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65-535: Golgi may refer to: Camillo Golgi (1843–1926), Italian physician and scientist after whom the following terms are named: Golgi apparatus (also called the Golgi body, Golgi complex, or dictyosome), an organelle in a eukaryotic cell Golgi tendon organ , a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ Golgi's method or Golgi stain, a nervous tissue staining technique Golgi alpha-mannosidase II , an enzyme Golgi cell ,

130-567: A different era of advancements in field of electricity and electronics. The museum hosts over 4,000 pieces in its collections, including 300 pieces from the Enel collection, 3,028 pieces from the Sirti collection and over 1,000 pieces from the university's own collection. The collection contains devices such as radiotelephones , power supplies , amplifiers , horn loudspeakers , morse telegraphs , radio transmitters and receivers . In 2017,

195-448: A large number of scientific instruments, anatomical and pathological preparations and samples, historical documents and volumes which are part of the university's history. The museum collection includes Antonio Scarpa's preserved dismembered head. In addition to Scarpa's head, the museum also displays his kidneys and four of his fingers. Other anatomical samples include the aneurysm that killed mathematician Vincenzo Brunacci in 1818,

260-451: A pair of mummies. The Museum Camillo Golgi ( Italian : Museo Camillo Golgi ) was built in honor of Camillo Golgi and his most important discoveries, the black reaction to visualize neurons as well as his studies on malaria . The museum hosts a collection of his scientific publications and instruments used such as syringes , microtomes , microscopes , original photographic plates of histological preparations, all dating back to

325-480: A stain specific for myelin (a specialised membrane which wraps around the axon) using potassium dichromate and mercuric chloride . Using this he discovered the myelin annular apparatus, often called the horny funnel of Golgi-Rezzonico. Golgi studied kidney function during 1882 to 1889. In 1882, he published his observations on the mechanism of renal hypertrophy , which he understood to be due to renal cell proliferation. In 1884, he described tubular cell mitoses in

390-673: A tenured professor in Pavia to pursue teaching and research in neurology. Financial pressure prompted him to join the Hospital of the Chronically Ill (Pio Luogo degli Incurabili) in Abbiategrasso , near Milan, as Chief Medical Officer in 1872. To continue research, he set up a simple laboratory on his own in a refurbished hospital kitchen, and it was there that he started making his most notable discoveries. His major achievement

455-421: A type of interneuron found in the cerebellum Golgi I , a nerve cell with a long axon Golgi II , a nerve cell with a short or no axon Golgi (crater) , a lunar impact crater Córteno Golgi , an Italian village Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Golgi . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

520-586: A variety of plant collections including roses , orchids as well as other plant species native to Lombardy . The Museum of Mineralogy ( Italian : Museo di Mineralogia ) originated from a section dedicated to minerals in the Museum of Natural History. The museum hosts a large collection of rocks and minerals, categorized systematically. The collection also includes minerals from different Italian regions. In 1923. Professor Angelo Bianchi donated rock samples which he had collected earlier in his career. Each sample

585-784: Is a member of the COIMBRA Group and European University Association . It also participates in the Erasmus Programme , which allows student exchanges between the University of Pavia and various universities in Europe. An edict issued by the Frankish king of Italy , Lothar I (ruled 818–55) mentions the existence of a higher education institution at Pavia as early as AD 825. This institution, mainly devoted to ecclesiastical and civil law as well as to divinity studies,

650-609: Is carried out in departments, institutes, clinics, centres and laboratories, in close association with public and private institutions, enterprises, and factories. The university has eighteen departments and nine faculties. The city of Pavia is essentially a city campus, so the campus buildings are located all around the city. The campuses for Faculty of Political Science and Law are located at Old Campus at Via Strada Nuova, near Pavia Cathedral . The campuses for Faculty of Engineering, Pharmacy, Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences are located at Via Ferrata, about 3 km away from

715-500: Is currently located in Palazzo Botta Adorno . The museum hosts multiple collections including: The Museum of Archeology ( Italian : Museo di Archeologia ) had its first collection funded by Pietro Vittorio Aldini in 1819 for education purposes. Now, it houses different collections such as engraved coins and gems from the late Roman empire, Celtic and Byzantine eras, potteries, figurines dating back to 2000 BC and

