp their hand with individual ink. Any customer who passed

4332-459: The 1930s. The neighborhood's LGBT community was originally concentrated around Greenwich Avenue and Washington Square Park , but, by the 1960s, had started to move westward along Christopher Street. To cater to the growing LGBT community, in 1966, four mafiosos associated with the Genovese crime family paid $ 3,500 for the Stonewall Inn, turning the restaurant into a gay bar. The team of owners were led by "Fat Tony" Lauria; he paid $ 2,000 for

4446-465: The 1960s, and the structures at 51 through 61 Christopher Street were sold in March 1965. Sources disagree over whether the new owner was Burt and Lucille Handelsman or Joel Weiser. The restaurant had definitely shuttered by 1966. After the restaurant closed, the buildings were vacant; the signs above the ground-story windows were removed, and the second story of the facade was patched. Greenwich Village had become an LGBT neighborhood as early as

4560-545: The 2010s, the organization sought to block new construction on the Gansevoort Street, where low-rise meatpacking buildings stand. The organization also sought to block housing developments near Hudson River Park. The organization was involved in lawsuits to prevent New York University from expanding its campus in New York City. The organization also fought for historic landmark status for buildings owned by New York University, which would have prevented re-development by

4674-509: The NYPD dispersed the protests. Allen Ginsberg , a beat poet who witnessed the riots, said that "the guys there were so beautiful—they've lost that wounded look that fags all had 10 years ago". By the end of 1969, the Stonewall Inn had closed; sources disagree on whether it was shuttered in October or in December. Carter writes that the bar's downfall may have been because of its infamy,

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4788-412: The NYPD's 6th Precinct (within which the bar was located) to stave off raids. A magazine article, published five months after the bar's opening, implied that the bar paid the police around $ 1,200 a month. Some observers such as the activist Craig Rodwell objected to the payoffs because of the corruption involved. In addition, despite these payoffs, Stonewall was raided once a month on average, and it

4902-490: The National Register of Historic Places along with the bar itself. On both buildings, the facade of the ground story is mostly made of brick, while the second floor is clad with stucco. The building at 53 Christopher Street is two stories high and divided vertically into three bays . At ground level, the center of number 53's facade contains a rectangular, 4-by-8-foot (1.2 by 2.4 m) storefront window with

5016-1369: The Salmagundi Club have included Thomas P. Barnett , William Richardson Belknap , Alon Bement , Ralph Blakelock , A. J. Bogdanove , Charles Bosseron Chambers , James Wells Champney , William Merritt Chase , C.K. Chatterton , Frederick Stuart Church , Jay Hall Connaway , Francis S. Dixon , John Henry Dolph , Charles Dana Gibson , Gordon H. Grant , Walter Granville-Smith , Edmund Greacen , Charles P. Gruppé , Emile Gruppe , William Hart , Childe Hassam , Ernest Martin Hennings , Harry Hoffman , Alexander Pope Humphrey , George Inness Jr. , Lajos "Louis" Jambor , John LaFarge , Ernest Lawson , Austin W. Lord , Frank Mason , Leopold Matzal , Samizu Matsuki , John Francis Murphy , Spencer Baird Nichols , Richard C. Pionk , Howard Pyle , Will J. Quinlan , Norman Rockwell , Harry Roseland , Augustus Saint-Gaudens , R. F. Schabelitz , Leopold Seyffert , Channel Pickering Townsley , Louis Comfort Tiffany , Edward Charles Volkert , J. Alden Weir , Jack Wemp , Stanford White , William Wilson (physicist) , Stuart Williamson , Joseph Mortimer Lichtenauer and N.C. Wyeth . Honorary members have included Paul Cadmus , Schuyler Chapin , Winston Churchill , Buckminster Fuller , Al Hirschfeld , and Thomas Hoving . In 1894, to raise money for

5130-597: The Stonewall Inn is the first LGBT cultural site designated as a National Historic Landmark and a New York City designated landmark . The bar is also part of the Stonewall National Monument, the first U.S. National Monument dedicated to the LGBT rights movement . The Stonewall Inn buildings at 51–53 Christopher Street, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, were constructed as double-height horse stables . The older of

