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80-695: Goans are generally multilingual, but mainly speak the Konkani language , a Prakrit based language belonging to the Southern group of Indo-Aryan Languages . Various dialects of Konkani spoken by the Goans include Bardezkari , Saxtti , Pednekari and Antruz . The Konkani spoken by the Catholics is notably different from those of the Hindus, since it has a lot of Portuguese influence in its vocabulary. Konkani

160-507: A grand total of only 57 persons were burnt in the flesh and 64 in effigy (i.e. a statue resembling the person). All the burnt were convicted as relapsed heretics or for sodomy. Native Goan Muslims are concentrated in the Novas Conquistas regions of Sattari , Bicholim , Sanguem , Ponda , Betul, Salcete, Tiswadi, Canacona, Pilar, Old Goa, Bardez and some areas of the coast of Vasco Da Gama. Their language parallels Dakhini of

240-641: A lack of linguistic contact and exchanges with the standard and principal forms of Konkani. It is also spoken by migrants outside of the Konkan proper; in Nagpore , Surat , Cochin , Mangalore , Ahmedabad , Karachi , New Delhi etc. Dialects such as Malvani , Chitpavani, Damani, Koli & Aagri in Maharashtra; are threatened by language assimilation into the linguistic majority of non-Konkani states and territories of India . Konkani belongs to

320-589: A lexical fund of its own. The second wave of Indo-Aryans is believed to have been accompanied by Dravidians from the Deccan plateau. Paishachi is also considered to be an Aryan language spoken by Dravidians. Goa and Konkan were ruled by the Konkan Mauryas and the Bhojas ; as a result, numerous migrations occurred from north, east and western India. Immigrants spoke various vernacular languages, which led to

400-577: A local Hindu mob demolished a madrassa on 2–3 March 2006, which had been constructed by Muslim immigrants from Karnataka on the outskirts of Sanvordem - Curchorem . The anti-Muslim violence, which continued for three days before the Central Industrial Security Force stepped in, saw property worth crores of rupees destroyed. Mostly the native Goans had to pay the price from the outnumbered non-goan muslims. Goan Muslims as well as Goans from other religions are governed by

480-509: A mission to unite all Konkanis, Hindus as well as Christians, regardless of caste or religion. He saw this movement not just as a nationalistic movement against Portuguese rule, but also against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani. Almost single-handedly he crusaded, writing a number of works in Konkani. He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Konkani literature and affectionately remembered as Shenoi Goembab . His death anniversary, 9 April,

560-579: A mixture of features of Eastern and Western Prakrit. It was later substantially influenced by Magadhi Prakrit. The overtones of Pali (the liturgical language of the Buddhists) also played a very important role in the development of Konkani Apabhramsha grammar and vocabulary. A major number of linguistic innovations in Konkani are shared with Eastern Indo-Aryan languages like Bengali and Oriya , which have their roots in Magadhi. Maharashtri Prakrit

640-587: A mixture of intermarriages of Arab seafarers, Middle East businessman, Britishes and locals as well as conversions of Hindus to Islam. Another migrant community that picked up Konkani are the Siddis , who are descended from Bantu peoples from South East Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves. Contemporary Konkani is written in Devanagari, Kannada, Malayalam, Persian, and Roman scripts. It

720-553: A rise of other religions due to non-Goan migration from the other states of India. Religious conversion seems to play little role in the demographic change. According to the 2011 census, out of the Indian population residing in Goa (1,458,545 persons), 66.1% were Hindu , 25.1% were Christian , 8.32% were Muslim , and 0.1% were Sikh . The Catholics display Portuguese influence, due to over 451 years of direct rule and interaction with

800-824: A small number of native Muslims remain and are known as Moir , the word is derived from the Portuguese Mouro , which means Moor . Muçulmano was the word later used in Portuguese to identify them, which is still the world used in today's Portuguese. Goans have been migrating all along the Konkan region and across the Anglosphere , Lusosphere and Persian Gulf countries for the last six centuries because of socio-religious and economic reasons. The Indian diaspora have been assimilated with other Konkani people of Maharashtra , Karnataka and Kerala . Goans across