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780-678: The IUSS , was established, a Higher Learning Institution ( Italian : Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori ) similar to the Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Superiore Sant'Anna in Pisa. The IUSS is the federal body that links the colleges of Pavia which constitute the Pavia University System . Today, the university continues to offer a wide variety of disciplinary and inter-disciplinary teaching. Research

845-568: The Old Campus , which hosts the Faculty of Political Science and Law, is located at Via Strada Nuova. The palace has 9 courtyards — Cortile dei Caduti, Cortile di Volta, Cortile delle Statue, Cortile di Atilia Secundina, Cortile del Miliario, Cortile delle Magnolie, Cortile dei Tassi, Cortile Sforzesco, Cortile Teresiano. The palace also hosts more than 40 lecture theatres, including 8 lecture theatres for Faculty of Law and 10 lecture theatres for

910-468: The 1900s. The museum was set in the same building where he conducted most of his experiments via the Institute of General Pathology. The Pavia Botanical Garden ( Italian : Orto Botanico ), which was established at the end of the 18th century, covers an area of 2 hectares. The botanical gardens host a seed and herbarium bank at its educational center, Bosco Siro Negri Park Reserve. The garden hosts

975-426: The Chronically Ill, he experimented with metal impregnation of nervous tissue, using mainly silver ( silver staining ). In early 1873, he discovered a method of staining nervous tissue that would stain a limited number of cells at random in their entirety. He first treated the tissue with potassium dichromate to harden it, and then with silver nitrate. Under the microscope, the outline of the neuron became distinct from

1040-409: The Faculty of Political Science. The largest lecture theatre in the university is called Aula Magna, where inauguration ceremonies for graduations, white coat ceremonies and conferment of Medaglio Teresiana are held. The palace dates back all the way to the 15th century. Originally, lessons by the university were held in private houses, in convents which provide suitable premises or in the same place as

1105-596: The Medical-Surgical Society of Pavia in April 1898. After the same was confirmed by his assistant Emilio Veratti, he published it in the Bollettino della Società medico-chirurgica di Pavia . However, most scientists disputed his discovery as nothing but a staining artefact. Their microscopes were not powerful enough to identify the organelles. By the 1930s, Golgi's description was largely rejected. It

1170-475: The Nobel Lecture showed the entire granular layer of the cerebellar cortex occupied by a network of branching and anastomosing nerve processes. This was due to his strong conviction in the reticular theory. Golgi's theory was challenged by Ramón y Cajal, who used the same technique developed by Golgi. According to Ramón y Cajal's neurone theory , the nervous system is but a collection of individual cells,

1235-639: The San Matteo Hospital (now IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation). During his internship he briefly worked as a civil physician in the Italian Army, and as assistant surgeon at the Novara Hospital (now Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara). At the same time he was also involved in the medical team for investigating cholera epidemic in villages around Pavia. In 1867, he resumed his academic study under

1300-616: The University of Cambridge, University of Geneva, Kristiania University College, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and Paris-Sorbonne University. In 1994, the European Community commemorated him with postage stamps. In Pavia several landmarks stand as Golgi's memory. University of Pavia The university offers more than 80 undergraduate programs; over 40 master programs, and roughly 20 doctoral programs (including 8 in English). About 1,500 students who enter

1365-687: The University of Pavia as full Professor of histology. From 1879 he also became Professor of General Pathology as well as Honorary Chief ( Primario ad honorarem ) at the San Matteo Hospital. He served as Rector of the University of Pavia twice, first between 1893 and 1896, and second between 1901 and 1909. During the First World War (1914–1917), he directed the military hospital Collegio Borrmeo at Pavia. He retired in 1918 and continued to research in his private laboratory till 1923. He died on 21 January 1926. Golgi and his wife Lina Aletti had no children, and they adopted Golgi's niece Carolina. Golgi

