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45-515: The Burmese name Bago (ပဲခူး) is likely derived from the Mon language place name Bagaw ( Mon : ဗဂေါ , [bəkɜ̀] ). Until the Burmese government renamed English place names throughout the country in 1989, Bago was known as Pegu . Bago was formerly known as Hanthawaddy ( Burmese : ဟံသာဝတီ ; Mon : ဟံသာဝတဳ Hongsawatoi ; Pali : Haṃsāvatī ; lit. "she who possesses the sheldrake "),

90-593: A prestige language even after the fall of the Mon kingdom of Thaton to Pagan in 1057. King Kyansittha of Pagan (r. 1084–1113) admired Mon culture and the Mon language was patronized. Kyansittha left many inscriptions in Mon. During this period, the Myazedi inscription , which contains identical inscriptions of a story in Pali , Pyu , Mon and Burmese on the four sides, was carved. However, after Kyansittha's death, usage of

135-503: A 400 meter football field and 1 public fitness center. The most common illness within the Township is diarrhea. Between 2017 and 2018, Bago Township saw 617 cases of HIV leading to 16 deaths. Bago also has 9 high schools and a university. Bago's larger high schools have branches within the city. There are 28 monastic schools within the Township. Bago has a school attendance rate of 99.82% and 33% attendance rate for university. Overall,

180-478: A Mon dialect in Thailand found that in some syllabic environments, words with a breathy voice vowel are significantly lower in pitch than similar words with a clear vowel counterpart. While difference in pitch in certain environments was found to be significant, there are no minimal pairs that are distinguished solely by pitch. The contrastive mechanism is the vowel phonation. In the examples below, breathy voice

225-739: A language closely related to Mon, called Nyah Kur . They are descendants of the Mon-speaking Dvaravati kingdom. Mon has three primary dialects in Burma, coming from the various regions the Mon inhabit. They are the Central (areas surrounding Mottama and Mawlamyine ), Bago , and Ye dialects. All are mutually intelligible. Ethnologue lists Mon dialects as Martaban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu (Mon Tang, Northern Mon), and Ye (Mon Nya, Southern Mon), with high mutual intelligibility among them. Thai Mon has some differences from

270-457: A major seaport, the city was frequently visited by Europeans, among these, Gasparo Balbi and Ralph Fitch in the late 1500s. The Europeans often commented on its magnificence. Pegu also established maritime links with the Ottomans by 1545. The Portuguese conquest of Pegu, following the destruction caused by the kings of Tangot and Arrakan in 1599, was described by Manuel de Abreu Mousinho in

315-511: A merchant from the Portuguese casados settlement at Cochin , landed in Bago (known to the Portuguese as Pegu) looking for new markets for pepper from Cochin. A year later, Portuguese India Governor Diogo Lopes de Sequeira sent an ambassador to Pegu. The city remained the capital until the kingdom's fall in 1538. The ascendant Toungoo dynasty under Tabinshwehti made numerous raids that

360-570: A small proportion (estimated to range between 60,000 and 80,000) speak Mon, due to Thaification and the assimilation of Mons into mainstream Thai society. Mon speakers in Thailand are largely concentrated in Ko Kret . The remaining contingent of Thai Mon speakers are located in the provinces of Samut Sakhon , Samut Songkhram , Nakhon Pathom , as well the western provinces bordering Myanmar ( Kanchanaburi , Phetchaburi , Prachuap Khiri Khan , and Ratchaburi ). A small ethnic group in Thailand speak

405-641: A small, but thriving tourism industry with many tourists from nearby Yangon. The Bago Development Committee manages 11 markets around the city. There are no airports within the township, and the city is served mostly by Yangon International Airport but the proposed Hanthawaddy International Airport serving Yangon and Bago may be located within Bago Township. There are two rail lines that pass through Bago, Yangon–Mandalay Railway and Yangon–Mawlamyine Railway . Bago also has several bus depots on its outskirts with intercity buses providing regular service. Bago