5244-592: The Szechuan Cottage Restaurant. Sources disagree on when the changeover occurred. The LPC writes that the Chinese restaurant was in operation by 1982, when the restaurant altered the building without the agency's permission, but a 1985 description of the site characterizes the bagel shop as still being located within the Stonewall site. A bar named Stonewall opened in 51 Christopher Street in 1987. New York City mayor Ed Koch proposed co-naming

5358-432: The bar a "mecca" for the LGBT community in the neighborhood, and Newsday wrote that "Here the young men with the delicate wrists and the bobby pins in their hair come to dance the night away with one another". One contemporary patron described the bar as being accepting of "anyone who was in the margins of gay society", but that this gave the bar a "trashy, low, and tawdry" feel. Homeless youth and drag queens frequented

5472-437: The bar after Jimmy Merry, who had taught him how to operate a bar. New Jimmy's occupied only the space at 53 Christopher Street and was unrelated to the original bar. Dominic DeSimone was hired to renovate the space; he wanted to restore the bar to its 1960s-era condition, but critics such as David Carter expressed concerns that the new operators wanted to exploit the bar's name for commercial purposes. A commemorative plaque

5586-626: The bar by 1969; it was one of the only places where they were socially accepted, and the admission fee meant that additional drinks did not require a tab . Other LGBT patrons shunned Stonewall because of its mob ownership and the drag queens' presence. As a private club, Stonewall was not legally allowed to accept money for drinks, and each customer was given two tickets that could be exchanged for drinks. Different-colored tickets were used each day to prevent patrons from saving up drink tickets. The Stonewall Inn's operators pressured customers to buy drinks almost as soon as they entered. Each drink cost

5700-405: The bar had reportedly been the source of a small outbreak of hepatitis . Despite the poor conditions, the Stonewall Inn's popularity endured. Stonewall was the only bar for gay men in New York City where dancing was allowed, and dancing was its main draw after it opened as a gay club. Of the two bar rooms , the main room to the east typically played mainstream rock. There was a jukebox behind

5814-456: The bar in 2016, the LGBT–rights organization Pride Live tried to develop a visitor center for the monument. Pride Live began negotiating with the owner of 51 Christopher Street in 2019, as the storefront there had been vacated. One of the bar's longest-tenured staff members at the time—the bartender Tree Sequoia, who had been present during the riots—frequently told stories to visitors and

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5928-429: The bar in the main room; patrons could pay to have a song played on the jukebox. In addition to dancing, the main room was a popular place for gay men to congregate and cruise , and there were a small number of tables with candles. There was typically a single waiter in the main room, which was often called the "white room" because of its music and clientele. The back room, to the west, mostly played soul music . It

6042-405: The bar on these nights. The bar's management usually knew about raids beforehand due to police tip-offs, and raids occurred early enough in the evening that business could commence after the police had finished. There were white floodlights inside the bar, which could be activated in case of a raid. Many bars kept extra liquor nearby so they could resume business as quickly as possible if alcohol

6156-480: The bar reopened, other bars nearby saw increased business. The bar recorded few issues, other than sporadic violent incidents. One commentator for the Gay and Lesbian Review , said in 2009 that the modern bar's "crowd veers toward a random mix of tourists, city kids, and bridge-and-tunnel gays" but that its symbolism was still important. During the 2010s, the Stonewall Inn continued to attract regular customers, although

6270-420: The bar to approximate its 1969 appearance, although they did not necessarily wish to operate the bar as a museum. The Stonewall Inn reopened in March 2007. Lentz hung a costume in the window to honor the actress Judy Garland , a gay icon who had died a few days before the riots; the costume resembled the dress worn by Garland's character Dorothy in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . Kelly said that, after

6384-574: The bar was allowed to start selling cocktails that June, it was in danger of closing permanently, so Kelly and Lentz launched two crowdfunding campaigns on GoFundMe ; They raised at least $ 300,000 for the bar in one month, and the Gill Foundation provided another $ 250,000 in matching funds. Stonewall reopened in July 2020 with a limited capacity. The building at 51 Christopher Street was placed for sale in June 2021, but, after Pride Live and

6498-447: The bar was often empty in the three years after it reopened. Pisano died of AIDS-related complications in early 1994, and Garguilo took over operation, as he wanted the bar to be open for the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall riots. According to Garguilo, so many people came to commemorate the riots' 25th anniversary that there was a line to take pictures of the bar. DeSimone and Pisano's business partner Bob Gurecki took over Stonewall in