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1430-456: The University of Pavia, and a branch is recently added to one of the university's sites at Via Luino. The university also hosts special collections which are accessible only by appointments. These collections are not accessible by the public: The university offers degree programmes in two languages: The university has one of the most extensive colleges and residence halls in Italy, which house

1495-425: The architect Giuseppe Piermarini and Leopoldo Pollack to oversee the renovations. Giuseppe Piermarini was in charge of the building facade and the courtyards, while Leopoldo Pollack was in charge of the lecture halls. During the 19th century, the university also incorporated the former monastery of Leano, which was donated by Joseph II of Lorena Habsburg and expanded to Via Mentana, these works were entrusted to

1560-526: The architect Giuseppe Marchesi, who also constructed the Aula Magna. In 1932, the university acquired a vast 15th century complex which belonged to San Matteo Hospital , thus completing its expansion. This complex now houses the Department of Molecular Medicine, which is in charge of the health courses. The land where Polo Cravino was built was purchased by the university at end of 1960. The complex

1625-420: The bladder of naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani , who died of kidney cancer in 1799 as well as a plaster cast of Alessandro Volta's unusually large skull. The Museum of Electrical Technology ( Italian : Museo della Tecnica Elettrica ) is intended as a permanent tribute to Alessandro Volta. It has an area of 5,000 sqm, with 3,200 sqm reserved for visitors. It is divided into 5 sections, each section represents

1690-499: The city center, in a building complex called Polo Cravino. The campuses for Faculty of Economics, Department of Psychology and Department of Philosophy are located at the Monastery of San Felice . The campus for Department of Musicology is located at Palazzo Raimondi , Cremona. The campuses for Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine and Surgery are located at Via Forlanini and Via Taramelli, near Policlinico San Matteo . The entrance to

1755-458: The different nervous projections, namely axon from the dendrites . He drew up a new classification of cells on the basis of the structure of their nervous prolongation. He described an extremely dense and intricate network, composed of a web of intertwined branches of axons coming from different cell layers ("diffuse nervous network"). This network structure, which emerges from the axons, is essentially different from that hypothesized by Gerlach. It

1820-536: The duke of Milan , Gian Galeazzo Visconti , becoming the sole university in the Duchy of Milan until the end of the 19th century. Gian Galeazzo worked tirelessly to consolidate the institution and in 1389, he obtained a permission from Pope Boniface IX to teach advanced theology courses. It was divided into two distinct universities — of jurisprudence (teaching civil and canon law courses) and of arts (teaching medicine, philosophy and liberal arts courses). A rector

1885-486: The interstitial stroma of the cerebral cortex. His discovery was published in the Gazzeta Medica Italiani on 2 August 1873. In 1871, a German anatomist Joseph von Gerlach postulated that the brain is a complex "protoplasmic network", in the form of a continuous network called the reticulum. Using his black reaction, Golgi could trace various regions of the cerebro-spinal axis, clearly distinguishing

1950-602: The kidney of a person suffering from tubulointerstitial nephritis , and he noted that the process was an essential part of repairing the kidney tissue. He was the first to dissect out intact nephrons , and show that the distal tubulus ( loop of Henle ) of the nephron returns to its originating glomerulus , a finding that he published in 1889 ("Annotazioni intorno all'Istologia dei reni dell'uomo e di altri mammifieri e sull'istogenesi dei canalicoli oriniferi". Rendiconti R. Acad. Lincei 5: 545–557, 1889). A French Army physician Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran discovered that malaria

2015-520: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golgi&oldid=893942755 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Camillo Golgi Camillo Golgi ( Italian: [kaˈmillo ˈɡɔldʒi] ; 7 July 1843 – 21 January 1926)

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2080-417: The majority of its students. These colleges are: EDISU Pavia is an agency established by the university in order to manage activities and services related to the right of study. It manages 4 refectories and 12 public colleges, which are: The Medaglia teresiana is an academic recognition that establishes the entry of a full professor in the University of Pavia. This award can also be conferred by