880-426: A time when Indian states were being reorganised along linguistic lines. There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra. This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many. Konkani Goans were opposed to the move. The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa's merger, which

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960-578: A tiny minority are native Goans. The majority of Goan Muslims follow Sunni Islam , the predominant groups being that of: They observe all Muslim holidays and festivals such as Ramadan , Eid al-Fitr , Eid al-Adha and Eid-e-Milad . Goan Muslims are vastly outnumbered in Goa by non-Goan Muslims, because of the mass immigration taking place from other states of India since the Annexation of Goa in 1961. Muslims have generally been tolerated in Goa until this century. Anti-Muslim riots broke out after

1040-544: Is Konkani according to S.B. Kulkarni (former head of Department of Marathi, Nagpur University ) and Jose Pereira (former professor, Fordham University , USA). Another inscription in Nāgarī , of Shilahara King Aparaditya II of the year 1187 AD in Parel reportedly contains Konkani words, but this has not been reliably verified. Many stone and copper-plate inscriptions found in Goa and Konkan are written in Konkani. The grammar and

1120-530: Is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Konkani people , primarily in the Konkan region, along the western coast of India . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages mentioned in the Indian Constitution , and the official language of the Indian state of Goa . It is also spoken in Karnataka , Maharashtra , Kerala , Gujarat as well as Damaon, Diu & Silvassa . Konkani is a member of

1200-468: Is called a "dialect of Maharashtra" as an origin of the language controversy. Another linguist to whom this theory is attributed is Grierson . Grierson's work on the languages of India, the Linguistic Survey of India , was regarded as an important reference by other linguists. In his book, Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra (then, part of Bombay) and

1280-713: Is celebrated as World Konkani Day (Vishwa Konkani Dis). Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag, an advocate by profession from Karwar, who with a few like-minded companions travelled throughout all the Konkani speaking areas, sought to unite the fragmented Konkani community under the banner of "one language, one script, one literature". He succeeded in organising the first All India Konkani Parishad in Karwar in 1939. Successive Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad were held at various places in subsequent years. 27 annual Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad have been held so far. Pandu Putti Kolambkar an eminent social worker of Kodibag, Karwar

1360-544: Is due to the influx of ethnic Marathi people since the 20th century. Ethnic Goans are predominantly Roman Catholics followed by Hindus and a tiny Muslim community. As per the 1909 statistics, the Catholic population stood at 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%). Within Goa, there has been a steady decline of Christianity as a percentage of the total population due to Goan emigration to other Indian cities (especially Mumbai ) and foreign countries, and

1440-537: Is more evident in Konkani syntax. The question markers in yes/no questions and the negative marker are sentence final. Copula deletion in Konkani is remarkably similar to Kannada. Phrasal verbs are not so commonly used in Indo-Aryan languages; however, Konkani spoken in Dravidian regions has borrowed numerous phrasal verb patterns. The Kols, Kharwas, Yadavas, and Lothal migrants all settled in Goa during

1520-474: Is similar to the Brajbhasha word mōhē has been replaced by mākā . This era was marked by several invasions of Goa and subsequent exodus of some Konkani families to Canara (today's coastal Karnataka), and Cochin. These events caused the Konkani language to develop into multiple dialects with multiple scripts. The exodus to coastal Karnataka and Kerala required Konkani speakers in these regions to learn

1600-539: Is the ancestor of Marathi and Konkani, it was the official language of the Satavahana Empire that ruled Goa and Konkan in the early centuries of the Common Era. Under the patronage of the Satavahana Empire, Maharashtri became the most widespread Prakrit of its time. Studying early Maharashtri compilations, many linguists have called Konkani "the first-born daughter of Maharashtri". This old language that

1680-461: Is very prominent in Konkani. The grammatical impact of the Dravidian languages on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is difficult to fathom. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian substratum . Some examples of Konkani words of Dravidian origin are: naall ( coconut ), madval (washerman), choru (cooked rice) and mulo ( radish ). Linguists also suggest that