6612-440: The bar was open or were not interested in the events hosted there. In the bar itself, there were no indications of the riots that had taken place there, except for framed newspaper articles on the walls. The Pink News attributed the bar's decline to long-running resentment between different groups of patrons, but neglect, gross mismanagement, and noise complaints from neighbors were also cited as reasons for its downfall. The bar

6726-413: The bar's facade the day afterward. The riot was covered in the city's major media outlets, including in radio and newspapers. Another demonstration took place on June 29; it attracted hundreds of protesters of all sexualities. Activity in Greenwich Village was sporadic over the next two days due to inclement weather, but another riot took place on July 2. The riots ultimately ended on July 3, when

6840-419: The bar, likely to limit outsiders' views of the interior. Visitors entered straight into a tiny vestibule. There was an office or coat check to the left of the main entrance, immediately behind the front window of 53 Christopher Street. A wishing well was found just inside the doorway. The main bar room was to the right, within 51 Christopher Street, through a doorway and down a single step. The main room had

6954-422: The bar, followed by Dominic DeSimone and Bob Gurecki. The Stonewall Inn closed in 2006, and it reopened in March 2007 after Bill Morgan, Tony DeCicco, Kurt Kelly, and Stacy Lentz acquired the bar. The structure at 51 Christopher Street became a visitor center for the Stonewall National Monument in the 2020s. The buildings themselves are architecturally undistinguished, with facades of brick and stucco , while

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7068-619: The brand "Village Preservation" in 2019. Since 1999, GVSHP has operated from the Neighborhood Preservation Center, the former rectory of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery , on East 11th Street, and increased its focus on the East Village since moving its office to that neighborhood. The organization has been characterized as a NIMBY ("not in my back yard") group. In the early 2000s, the organization sought to prevent owners of 13 old rowhouses from demolishing

7182-628: The building was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . In 1975 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places . The Salmagundi Club was a male-only club for its first century, although artworks by women were accepted and praised. A sister club for women artists, the Pen and Brush Club , was formed around the corner from Salmagundi in 1894. Salmagundi began admitting women members in 1973. Members of

7296-414: The city, there was a notation advising would-be patrons against giving out any personally identifying information at the Stonewall Inn, especially to employees. The bar was not openly used for prostitution, but drug sales and other cash transactions did take place, and Carter wrote that "there is little doubt" that a prostitution ring operated out of the second story. Six months before the Stonewall riots,

7410-473: The columns that flanked the original entrance. The operators also placed 2×4 pieces of wood behind the windows so the police could not easily enter through the windows during a raid. The interior was painted black because that color was used in other gay bars and it would hide the interior's burn damage. The new owners retained the Stonewall Restaurant's old name so they did not have to replace

7524-451: The crowd and knocked a few people down, which incited bystanders even more. Eventually, the police were barricaded inside; the crowd was not cleared until 4:00 a.m. Almost everything in the Stonewall Inn was broken in the riots, and what little liquor remained was given away for free afterward. Stonewall's windows were covered with boards the night of the riots, and graffitied messages in support of LGBT rights and gay bars appeared on

7638-571: The early 1930s". The restaurant hosted various banquets and weddings, as well as events including a 1935 dinner for the Greenwich Village Association and a 1961 reunion party for performers involved with the play Summer and Smoke . The eatery had become Bonnie's Stonewall Inn by the 1940s and the Stonewall Inn Restaurant by the 1950s or 1960s. The interior of the restaurant was destroyed by fire in

7752-467: The early morning hours of June 28, 1969. According to a Daily News article from the time, the NYPD had obtained a warrant to raid the bar because it was illegally serving liquor; later accounts said the raid was precipitated by an anonymous tip that the Mafia was trading stolen bonds . In any case, it was the first time the NYPD did not give the managers advance notice of a raid. Around 1:20 a.m.,

7866-441: The exterior sign (although the word "restaurant" was officially dropped from the name, that word was not painted over on the sign). At the time of the conversion, LGBT bars and straight bars had similar facades, though LGBT bars tended to have an intentionally rundown appearance so straight patrons would be discouraged from going to these bars. Stonewall opened as a gay bar on March 18, 1967. It had two dance floors in addition to