450-555: A tsunami. Today, Hanthawaddy is one of the wards of Bago's city proper. The town of Bago is subdivided into 34 wards. On 9 April 2021, during the Myanmar protests , Bago became the site of the Bago massacre , during which military forces killed at least 82 civilians following a protest crackdown. The 2014 Myanmar census reported that Bago had a population of 237,619, representing 48.35% of Bago Township 's total population. As of 2019,

495-889: Is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Mon people . Mon, like the related Khmer language , but unlike most languages in mainland Southeast Asia , is not tonal. The Mon language is a recognised indigenous language in Myanmar as well as a recognised indigenous language of Thailand . Mon was classified as a "vulnerable" language in UNESCO 's 2010 Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger . The Mon language has faced assimilative pressures in both Myanmar and Thailand, where many individuals of Mon descent are now monolingual in Burmese or Thai respectively. In 2007, Mon speakers were estimated to number between 1800,000 and 2 million. In Myanmar,

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540-471: Is commonly incorporated into Burmese Buddhist and royal architecture (e.g., kyaungs , palace buildings, pagodas) and towers above the image of the Buddha or other sacred places (e.g., royal thrones and city gates). The pyatthat is made of successive gabled rectangular roofs in an exaggerated pyramidal shape, with an intervening box-like structure called the lebaw ( လည်ပေါ် ) between each roof. The pyatthat

585-470: Is crowned with a wooden spire called the taing bu ( တိုင်ဖူး ) or kun bu ( ကွန်းဖူး ) depending on its shape, similar to the hti , an umbrella ornament that crowns Burmese pagodas. The edges of each tier are gold-gilded decorative designs made of metal sheet, with decorative ornaments called du yin ( တုရင် ) at the corners (analogous to the Thai chofah ). There are three primary kinds of pyatthat, with

630-550: Is marked with under-diaeresis. Mon verbs do not inflect for person. Tense is shown through particles. Some verbs have a morphological causative, which is most frequently a /pə-/ prefix (Pan Hla 1989:29): Mon nouns do not inflect for number. That is, they do not have separate forms for singular and plural: sɔt pakaw apple mo̤a one me̤a CL {sɔt pakaw} mo̤a me̤a apple one CL 'one apple' sɔt pakaw apple ba two me̤a CL {sɔt pakaw} ba me̤a apple two CL 'two apples' Adjectives follow

675-551: Is served by the Yangon–Mandalay Expressway as well as the old highways going to Taungoo and Myeik. Bago has seven major bridges crossing the Bago River in and around the city. Bago has a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen Am ), similar to most of coastal Myanmar, with a hot, dry season from mid-November to mid-April and a, hot, extremely humid, and exceedingly rainy wet season from May to October. Bago has

720-640: The Zabu Kuncha , an early 15th century Burmese administrative treatise, states that Pegu was founded in 1276/77 CE. The earliest extant evidence of Pegu as a place dates only to the late Pagan period (1212 and 1266) when it was still a small town, not even a provincial capital. After the collapse of the Pagan Empire, Bago became part of the breakaway Kingdom of Martaban by the 1290s. The earliest possible external record of Bago dates to 1028 CE. The Thiruvalangadu plate describe Rajendra Chola I ,

765-554: The Chola Emperor from South India, as having conquered "Kadaram" in the fourteenth year of his reign – 1028 CE. According to one interpretation, Kadaram refers to Bago. More modern interpretations understand Kadaram to be Kedah in modern day Malaysia, instead of Bago. A Chinese source mentions Jayavarman VII adding Pegu to the territory of the Khmer Empire in 1195. The small settlement grew increasingly important in

810-519: The Shwemawdaw Pagoda . The city also has 9 churches, 6 mosques, 16 Hindu temples and 3 Chinese Mahayana temples. The main industries of Bago Township are agriculture and service sector employment. Bago city has an industrial zone with several factories, mostly in textiles and shoe-making. Smaller factories and workshops within the city also create food products, plastics, electric meters, motors, wood products, tea and halwa . Bago also has