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1760-550: Is written by speakers in their native dialects. The Goan Antruz dialect in the Devanagari script has been promulgated as Standard Konkani. Konkani language was in decline, due to the use of Portuguese as the official and social language among the Christians, the predominance of Marathi over Konkani among Hindus, and the Konkani Christian-Hindu divide. Seeing this, Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar set about on

1840-606: The Brexit . According to the Office for National Statistics , as of June 2020, the population of EU Nationals (Indian-born Portuguese citizens) in UK was about 35,000. Many Goans have also chosen to migrate to the former Portuguese territories (especially Mozambique ) and to Portugal itself. There are no definitive records of Goan migration prior to the Portuguese conquests in the region corresponding to nowadays Goa. One reason being that

1920-532: The Deccan Plateau . This dialect of Urdu has heavy Konkani influence and may be considered the "Konkani slang" of Goan Muslims. Goan Muslims are bilingual (speaking Konkani outside the home); mostly are educated in Portuguese, and they use the Perso-Arabic and Devanagari scripts for written communication. Muslims resident in Goa constituted 8.33% of Goa population in 2011, but of these only

2000-607: The Goa Inquisition was established. One of its primary targets were crypto-Muslims of North African origin who had immigrated to Goa from the Iberian peninsula following the Portuguese conquest. Of the 1,582 persons convicted between 1560 and 1623, 45.2% were convicted for offenses related to Judaism and Islam. However, a compilation of the auto-da-fé statistics of the Goa Inquisition from 1560 to 1821 revealed that

2080-819: The Goa Legislative Assembly passed the Official Language Bill, making Konkani the official language of Goa. Konkani was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India as per the Seventy-First Amendment on 20 August 1992, adding it to the list of official languages. The Konkani language originated and is spoken widely in the western coastal region of India known as Konkan . The native lands historically inhabited by Konkani people include

2160-627: The Indian Anthropological Society , these Australoid tribes speaking Austro-Asiatic or Munda languages who once inhabited Konkan, migrated to Northern India ( Chota Nagpur Plateau , Mirzapur ) and are not found in Konkan any more. Olivinho Gomes in his essay "Medieval Konkani Literature" also mentions the Mundari substratum. Goan Indologist Anant Shenvi Dhume identified many Austro-Asiatic Munda words in Konkani, like mund , mundkar , dhumak , goem-bab . This substratum

2240-523: The Indo-Aryan language branch. It is part of the Marathi-Konkani group of the southern Indo-Aryan languages. It is inflexive, and less distant from Sanskrit as compared to other modern Indo-Aryan languages . Linguists describe Konkani as a fusion of a variety of Prakrit vernacular languages. This could be attributed to the confluence of immigrants that the Konkan coast has witnessed over

2320-626: The Konkan division of Maharashtra , the state of Goa and the territory of Daman , the Uttara Kannada , Udupi & Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka , belagavi , Mysore , and Bengaluru along with many districts in Kerala such as Kasaragod , Kochi , Alappuzha , Thiruvananthapuram and Kottayam . All of the regions and areas have developed distinct dialects , pronunciation and prose styles, vocabulary, tone, and sometimes, significant differences in grammar. According to

2400-493: The Nagueshi Maharudra temple when Nanjanna Gosavi was the religious head or Pratihasta of the state. It mentions words like, kullgga , kulaagra , naralel , tambavem , and tilel . A piece of hymn dedicated to Lord Narayana attributed to the 12th century AD says: "jaṇẽ rasataḷavāntũ matsyarūpē̃ vēda āṇiyēlē̃. manuśivāka vāṇiyēlē̃. to saṁsārasāgara tāraṇu. mōhō to rākho nārāyāṇu". (The one who brought

2480-777: The Persian Gulf countries , Portugal and the European Union , and the British Isles and the rest of the Anglosphere . Many families still continue to speak different Konkani dialects that their ancestors spoke, which are now highly influenced by the languages of the dominant majority. The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out over the years for many of the following reasons: Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani, starting with Shenoi Goembab 's efforts to revive Konkani. The recognition granted by Sahitya Akademi to Konkani and