7980-547: The fact that it had no liquor license, and resentment toward the mafiosos who operated the bar. Pine claimed that he had been ordered to raid the bar because it was blackmailing wealthy patrons, but Carter could not find evidence to corroborate this claim. A Newsday article from 1970 described Stonewall as "still a battered, broken place, with a For Rent sign on it now". Another Stonewall opened at 211 22nd Street in Miami Beach , Florida, in 1972. Two patrons there filed

8094-405: The first day of the Stonewall riots. Aside from black paint, the spaces had temporary wooden bars. According to a description of the bar from the 1960s, the decoration was so sparse that it looked "to have only recently been converted from a garage into a cabaret in about eight hours and at a cost of under fifty dollars". Originally, service spaces such as the coat room were placed at the front of

8208-441: The former Bell Laboratories Building / Westbeth Artist Housing , and saving homes and studios of artists such as Frank Stella and Willem de Kooning from demolition. Some of its more notable efforts include: The following designated historic districts fall within the society's purview, followed by the year in which they were designated in parentheses: Salmagundi Club The Salmagundi Club , sometimes referred to as

8322-491: The growing club's library , artist members were invited to decorate ceramic mugs , which were then fired by Charles Volkmar, the club potter . The club would host a dinner followed by an auction of the finished mugs ... Over the years, many decorated mugs have been returned to the club and are on exhibit in the library along with the largest collection of used artists' palettes in America. Salmagundi curatorial committee

8436-428: The hospital expansion plans and the project was not pursued, which prompted a celebration by GVSHP. In 2010, St. Vincent's filed for bankruptcy and closed down, laying off more than 1,000 staff members. The Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation said that it had "support[ed] the hospital to the best of our ability" and had provided the hospital with a "community alternative plan" to re-build and modernize. In

8550-518: The houses or altering them. The organization also called for historical landmark status for buildings in the Southeast of Greenwich Village. The organization has also called for "downzoning" neighbourhoods, which means the imposition of more restrictive zoning regulations in neighborhoods. In late 2000s, the organization opposed a proposed expansion of St. Vincent Catholic Medical Center , a hospital in Greenwich Village, with Andrew Berman arguing that

8664-553: The main Christopher Street entrance. The city government charged the club's owners with several safety violations during this decade. According to one member of Manhattan Community Board 2, the owners were reportedly closing curtains (which was disallowed because the club held a New York state liquor license) and allowing sexually explicit shows inside. By early 2006, Stonewall's beverage suppliers were suing its operators. The LGBT community generally either did not know

8778-405: The mid-1990s. At the end of 1996, Ben Duell, who owned the building, refused to renew DeSimone's lease unless the latter agreed to expand the bar into the vacant second story. The space at 53 Christopher Street was renovated into a multi-floor nightclub at a cost of $ 200,000. it included a 95-seat bar room on the second floor. DeSimone needed a permit to operate a dance club within the bar, as it

8892-479: The novelist Edmund White , the new captain of the NYPD's 6th Precinct had ordered the raids in Greenwich Village. In a 1987 retrospective, Robert Amsel wrote in the LGBT magazine The Advocate that many LGBT people were in favor of the raids because they did not want the bars to be operated by the mafia; according to Amsel, these critics did not see that "without the mafia's money, there might not have been any gay bars to legitimize". The Stonewall riots started in

9006-422: The original bar closed. The bar at 53 Christopher Street, and the visitor center at 51 Christopher Street, function as separate entities. 53 Christopher Street largely retains its original layout, but the finishes have been completely replaced. The ground floor's interior decorations include a mirror occupying one wall, as well as wood paneling along the other walls. A 2009 article on the bar characterized it as

9120-408: The original bar's interior has been modified significantly over the years. The modern bar hosts various events and performances, and its owners also operate an LGBT advocacy organization. The Stonewall Inn became a tourist attraction and a symbol of the LGBT community after the riots, and various works of media about the bar have been created over the years. In part because of its impact on LGBT culture,

9234-402: The owner of 51 Christopher Street came to an agreement, work on the visitor center there commenced in June 2022. MBB Architects designed the visitor center, and Local Projects was responsible for designing the exhibits. The visitor center opened on June 28, 2024, as the United States' first official national visitor center for LGBTQ culture. Numerous politicians and celebrities, including