2145-491: The municipal building. At the end of the 15th century, Ludovico il Moro assigned a building in Strada Nuova that belonged to Azzone Visconti to the university. Between 1661 and 1671, a major renovation was carried out under the guidance of the architect Ambrogio Pessina . During the 18th century, Maria Theresa of Austria wanted to make some improvements both to the education system and the building, thus she assigned

2210-446: The museum implemented a 3D tactile map for the blind and disabled. The museum also organizes exhibitions and projects with primary and secondary schools. The Museum of Natural History ( Italian : Museo di Storia Naturale ) dates back to 1769 when Lazzaro Spallanzani became professor on Natural History at the University of Pavia. The museum is divided into three sections — Comparative Anatomy, Zoology and Geopaleontology. The museum

2275-500: The neurones, which are interconnected to form a network. In addition to this, Golgi was the first to give clear descriptions of the structure of the cerebellum , hippocampus , spinal cord , olfactory lobe , as well as striatal and cortical lesions in a case of chorea . In 1878, he also discovered a receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension, and is now known as Golgi tendon organ or Golgi receptor; and Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles (pressure transductors). He further developed

2340-594: The poet Eugenio Montale , as well as various autographed editions of the novel the Philosophy of Madonna ( Italian : La Madonna dei filosofi ) by Carlo Emilio Gadda , and an annotated edition of the manuscript for My Cousin Andrea ( Italian : Mio cugino Andrea ) by Romano Bilenchi . The collection preserved by the center covers more than 200 authors. The center is located at the Palazzo Centrale of

2405-590: The status of the university to new heights. Three Nobel Prize winners taught in Pavia — physician Camillo Golgi (at Pavia from 1861), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1906 for his studies on the structure of the nervous system, chemist Giulio Natta (at Pavia between 1933 and 1935) and physicist Carlo Rubbia . In addition, distinguished mathematicians Eugenio Beltrami , Felice Casorati and Luigi Berzolari were regular teachers in Pavia. It

2470-400: The structure of the nerve cells in the brain for the first time. Since cells are selective stained in black, he called the process la reazione nera ("the black reaction"), but today it is called Golgi's method or the Golgi stain. On 16 February 1873, he wrote to his friend Niccolò Manfredi: I am delighted that I have found a new reaction to demonstrate, even to the blind, the structure of

2535-433: The supervision of Cesare Lombroso . Lombroso was a renowned scientist in medical psychology such as genius, madness and criminality. Inspired by Lombroso, Golgi wrote a thesis on the etiology of mental disorders , from which he obtained his M.D. in 1868. He became more interested in experimental medicine, and started attending the Institute of General Pathology headed by Giulio Bizzozero. Three years his junior, Bizzozero

2600-441: The surrounding tissue and cells. The silver chromate precipitate, as a reaction product, selectively stains only some cellular components randomly, sparing other cell parts. The silver chromate particles create a stark black deposit on the soma (nerve cell body) as well as on the axon and all dendrites , providing an exceedingly clear and well-contrasted picture of neuron against a yellow background. This makes it easier to trace

2665-440: The universities, invited prominent scholars to teach there and declared an edict giving serious penalties aimed at preventing students from going elsewhere to study. Towards the 15th century, prominent teachers such as Baldo degli Ubaldi , Lorenzo Valla , Giasone del Maino taught students in the fields of law, philosophy and literary studies. In the same years, Elia di Sabato da Fermo, personal doctor of Filippo Maria Visconti ,

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2730-533: The university every year are international students. The university operates multiple cultural and scientific museums, including the University History Museum , a botanical garden, research centers, university libraries and a university press. The university is also affiliated with Policlinico San Matteo , at which hundreds of medical students from the university perform clinical rotations during their clinical years. The University of Pavia

2795-545: The university had benefited from the presence of many distinguished teachers and scientists who wrote celebrated works and made important discoveries — chemist Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli , mathematician Girolamo Cardano (born in Pavia, 1501–76), physicist Alessandro Volta (chair of natural philosophy 1769–1804), poet Ugo Foscolo (chair of eloquence 1809–10), playwright Vincenzo Monti , jurist Gian Domenico Romagnosi , naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani , mathematician Lorenzo Mascheroni and anatomist Antonio Scarpa . In 1858,