855-503: The Sittaung River in the north to Myeik (Mergui) and Kawthaung in the south, remains a traditional stronghold of the Mon language. However, in this region, Burmese is favored in urban areas, such as Mawlamyine , the capital of Mon State. In recent years, usage of Mon has declined in Myanmar, especially among the younger generation. While Thailand is home to a sizable Mon population due to historical waves of migration, only

900-765: The 14th century as the region became most populous in the Mon-speaking kingdom. In 1369, King Binnya U made Bago the capital. During the reign of King Razadarit , Bago and the Ava Kingdom were engaged in the Forty Years' War . The peaceful reign of Queen Shin Sawbu came to an end when she chose the Buddhist monk Dhammazedi (1471–1492) to succeed her. Under Dhammazedi, Bago became a centre of commerce and Theravada Buddhism . In 1519, António Correia , then

945-546: The 19th century, in addition to concomitant economic and political instability in Upper Burma (e.g., increased tax burdens to the Burmese crown, British rice production incentives, etc.) also accelerated the migration of Burmese speakers from Upper Burma into Lower Burma. The Mon language has influenced subtle grammatical differences between the varieties of Burmese spoken in Lower and Upper Burma. In Lower Burmese varieties,

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990-491: The Burmese dialects of Mon, but they are mutually intelligible. The Thai varieties of Mon are considered "severely endangered." Unlike the surrounding Burmese and Thai languages, Mon is not a tonal language . As in many Mon–Khmer languages, Mon uses a vowel-phonation or vowel- register system in which the quality of voice in pronouncing the vowel is phonemic. There are two registers in Mon: One study involving speakers of

1035-508: The Mon language declined among the Bamar and the Burmese language began to replace Mon and Pyu as a lingua franca . Mon inscriptions from Dvaravati 's ruins also litter Thailand . However it is not clear if the inhabitants were Mon, a mix of Mon and Malay or Khmer. Later inscriptions and kingdoms like Lavo were subservient to the Khmer Empire . After the fall of Pagan, Mon again became

1080-561: The Toungoo dynasty flee their capital to Ava . The capital was looted by the viceroy of Toungoo , Minye Thihathu II of Toungoo , and then burned by the viceroy of Arakan during the Burmese–Siamese War (1594–1605) . Anaukpetlun wanted to rebuild Hongsawadi and the glories of Bago, which had been deserted since Nanda Bayin had abandoned it. He was only able to build a temporary palace, however. The Burmese capital's return to Bago

1125-567: The account called "Brief narrative telling the conquest of Pegu in eastern India made by the Portuguese in the time of the viceroy Aires de Saldanha, being captain Salvador Ribeiro de Sousa , called Massinga, born in Guimarães, elected as their king by the natives in the year 1600", published by Fernão Mendes Pinto in the 18th century. The 1599 destruction of the city and the crumbling authority of Bayinnaung's successor Nanda Bayin saw

1170-609: The capital of more land and eventually the largest empire in Indochina. A 1565 rebellion by resettled Shans in Bago burnt down major swaths of the city and the palace complex and the Kanbawzathadi Palace was rebuilt. Bayinnaung, this time, added 20 gates to the city named after the vassal who built it After the 1565 rebellion by resettled Shans in Pegu, he faced no new rebellions for the next two years (1565–1567). Because

1215-589: The city off from the sea. It never regained its previous importance. After the Second Anglo-Burmese War , the British annexed Bago in 1852. In 1862, the province of British Burma was formed, and the capital moved to Yangon . The substantial differences between the colloquial and literary pronunciations, as with Burmese words, was a reason of the British corruption "Pegu". In 1911, Hanthawaddy