9348-435: The owners. The Stonewall riots of June 28 to July 3, 1969, took place following one such raid. The bar went out of business shortly after the riots, and the two buildings were divided and leased to various businesses over the years. In 1990, Jimmy Pisano opened a new bar at 53 Christopher Street, which was initially named New Jimmy's before becoming Stonewall. After Pisano's death in 1994, his boyfriend Thomas Garguilo took over

9462-463: The plan would be "a blow to the distinctive historic character of Greenwich Village." The hospital said that the plan would modernize its facility, enabling it to provide effective medical care and to improve the financial situation of the hospital. The proposed development entailed the demolishment of nine buildings to construct the hospital along with a high-rise apartment tower. The Landmarks Preservation Commissioners of New York City unanimously opposed

9576-609: The restaurant, and three other mobsters named Zookie Zarfas, Tony the Sniff, and Joey paid $ 500 each. It was one of several gay bars operated by the Genovese syndicate in New York City. Matty Ianniello , a Genovese mafioso who controlled various mob-operated bars, collected a portion of the bar's profits. The owners believed that a business catering to the LGBT community might turn a profit; in return, they demanded regular payoffs for protection. Stonewall's owners could not obtain

9690-406: The revived bar includes a room with a capacity of 150 people; this dance floor has a stage, a disco ball, seats with leopard print upholstery, and velour curtains. A New York magazine article described the dance floor as having a "bar mitzvah vibe" because of its decoration. According to a 2019 account, there was also a basement performance space. 51 Christopher Street has been converted into

9804-407: The right is a segmental arch, with a fanlight above wooden double doors. The bay furthest to the right has a stucco facade at ground level, with a rectangular door leading to the second floor. On the second story, the stucco facade is scored horizontally, and there is a curved iron flower-box holder beneath each of the four windows. At the time of the 1969 riots, the second floor of number 51 had

9918-423: The riots, and the station itself was renamed after Stonewall National Monument in 2024. A crosswalk at Christopher Street and Seventh Avenue South to the west, the closest intersection to the Stonewall Inn, has been painted in the colors of the LGBT rainbow flag since 2017. To the east, Christopher Street intersects Grove Street, Waverly Place (twice), and Gay Street . Parts of these roads are protected on

10032-476: The riots, the park has contained the Gay Liberation statue by George Segal since 1992. It also displayed a sculpture named A Love Letter to Marsha (a temporary tribute to the transgender activist Marsha P. Johnson , who was present during the riots) during 2021. The New York City Subway 's Christopher Street–Stonewall is next to the park. The station's artwork includes a triptych that depicts

10146-414: The screening process paid an admission fee of $ 3 on weekends and $ 1 on weekdays. Patrons were predominantly in their teens or early twenties, though men in their late twenties and early thirties congregated around the main room's bar. Most patrons were young gay men of various races and occupations, though Stonewall did also accept women (regardless of sexuality), transsexuals , and transvestites . It

10260-446: The second story. The Gay Activists Alliance planned to install a plaque on the buildings, as it did not have enough money to buy the structures for preservation purposes. There were numerous attempts to install a commemorative plaque or a statue on or near the bar buildings, but these efforts received criticisms for failing to sufficiently acknowledge nonwhite or transgender people. LPC documents show that, in 1975, Duell leased out

10374-565: The singer Elton John and U.S. President Joe Biden , participated in the inauguration ceremonies, and the New York City Subway 's Christopher Street–Sheridan Square station was renamed the Christopher Street–Stonewall station on the same day. The first Stonewall Inn occupied a pair of repurposed horse stables at 51 and 53 Christopher Street, on the northern side of the street. The modern-day bar occupies only

10488-479: The stretch of Christopher Street outside Stonewall Inn as Stonewall Place in early 1989, and the New York City Council overwhelmingly approved the plan that April. The new street signs were installed at the beginning of that June. The bar at number 51 closed in 1989, upon which the sign on the building's facade was disassembled. By the early 1990s, the building at 51 Christopher Street had become