2860-405: The university in 1524. However, during the 16th century, after the university was re-opened, scholars and scientists such as Andrea Alciato and Gerolamo Cardano taught here. During the period in which the duchy of Milan was governed by the kings of Spain, the research and educational activities of the university stagnated, but there were still prominent scholars such as Gerolamo Saccheri who

2925-555: The university was the scene of intense student protests against Austrian rule in northern Italy (through the kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia ). The authorities responded by ordering the university's temporary closure. The incidents at Pavia were typical of the wave of nationalist demonstrations all over Italy that immediately preceded the Unification (1859–66). During the 19th century, the medical, natural science and mathematics schools were graced by prominent scientists who propelled

2990-650: The university's reputation was its distinguished record of public education, epitomized by the establishment of private and public colleges. The oldest colleges, the Collegio Borromeo and Collegio Ghislieri , were built in the 16th century, and in more recent times others were founded through both public and private initiatives — the Collegio Nuovo , the Collegio Santa Caterina and the other eleven colleges managed by EDiSU . In 1997

3055-593: Was a major breakthrough in neuroscience. Several structures and phenomena in anatomy and physiology are named for him, including the Golgi apparatus , the Golgi tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex . Golgi and the Spanish biologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal were jointly given the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906 "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system". Camillo Golgi

3120-671: Was also in the University of Pavia, in 1912, Carlo Forlanini discovered the first successful cure for tuberculosis — artificial pneumothorax . In the 1960s, the Faculty of Economics and Commerce as well as Engineering were added to the current lineup of faculties. During the 20th century, teaching and research activities were carried out by additional prominent scholars such as Pasquale Del Giudice and Arrigo Solmi for law history; Contardo Ferrini and Pietro Bonfante for Roman law; Luigi Cossa and Benvenuto Griziotti for economy, Giacinto Romano for medieval and modern history and Plinio Fraccaro for ancient history. Also critical to

3185-549: Was an Italian biologist and pathologist known for his works on the central nervous system . He studied medicine at the University of Pavia (where he later spent most of his professional career) between 1860 and 1868 under the tutelage of Cesare Lombroso . Inspired by pathologist Giulio Bizzozero , he pursued research in the nervous system. His discovery of a staining technique called black reaction (sometimes called Golgi's method or Golgi's staining in his honour) in 1873

3250-452: Was an eloquent teacher and experimenter, who specialised in histology of the nervous system and the properties of bone marrow . The most important research publications of Golgi were directly or indirectly influenced by Bizzozero. The two became so close that they lived in the same building; and Golgi later married Bizzozero's niece, Lina Aletti. By 1872, Golgi was an established clinician and histopathologist. He, however, had no opportunity as

3315-442: Was born on 7 July 1843 in the village of Corteno near Brescia, in the province of Brescia ( Lombardy ), at the time Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, today Italy. The village is now named Corteno Golgi in his honour. His father Alessandro Golgi was a physician and district medical officer, originally from Pavia. In 1860, he entered the University of Pavia to study medicine, and earned his medical degree in 1865. He did an internship at

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3380-489: Was caused by microscopic parasite (now called Plasmodium falciparum ) in 1880. But scientists were sceptical until Golgi intervened. It was Golgi who helped him prove that malarial parasite was a microscopic protozoan . From 1885, Golgi studied the malarial parasite and its transmission. He established two types of malaria, tertian and quartan fevers caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae respectively. In 1886, he discovered that malarial fever ( paroxysm )

3445-628: Was designed by an architect Giancarlo De Carlo . In 1980, the buildings for Faculty of Engineering, Department of Genetics, lecture halls, laboratories as well as a complex for Institute of Molecular Genetics, under the National Research Council were completed. In 1990, buildings for Department of Mathematics, Department of Earth and Environmental Science and a Computer Center were added. The university also manages multiple points of interest: The University History Museum ( Italian : Museo per la Storia dell'Università ) hosts