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2560-741: The Portuguese people as an overseas province. Portuguese names are common among the Goan Catholics. A variation of the caste system is followed, but not rigidly due to Portuguese efforts to abolish caste discrimination among the local converts and homogenise them into a single entity. There are some distinct Bamonn , Chardó , Gauddo and Sudir communities in Goa that are mainly endogamous . Most Catholic families also share Portuguese ancestry, and some openly count themselves as ' mestiço ' (lit. mixed-race). Goan Hindus refer to themselves as " Konkane" ( Devanagari Konkani : कोंकणे), meaning

2640-491: The Southern Indo-Aryan language group. It retains elements of Vedic structures and shows similarities with both Western and Eastern Indo-Aryan languages . The first Konkani inscription is dated 1187 AD. There are many Konkani dialects spoken along and beyond the Konkan region, from Damaon in the north to Karwar in the south; most of which are only partially mutually intelligible with one another due to

2720-669: The Vedas up from the ocean in the form of a fish, from the bottoms of the water and offered it to Manu , he is the one Saviour of the world, that is Narayana my God.). A hymn from the later 16th century goes vaikuṇṭhācē̃ jhāḍa tu gē phaḷa amṛtācē̃, jīvita rākhilē̃ tuvē̃ manasakuḷācē̃. Early Konkani was marked by the use of pronouns like dzo , jī , and jẽ . These are replaced in contemporary Konkani by koṇa . The conjunctions yedō and tedō ("when" and "then") which were used in early Konkani are no longer in use. The use of -viyalẽ has been replaced by -aylẽ . The pronoun moho , which

2800-679: The religious prohibition imposed by the Dharmaśāstras , which states that crossing salt water would corrupt oneself. During the Napoleonic Wars Goa was occupied by the British Raj , and many of their vessels were anchored in the Morumugão harbour . These ships were serviced by native Goans, who then left for British India once the ships had moved on. The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878 played an important role in speeding

2880-752: The 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India, there were 2,489,016 Konkani speakers in India. The Census Department of India, 2011 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 2,256,502 making up 0.19% of India's population. Out of these, 788,294 were in Karnataka , 964,305 in Goa , 399,255 in Maharashtra , and 69,449 in Kerala . It ranks 19th on the List of Scheduled Languages by strength. The number of Konkani speakers in India fell by 9.34% in

2960-519: The Goan people were not a distinct ethnic group as yet. The first recorded instances of significant emigrations of Goans could be traced back to the Portuguese conquest of Goa in 1510 and the subsequent flight of the surviving Muslim residents to the territories ruled by the Sultanate of Bijapur . Sizable numbers of Hindus also later fled to Mangalore and Kanara during the 16th–17th centuries due to

3040-561: The Gulf states. Until the early 1970s there were substantial populations of Goans in the Middle East, Africa and Europe. There have also, historically, been Goans in former British colonies of Kenya , Uganda , and Tanzania , and Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola . The end of colonial rule brought a subsequent process of Africanisation and a wave of expulsion of South Asians from Uganda (1972) and Malawi (1974) forced

3120-544: The Iberian peninsula for centuries. Although the advent of Muslims in Goa occurred later in history, Arab geographers referred to Goa as Sindabur and believed that Goa had one of the best ports in western India . In 554 AH (1159 AD), Sidi Ali Kodupon wrote the Turkish-language book Mohit . In the book, Goa is referred to as Kuvah-Sindabur : a combination of the names Kuvah (Goa) and Sindabur ( Chandor ). The copper plate of Kadamba Jayakesi I refers to

3200-590: The Indo-Aryan group, Konkani was influenced by a language of the Dravidian family. A branch of the Kadambas , who ruled Goa for a long period, had their roots in Karnataka . Konkani was never used for official purposes. Another reason Kannada influenced Konkani was the proximity of original Konkani-speaking territories to Karnataka. Old Konkani documents show considerable Kannada influence on grammar as well as vocabulary. Like southern Dravidian languages, Konkani has prothetic glides y- and w- . The Kannada influence