1260-509: The district was in Rangoon, which was also the sub-divisional headquarters. The second sub-division had its headquarters at Insein , where there were large railway works. Cultivation was almost wholly confined to rice, but there were many vegetable and fruit gardens. Bago was severely damaged during earthquakes in May and December 1930. The May earthquake killed at least 500 people and triggered

1305-716: The elementary level. This system has been recognized as a model for mother-tongue education in the Burmese national education system, because it enables children taught in the Mon language to integrate into the mainstream Burmese education system at higher education levels. In 2013, it was announced that the Mawlamyine -based Thanlwin Times would begin to carry news in the Mon language, becoming Myanmar's first Mon language publication since 1962. Southern Myanmar (comprising Mon State , Kayin State , and Tanintharyi Region ), from

1350-681: The lingua franca of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287–1539) in present-day Lower Myanmar , which remained a predominantly Mon-speaking region until the 1800s, by which point, the Burmese language had expanded its reach from its traditional heartland in Upper Burma into Lower Burma . The region's language shift from Mon to Burmese has been ascribed to a combination of population displacement, intermarriage, and voluntary changes in self-identification among increasingly Mon–Burmese bilingual populations in throughout Lower Burma. The shift

1395-414: The literacy rate is 99.55%. 17°20′N 96°29′E  /  17.333°N 96.483°E  / 17.333; 96.483 Mon language The Mon language ( / ˈ m oʊ n / , listen ; Mon: ဘာသာမန် [pʰesa mɑn] ; Mon-Thai: ဘာသာမည် [ pʰiəsa moʊn ]; Burmese : မွန်ဘာသာစကား listen ; Thai : ภาษามอญ listen ; formerly known as Peguan and Talaing )

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1440-593: The majority of Mon speakers live in Southern Myanmar, especially Mon State , followed by Tanintharyi Region and Kayin State . Mon is an important language in Burmese history. Until the 12th century, it was the lingua franca of the Irrawaddy valley —not only in the Mon kingdoms of the lower Irrawaddy but also of the upriver Pagan Kingdom of the Bamar people . Mon, especially written Mon, continued to be

1485-555: The much larger kingdom could not muster its resources against. While the kingdom would have a brief resurgence for 2 years in the 1550s, Tabinshwehti's successor Bayinnaung would firmly come to control Bago in 1553. In late 1553, Bago was proclaimed the new capital with commissioning of a new palace, the Kanbawzathadi Palace and Bayinnaung's coronation itself in January 1554. Over the next decade, Bago gradually become

1530-553: The name of a Burmese-Mon kingdom. An alternative etymology from the 1947 Burmese Encyclopedia derives Bago (ပဲခူး) from Wanpeku ( Burmese : ဝမ်းပဲကူး ) as a shortening of Where the Hinthawan Ducks Graze ( Burmese : ဟင်္သာဝမ်းဘဲများ ကူးသန်းကျက်စားရာ အရပ် ). This etymology relies on the non-phonetic Burmese spelling as its main reasoning. Various Mon language chronicles report widely divergent foundation dates of Bago, ranging from 573 CE to 1152 CE while

1575-460: The noun (Pan Hla p. 24): prɛ̤a woman ce beautiful prɛ̤a ce woman beautiful 'beautiful woman' Demonstratives follow the noun: ŋoa day nɔʔ Pyatthat Pyatthat ( Burmese : ပြာသာဒ် , IPA: [pjaʔθaʔ] ; from Sanskrit prāsāda ; Mon : တန်ဆံၚ် IPA: [tan.cʰi̤ŋ] ; also spelt pyathat ) is the name of a multistaged roof, with an odd number of tiers (from three to seven). The pyatthat

1620-650: The province. Hanthawaddy, as it was constituted in 1911, consisted of a vast plain stretching up from the sea between the mouth of the Irrawaddy River and the Pegu Range . Except the tract of land lying between the Pegu Range on the east and the Yangon River , the country was intersected by numerous tidal creeks , many of which were navigable by large boats and some by steamers. The headquarters of