3510-401: Was elected every year, normally a student who was over twenty years old. The institution offered bachelor, licentiate and doctoral degrees. Despite the politics and hardships due to wars and pestilence, it experienced great growth and the institution was considered to be prestigious as evidenced by the influx of foreign students at the time. In 1412, Filippo Maria Visconti further consolidated

3575-420: Was formally established on 24 January 1980; however, in 1969, Maria Corti , a professor at the University of Pavia, had an idea to set up a Manuscript Fund ( Italian : Fondo Manoscritti ), dedicated to preserving writings and manuscripts from twentieth-century authors. The center hosts a collection of writings and manuscripts from writers of the last two centuries including manuscripts and papers handwritten by

3640-410: Was irreligious in his later life and became an agnostic atheist. One of his former students attempted an unsuccessful deathbed conversion on him. The Central nervous system was difficult to study during Golgi's time because the cells were hard to identify. The available tissue staining techniques were useless for studying nervous tissue . While working as chief medical officer at the Hospital of

3705-399: Was meticulously described in details in his various scientific publications. The museum also displays a collection of meteorites which fell around Siena at the end of the 18th century and were collected by Lazzaro Spallanzani . The Center of Manuscripts ( Italian : Centro di ricerca sulla tradizione manoscritta di autori moderni e contemporane or Italian : Centro Manuscritto )

3770-525: Was only firmly established 50 years after its discovery, when electron microscopes were developed. Golgi, together with Santiago Ramón y Cajal , received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906 for his studies of the structure of the nervous system. In 1900 he was named senator by King Umberto I . In 1913 he became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . He received honorary doctorates from

3835-417: Was produced by the asexual stage in the human blood (called erythrocytic cycle, or Golgi cycle). In 1889–1890, Golgi and Ettore Marchiafava described the differences between benign tertian malaria and malignant tertian malaria (the latter caused by P. falciparum ). By 1898, along with Giovanni Battista Grassi , Amico Bignami , Giuseppe Bastianelli , Angelo Celli and Marchiafava, he confirmed that malaria

3900-459: Was still involved with the university. The rebirth of the university was, in part, due to the initiatives led by Maria Theresa and Joseph II of the House of Austria , in the second half of the 18th century. The initiatives included massive renovations to the teaching programs, research and structure rehabilitations, which were still retained by the university until now. Throughout its history,

3965-419: Was the development of staining technique for nerve tissue called the black reaction (later the Golgi's method ). He published his major works between 1875 and 1885 in the journal Rivista sperimentale di Freniatria e di medicina legale . In 1875, he joined the faculty of histology at the University of Pavia. In 1879, he was appointed Chair of Anatomy at the University of Siena . But the next year, he returned to

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4030-458: Was the first professor of medicine of the Jewish religion at a European university, while from 1490 a teaching of Hebrew was established at the university. Not many years later, probably in 1511, Leonardo da Vinci studied anatomy together with Marcantonio della Torre , professor of anatomy at the university. During the ongoing Italian War of 1521-6 , the authorities in Pavia were forced to close

4095-401: Was the main organ of the central nervous system according to Golgi. Thus, Golgi presented the reticular theory which states that the brain is a single network of nerve fibres, and not of discrete cells. Although Golgi's earlier works between 1873 and 1885 clearly depicted the axonal connections of cerebellar cortex and olfactory bulb as independent of one another, his later works including

4160-476: Was then selected as the prime educational centre for northern Italy . In 1361, the institution was officially established as a studium generale by the Holy Roman emperor Charles IV , who granted the same teaching privileges enjoyed by the University of Paris and Bologna , allowing the institution to teach canon and civil law, philosophy, medicine and liberal arts. It was then expanded and renovated by

4225-561: Was transmitted by Anopheline mosquito. An organelle in eukaryotic cells now known as Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex, or sometimes simply as Golgi, was discovered by Camillo Golgi. Golgi modified his black reaction using osmium dichromate solution with which he stained the nerve cells ( Purkinje cells ) of the cerebellum of a barn owl. He noticed thread-like networks inside the cells and named them apparato reticolare interno (internal reticular apparatus). Recognising them to be unique cellular components, he presented his discovery before

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