3280-473: The Konkani spoken in Goa as two different languages. He regarded the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself. In his opinion, Goan Konkani was also considered a dialect of Marathi because the religious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself, but in Marathi. S. M. Katre's 1966 work, The Formation of Konkani , which utilised

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3360-559: The Muslim Minister named Chadma . While Kadamba ruler Gullhadeva I was sailing towards Somanath , his ship got involved in a naval accident and the mast of his ship broke. His grandson Jayakesi I gave Chadma, the privilege of levying the taxes on small and big boats. The amount collected by way of taxes was utilized for the maintenance of the mosques built in Goa at Merces ). Later Muslim sultans from North India migrated to Goa by force of conquest and established their society; this

3440-614: The already established community in Pegu (now Bago). Another destination for mainly the Catholic community, was Africa . Most of the emigrants hailed from the province of Bardes , due to their high literacy rate , and the Velhas Conquistas region in general. Immigration into Africa came to end after the Decolonisation of Africa , during the 1950-60s. In 1880, there were already 29,216 Goans living outside of Goa. By 1954,

3520-480: The ancient Konkani Prakrit was born as a confluence of the Indo-Aryan dialects while accepting many words from Dravidian speech. Some linguists assume Shauraseni to be its progenitor whereas some call it Paisaci . The influence of Paisachi over Konkani can be proved in the findings of Taraporewala, who in his book Elements of Science of Languages (Calcutta University) ascertained that Konkani showed many Dardic features that are found in present-day Kashmiri . Thus,

3600-589: The archaic form of old Konkani is referred to as Paishachi by some linguists. This progenitor of Konkani (or Paishachi Apabhramsha) has preserved an older form of phonetic and grammatic development, showing a great variety of verbal forms found in Sanskrit and a large number of grammatical forms that are not found in Marathi. (Examples of this are found in many works like Dnyaneshwari , and Leela Charitra .) Konkani thus developed with overall Sanskrit complexity and grammatical structure, which eventually developed into

3680-601: The base of such texts is in Konkani, whereas very few verbs are in Marathi. Copper plates found in Ponda dating back to the early 13th century, and from Quepem in the early 14th century, have been written in Goykanadi . One such stone inscription or shilalekh (written Nāgarī ) is found at the Nageshi temple in Goa (dating back to the year 1463 AD). It mentions that the (then) ruler of Goa, Devaraja Gominam, had gifted land to

3760-1042: The community to migrate elsewhere. Currently it is estimated that there are around 600,000 Goans living outside India. Since the Second Phase of migrations, Goans have had a variety of professions. In British India they were personal butlers or physicians to the English and Parsi elite in India. On the Ships and Cruise liners they were sailors, stewards, chefs, musicians and dancers. Many have also been working on oil rigs. Many Goan doctors worked in African colonies of Portugal, as well as being also active in British India. Konkani language Konkani ( Devanagari : कोंकणी , Romi : Konknni , Kannada : ಕೊಂಕಣಿ , Malayalam : കൊങ്കണി , Perso-Arabic : کونکنی ; IAST : Kōṅkṇī , IPA: [kõkɳi] )

3840-606: The days of Portuguese Goa and British rule in Pre-Partition India many Goans and non-Goan Konkani people went to foreign countries as economic migrants to the colonies of Portuguese and British Empire respectively, and also to the Pakistan of Pre-Partition India . The migratory trend has continued well into the post-colonial era and a significant number of Konkani people are found in Kenya , Uganda , Pakistan ,

3920-522: The decade 2001-2011. It is the only scheduled language apart from Urdu to have a negative growth rate in the decade. A very large number of Konkanis live outside India, either as expatriates ( NRIs ) with work visas or as naturalised citizens and permanent residents of other host countries ( immigrants ). Determining their numbers is difficult since Konkani is a minority language that is very often not recognised by censuses and surveys of various government agencies and NGOs catering to Indians abroad. During