1665-433: The pyatthat was a prominent feature in the royal buildings, which itself symbolized Tavatimsa , a Buddhist heaven. Above the main throne in the king's primary audience hall was a nine-tiered pyatthat, with the tip representing Mount Meru ( မြင်းမိုရ် ) and the lower six tiers representing the six abodes of the devas and of humans . Furthermore, the 12 city gates of Burmese royal capitals were crowned with pyatthats, with

1710-635: The rebellion burned down major swaths of the capital, including the entire palace complex, he had the capital and the palace rebuilt. The new capital had 20 gates, each named after the vassal who built it. Each gate had a gilded two-tier pyatthat and gilded wooden doors. The newly rebuilt Kanbawzathadi Palace was officially opened on 16 March 1568, with every vassal ruler present. He even gave upgraded titles to four former kings living in Pegu: Mobye Narapati of Ava, Sithu Kyawhtin of Ava, Mekuti of Lan Na, and Maha Chakkraphat of Siam. As

1755-504: The urban town has 179,505 people based on the General Administration Department 's estimates. 88.73% of the Township is Bamar with a significant Karen , Mon, Palaung and Burmese Indian population. Buddhists make up 94.2% of the city with Christianity being the second most populous at 4.2%. There are 749 monasteries, 92 nunneries and 134 stupas of various sizes including the tallest pagoda in Myanmar,

1800-610: The variation being the number of tiers called boun ( ဘုံ , from Pali bhumi ). Three-tiered, five-tiered and seven-tiered roofs are called yahma , thooba , and thooyahma , respectively. The usage of the pyatthat began early in Burmese architecture, with examples dating to the Pagan period . Prominent examples from this era that feature the pyatthat include the Ananda Temple and Gawdawpalin Temple In pre-colonial Burma,

1845-572: The verb ပေး ("to give") is colloquially used as a permissive causative marker, like in other Southeast Asian languages, but unlike in other Tibeto-Burman languages. This usage is hardly employed in Upper Burmese varieties, and is considered a sub-standard construct. In 1972, the New Mon State Party (NMSP) established a Mon national school system, which uses Mon as a medium of instruction , in rebel-controlled areas. The system

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1890-837: Was certainly accelerated by the fall of the Mon-speaking Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom in 1757. Following the fall of Pegu (now Bago), many Mon-speaking refugees fled and resettled in what is now modern-day Thailand. By 1830, an estimated 90% of the population in the Lower Burma self-identified as Burmese-speaking Bamars; huge swaths of former Mon-speaking areas, from the Irrawaddy Delta upriver, spanning Bassein (now Pathein) and Rangoon (now Yangon) to Tharrawaddy, Toungoo, Prome (now Pyay) and Henzada (now Hinthada), were now Burmese-speaking. Great Britain's gradual annexation of Burma throughout

1935-405: Was described as a district in the Bago (or Pegu ) division of Lower Burma . It lay in the home district of Yangon , from which the town was detached to make a separate district in 1880. It had an area of 3,023 square miles (7,830 km), with a population of 48,411 in 1901, showing an increase of 22% in the past decade. Hanthawaddy and Hinthada were the two most densely populated districts in

1980-408: Was expanded throughout Mon State following a ceasefire with the central government in 1995. Mon State now operates a multi-track education system, with schools either using Mon as the primary medium of instruction (called Mon national schools) offering modules on the Mon language in addition to the government curriculum (called "mixed schools"). In 2015, Mon language courses were launched state-wide at

2025-543: Was short lived as the royal capital was once again relocated to Ava in 1634 by the next king Thalun to focus on the core of the smaller Burmese empire. In 1740, the Mon revolted and founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom . However, a Bamar king, Alaungpaya , captured the city in May 1757. Bago was rebuilt by King Bodawpaya (r. 1782–1819), but by then the river had shifted course, cutting

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