10602-481: The structure at 53 Christopher Street. The neighboring building to the east, at 51 Christopher Street, opened in 2024 as the Stonewall National Monument's visitor center. Because the structures were developed separately, the roof of number 51 is slightly higher than that of number 53, and there is a party wall separating both buildings. The two buildings share a land lot with five other structures; as of 2022 , these seven structures contained numerous storefronts and

10716-589: The structures in the Arts & Crafts style. The two structures were reclad in stucco , and the third story atop 51 Christopher Street was removed. The ground floor continued to host a bakery until 1933, while the Ycre family lived on the second floor. Meanwhile, Vincent Bonavia had opened Bonnie's Stone Wall (or Bonnie's Stonewall) at 91 Seventh Avenue South, near the Christopher Street buildings, in 1930. Bonnie's Stonewall might have been named after The Stone Wall ,

10830-461: The time was located at Fourth Avenue and Twenty-third Street , gathered weekly on Saturday evenings. The club formally changed its name to The Salmagundi Sketch Club in January 1877. The name has variously been attributed to salmagundi , a stew which the group has served from its earliest years, or to Washington Irving 's Salmagundi Papers. Growing rapidly, the organization was housed in

10944-518: The townhouse and are featured in live shows and online exhibitions throughout the year. Past Chairs of the Board have been Stonewall Inn The Stonewall Inn (also known as Stonewall ) is a gay bar and recreational tavern at 53 Christopher Street in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City . It was the site of the 1969 Stonewall riots , which led to

11058-400: The two buildings is 51 Christopher Street, which was built in 1843 by A. Voorhis and expanded to three stories in 1898. The other structure, 53 Christopher Street, was built in 1846; it was originally used by Mark Spencer before becoming a bakery operated by Baptiste Ycre in 1914. The then-owner of the buildings, Henry J. Harper, hired the architect William Bayard in 1930 to combine and redesign

11172-474: The two storefronts there as distinct spaces. Thereafter, the buildings were used by a variety of businesses, and subsequent renovations removed all of the original gay bar's decorations. Documents indicate that the owners of 51 Christopher Street filed plans to widen that building's entrance in August 1975. The structure at 53 Christopher had become a bagel shop known as Bagels And by 1976. Mimi Sheraton , in

11286-513: The university of the buildings. In 2011, GVSHP was among the neighborhood critics of the owners of a Mexican restaurant in Greenwich Village that painted over the faded signage above the entrance of the venue that once housed the "Fat Black Pussycat Theatre", a club that hosted Bob Dylan , Mama Cass Elliot , Richie Havens and other famous entertainers in the 1950s and 1960s. In 2020s, the organization advocated against rezoning of SoHo and NoHo to allow construction of thousands of new apartments with

11400-773: The visitor center's "informational softness". The modern Stonewall Inn serves only drinks and not food. The drinks that have been served at the bar have included Off the Wall, a pomegranate-and-lime-juice cocktail. The bar's official beer is Brooklyn Brewery 's Stonewall Inn IPA, a lemon and grapefruit IPA that is 4.5% alcohol by volume . Co-owner Stacy Lentz said in 2021 that she mainly wanted to sell beer brands made by LGBT–friendly companies, including Brooklyn Brewery, Gay Beer, and Dyke Beer. The bar stopped selling Anheuser-Busch brands such as Bud Light in 2021 because of Anheuser-Busch 's donations to numerous politicians who had introduced anti-LGBT legislation. Bud Light had been among

11514-535: The wealthy neighborhood of SoHo less diverse. Andrew Berman stated, "This upzoning approach of super luxury towers with a small set-aside for affordable units is bad for New York City, bad for our neighborhoods, and bad for affordability,” In 2021, the New York City Council voted to approve the construction of 3,500 housing units (one quarter of which was devoted to affordable housing) in SoHo and NoHo in

11628-469: Was also Stonewall's international ambassador. One commentator described the bar in 2019 as displaying sponsorship banners above the entrance, while the vacant storefront at 53 Christopher Street contained posters decrying violence against LGBT people . The bar closed temporarily in March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City , and Stonewall's owners unsuccessfully applied for a loan. Though

11742-657: Was also installed outside the bar's entrance. In a contrast to the first iteration of the gay bar, the NYPD did not raid the revived Stonewall Inn, and gay officers sometimes even ordered drinks from the bar. New Jimmy's was renamed Stonewall in 1991. During the early 1990s, Stonewall gained a poor reputation among neighborhood residents after several incidents in which the police were called to remove drug dealers there. Stonewall also suffered from low patronage due to competition from other taverns; according to DeSimone, Stonewall frequently did not see more than 50 or 60 patrons even on its busiest nights. Garguilo similarly said that