4000-726: The emigration of Goans in the latter half of the 19th Century, since it gave the British the authority to construct the West of India Portuguese Railway , which connected the Velhas Conquistas to the Bombay Presidency . They primarily moved to the cities of Bombay (now Mumbai ), Poona (now Pune ), Calcutta (now Kolkata ) and Karachi . Goans who moved to mainland India were of both, Christian as well as Hindu, origin. A small number of Goans moved to Burma , to join

4080-450: The entire liturgy of the Catholic church is solely in the Latin script, having been influenced by the Portuguese colonial rule. In the past other scripts such as Goykanadi , Modi , Kannada and Persian were also used, but later fell into disuse owing to many social, political and religious reasons. Portuguese is still spoken as a first language by a number of Goans, though it is mainly restricted to upper-class Catholic families and

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4160-414: The foot of the colossal Jain monolith Bahubali (The word gomateshvara apparently comes from Konkani gomaṭo which means "beautiful" or "handsome" and īśvara "lord". ) at Shravanabelagola of 981 CE reads, in a variant of Nāgarī: "śrīcāvuṇḍarājē̃ kara viyālē̃, śrīgaṅgārājē̃ suttālē̃ kara viyālē̃" ( Chavundaraya got it done, Gangaraya got the surroundings done). The language of these lines

4240-430: The globe refer to the publication, Goan Voice for news about members from their community. Many overseas Goans have settled in the erstwhile British Empire and the United Kingdom mainly in south-west town of Swindon , Leicester in the East Midlands and in London (especially Wembley and Southall ). Many Goans have migrated to the UK on Portuguese passports due to the UK being an EU member country up until

4320-407: The increasing Christianization of Goa . They were soon followed by some newly-converted Catholics, who fled the Goa Inquisition . There were also emigrations from Goa to Kanara to escape the War of the League of the Indies , the Dutch–Portuguese War , the Maratha Invasion of Goa (1683) , taxation as well as epidemics during the same time period. Goan Catholics also started traveling overseas during

4400-496: The institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped to a certain extent. Some organisations, such as the Konkan Daiz Yatra organised by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, World Konkani Centre and the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis. José Pereira, in his 1971 work Konkani – A Language: A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy , pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807, wherein Konkani

4480-399: The instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects, showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi. Shenoi Goembab , who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement, rallied against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians. Goa's accession to India in 1961 came at

4560-495: The latter part of this time period. There were migrations of Goan Catholics to other parts of the global Portuguese Empire , such as Portugal , Mozambique , Ormuz , Muscat , Timor , Brasil , Malaca , Pegu , and Colombo . 48 Goan Catholics permanently migrated to Portugal during the 18th century. Goan involvement in Portuguese trade around the Indian Ocean involved both Hindu and Catholic Goan communities. However, upper-caste Goan Hindus did not travel to foreign countries due to

4640-425: The local languages. This caused penetration of local words into the dialects of Konkani spoken by these speakers. Examples include dār (door) giving way to the word bāgil . Also, the phoneme "a" in the Salcette dialect was replaced by the phoneme "o". Other Konkani communities came into being with their own dialects of Konkani. The Konkani Muslim communities of Ratnagiri and Coastal Karnataka came about due to

4720-427: The merger of Goa into Maharashtra, an intense debate was started in Goa. The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa's future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state. The Goa Opinion Poll , a plebiscite, retained Goa as an independent state in 1967. However, English, Hindi, and Marathi continued to be the preferred languages for official communication, while Konkani

4800-414: The next hundred years (until 1469), before it passed to the Bahmani sultans of Gulbarga . After the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed the Adil Shahis of Bijapur took over, making Velha Goa their ancillary capital. During this era, Muslim pilgrims from all over India embarked on their journey to Mecca from Goa. Thus by this time Muslim community evolved in Goa. By the time the Portuguese arrived in 1510,

4880-420: The number had risen to 180,000. After the Annexation of Goa in 1961 by the Republic of India , there has been a steep rise in the number of emigrants of Goan origin. Many had applied and were granted Portuguese passports in order to obtain a European residence. The educated class found it difficult to get jobs within Goa due to the high influx of non-Goans into Goa, and this encouraged many of them to move to