11856-516: Was also located on a busy road and was cheaper than comparable gay bars. The artist Thomas Lanigan-Schmidt recalled that Stonewall was one of the only bars in the city where couples could slow dance together, while the historian Martin Duberman said that the bar was frequented by a "non-vanilla mix of people: people in suits and ties, street hustlers, drag queens, a few dope pushers, a fair number of nonwhites". The New York Daily News called

11970-471: Was called the black room or the Puerto Rican room, as it was frequented by black and Hispanic customers, as well as youth. The back room was even more dimly lit than the main room, and it had numerous waiters, all of whom cajoled guests to buy drinks. The south end of the back room, near Christopher Street, was occupied by "the most marginal of the Stonewall's customers". Around 1968, the owners removed

12084-462: Was designated in 1969 as part of the Greenwich Village Historic District, many buildings outside the district's boundaries are unprotected. During the decade between 2003 and 2013, GVSHP helped secure landmark designation of over 1,250 buildings, as well as community-scaled "contextual rezonings" of nearly 100 blocks. Among their notable accomplishments are the listing of the Stonewall Inn on

12198-431: Was forced to close again later in 2006 after losing its liquor license, and the storefront at number 53 was available for rent by that August. Stonewall's furnishings, such as bar stools, were placed on sale. At that point, Stonewall's monthly rent was $ 20,000, making it unlikely that it would reopen as a bar. Kurt Kelly, a local businessman who later helped take over the bar, said: "This is gay history. It's like abusing

12312-498: Was known for sitting motionless around the bar and watching patrons. Visitors were greeted by bouncers who inspected them through the peepholes in the door. The bouncers accepted almost any LGBT individual who wanted to enter, but they screened out straight patrons and undercover police officers. Admission was granted to would-be patrons who "looked gay" or who had visited the club before, as well as new patrons who were accompanied by someone that could vouch for them. People under

12426-406: Was less than 100 feet from a residential building, but the local Manhattan Community Board 2 unanimously voted against giving him a dance-club permit in early 1997. Despite not having a dance permit, DeSimone decided to open a dance floor on the second story in June 1997, prompting complaints from residents of the nearby condominium building at 45 Christopher Street . By 1999, number 51 was still

12540-470: Was not insignificant. Many homeless young men slept across the street in Christopher Park and would often try to enter so customers would buy them drinks. The Stonewall Inn was a popular hangout for gay men. The bar was called "one of the most active spots in town currently; very crowded on weekends" in a 1968 guidebook, and it was New York City's only gay bar that allowed open dancing. It

12654-419: Was ordinarily placed in the window, while pride flags were hung on the facade. The building at 51 Christopher Street is two stories high (previously three), with a one-story rear annex, and is four bays wide. At ground level, the left half of number 51's facade contains a rectangular, 4-by-8-foot (1.2 by 2.4 m) storefront window with a brick windowsill, similar to the window at number 53. Immediately to

12768-461: Was raided even more frequently before elections or when local residents complained. Seymour Pine , a police inspector who later led the raid that caused the Stonewall riots , said his team frequently raided gay bars because LGBT people did not fight back when they were arrested. Pine recalled that limousines carrying wealthy patrons would come to the bar on Saturdays, so he tried to avoid raiding

12882-421: Was seized. During a typical raid, the lights were turned on, and customers were lined up and their identification cards checked. Those without identification were often arrested, along with the bar's staff. Also liable to be arrested were people who did not wear at least three pieces of gender-conforming clothing, such as men in full drag. Anyone who was detained in a raid was often released within hours, and as

12996-550: Was stored in cigar boxes. The activist Craig Rodwell described Stonewall as "one of the [...] more financially lucrative of the Mafia's gay bars in Manhattan". The spaces were poorly lit, giving it the impression of a dive bar . At the rear of the bar, the men's restroom had its own attendant, and the women's restroom had a red lightbulb. The main room's bar lacked running water, forcing barkeeps to run dirty glasses through rubber tubs and immediately reuse them. The bar had

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