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4960-405: The older generation. However, the annual number of Goans learning Portuguese as a second language has been continuously increasing in the 21st century through introduction in schools and the opening of Instituto Camões . The Marathi language has played a significant role for Hindus near the northern borders of Goa close to Maharashtra and parts of Novas Conquistas (lit. new conquests). This

5040-429: The population of Tiswadi had a vast number of Muslim population. Afonso de Albuquerque took the help of Timoji and defeated the ruling Bijapur king Yusuf Adil Shah during the Portuguese conquest of Goa . The Muslim residents of Goa were exiled (e.g. Benastarim ) or killed (e.g. Velha Goa ) by the Portuguese and the local Hindus. All the mosques were destroyed and churches were built on them. From 1560 to 1821,

5120-496: The pre-historic period and later. Chavada , a tribe of warriors (now known as Chaddi or Chaddo ), migrated to Goa from Saurashtra , during the 7th and 8th century AD, after their kingdom was destroyed by the Arabs in 740. Royal matrimonial relationships between the two states, as well as trade relationships, had a major impact on Goan society. Many of these groups spoke different Nagar Apabhramsha dialects, which could be seen as precursors of modern Gujarati. An inscription at

5200-424: The residents of an area broadly identified as Konkan . Hindus in Goa are divided into many different castes and sub-castes, known as Jatis . They use their village names to identify their clans, some of them use titles. Some are known by the occupation their ancestors have been practising; Nayak, Borkar, Raikar, Keni, Prabhu, Kamat, Lotlikar, Chodankar, Mandrekar, Naik, Bhat, Tari, Gaude are some examples. Only

5280-438: The sound of ण at the beginning of words; it is still retained in many Konkani words of archaic Shauraseni origin, such as णव (nine). Archaic Konkani born out of Shauraseni vernacular Prakrit at the earlier stage of the evolution (and later Maharashtri Prakrit), was commonly spoken until 875 AD, and at its later phase ultimately developed into Apabhramsha , which could be called a predecessor of old Konkani. Although most of

5360-404: The stone inscriptions and copper plates found in Goa (and other parts of Konkan) from the 2nd century BC to the 10th century AD are in Prakrit-influenced Sanskrit (mostly written in early Brahmi and archaic Dravidian Brahmi), most of the places, grants, agricultural-related terms, and names of some people are in Konkani. This suggests that Konkani was spoken in Goa and Konkan. Though it belongs to

5440-486: The substratum of Marathi and Konkani is more closely related to Dravidian Kannada. Migrations of Indo-Aryan vernacular speakers have occurred throughout the history of the Indian west coast. Around 1100-700 BC the first wave of Indo-Aryans dialect speakers might have occurred, with the second wave appearing around 700-500 BC. Many spoke old Indo-Aryan vernacular languages, which may be loosely related to Vedic Sanskrit ; others still spoke Dravidian and Desi dialects. Thus

5520-421: The term is derived from the Persian word for coast, kinara ; if so, it would mean "the language of the coast". The problem is that this term overlaps with Kanarese or Kannada . All the European authors, however, recognised two forms of the language in Goa: the plebeian , called Canarim , and the more regular (used by the educated classes), called Língua Canarim Brâmana or simply Brâmana de Goa . The latter

5600-458: The union territory of Damaon, Diu & Silvassa . They are native to Goa, unlike recent Muslim migrants from mainland India, and are commonly referred to as Moir ( Konkani : मैर ) by Goans in Goan Konkani . Moir is derived from the Portuguese word Mouro . The Portuguese called them Mouros because they (and the Spaniards ) were in contact with the Moors , people of predominantly Muslim Maghreb country, who had conquered and colonised

5680-492: The years. It is quite possible that Old Konkani was just referred to as Prakrit by its speakers. Reference to the name Konkani is not found in literature prior to the 13th century. The first reference of the name Konkani is in " Abhanga 263" of the 13th century Hindu Marathi saint poet, Namadeva (1270–1350). Konkani has been known by a variety of names: Canarim, Concanim, Gomantaki, Bramana, and Goani . Learned Marathi speakers tend to call it Gomantaki . Konkani

5760-532: Was a close associate of Shri Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar, strove hard for the upliftment of Konkani in Karwar (North Kanara) and Konkan Patti. Following India's independence and its subsequent annexation of Goa in 1961, Goa was absorbed into the Indian Union as a Union Territory, directly under central administration. However, with the reorganisation of states along linguistic lines, and growing calls from Maharashtra, as well as Marathis in Goa for

5840-411: Was commonly referred to as Língua Canarim by the Portuguese and Língua Brahmana by Catholic missionaries. The Portuguese later started referring to Konkani as Língua Concanim . The name Canarim or Língua Canarim , which is how the 16th century European Jesuit Thomas Stephens refers to it in the title of his famous work Arte da lingoa Canarim has always been intriguing. It is possible that

5920-551: Was heavily influenced by the Portuguese language. All this did not change anything in Goa. Finally, fed up with the delay, Konkani activists launched an agitation in 1986, demanding official status for Konkani. The agitation turned violent in various places, resulting in the death of six agitators from the Catholic community: Floriano Vaz from Gogol Margao, Aldrin Fernandes, Mathew Faria, C. J. Dias, John Fernandes, and Joaquim Pereira, all from Agaçaim . Finally, on 4 February 1987,

6000-712: Was prevalent contemporary to old Marathi is found to be distinct from its counterpart. The Sauraseni impact on Konkani is not as prominent as that of Maharashtri. Very few Konkani words are found to follow the Sauraseni pattern. Konkani forms are rather more akin to Pali than the corresponding Sauraseni forms. The major Sauraseni influence on Konkani is the ao sound found at the end of many nouns in Sauraseni, which becomes o or u in Konkani. Examples include: dando , suno , raakhano , dukh , rukhu , manisu (from Prakrit), dandao , sunnao , rakkhakao , dukkhao , vukkhao , vrukkhao , and mannisso . Another example could be

6080-607: Was settled by a plebiscite in 1967 (the Goa Opinion Poll ). The Sahitya Akademi (a prominent literary organisation in India) recognised it as an independent language in 1975, and subsequently Konkani (in Devanagari script) was made the official language of Goa in 1987. Goan Muslims The Goan Muslims are a minority community who follow Islam in the Indian coastal state of Goa , some are also present in

6160-624: Was sidelined. With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language, the matter was finally placed before the Sahitya Akademi . Suniti Kumar Chatterji , the president of the Akademi appointed a committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute. On 26 February 1975, the committee came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language, classified as an Indo-European language, which in its present state

6240-637: Was suppressed for official documentation use only not for unofficial use under the Portuguese governance , playing a minor part in education of the past generations. All Goans were educated in Portuguese in the past when Goa was an overseas province of Portugal. A small minority of Goans are descendants of the Portuguese ( Luso-Indian ethnicity) and speak Portuguese. However, a number of native Christians also used Portuguese as their first language prior to 1961. Goans use Devanagari (official) and Latin script (liturgical and historical) for education as well as communication (personal, formal and religious). However

6320-651: Was the first major influx of Muslims into Goa, which led some local Hindus to migrate elsewhere. After Malik Kafur invasion and subsequently during the rule of Sultanate, there were Muslim Officers in Goa like Malik Bahadur. After the downfall of the Goa Kadamba, some Muslims might have migrated to Bhatkal and Honavar . The Nawayaths of Bhatkal are the descendant of Muslim community and once lived in Goa. The Delhi Sultanate took over Goa in 1312. In turn, they were forced to surrender Goa by 1370 to Harihara I of Vijayanagara . The Vijayanagara monarchs ruled Goa for

6400-514: Was the preferred choice of the Europeans, and also of other castes, for writing, sermons, and religious purposes. There are different views as to the origin of the word Konkan and hence Konkani: The substratum of the Konkani language lies in the speech of Austroasiatic tribes called Kurukh , Oraon , and Kukni, whose modern representatives are languages like Kurukh and its dialects including Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna, and Malto . According to

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