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118-584: Bajoran characters are listed by family name, which is stated first. Joined Trills are listed by the name of the symbiont , which replaces the family name. In March 2019, SyFy rated the Kor as the 3rd greatest Klingon of the Star Trek franchise, behind only Worf and Martok . In the TMP novelization by Gene Roddenberry, Ciana was a vice admiral and part of Commanding Admiral Nogura's inner staff. Her assignment

236-497: A common ancestor about 660,000 years ago. However, a sequencing of the Neanderthal genome in 2010 indicated that Neanderthals did indeed interbreed with anatomically modern humans c. 45,000-80,000 years ago, around the time modern humans migrated out from Africa, but before they dispersed throughout Europe, Asia and elsewhere. The genetic sequencing of a 40,000-year-old human skeleton from Romania showed that 11% of its genome

354-482: A covert data storage device which she gave to Jean-Luc Picard shortly before her death. Bajoran cuisine is not unlike that of many other races. Many Bajorans are fond of hasperat, which is almost identical in taste and texture to that of a large (and often spicy) Earth burrito prepared in a special brine. Jumja sticks are large, dark red, roughly diamond-shaped popsicle-like sweet confectionery treats, though some other races, like Romulans, have commented that they can be

472-532: A fictional species in the science-fiction Star Trek franchise. They are a humanoid extraterrestrial species native to the planet Bajor , who have a long-standing enmity with the Cardassians , owing to decades of subjugation under a military dictatorship which saw many of their species enslaved or forced into exile away from their homeworld. They were first introduced in the 1991 episode " Ensign Ro " of Star Trek: The Next Generation , and subsequently were

590-608: A higher rate of depression. The flow of genes from Neanderthal populations to modern humans was not all one way. Sergi Castellano of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology reported in 2016 that while Denisovan and Neanderthal genomes are more related to each other than they are to us, Siberian Neanderthal genomes show more similarity to modern human genes than do European Neanderthal populations. This suggests Neanderthal populations interbred with modern humans around 100,000 years ago, probably somewhere in

708-467: A little too sweet. In addition to various ales, Bajorans have been known to make an alcoholic beverage known as spring wine, which very much like other wines, has vintage years, and the quality of the wine can vary from year to year, and bottles from a particularly good vintage year can become sought-after collector's items among high-ranking Bajorans. Also, humans serving aboard Deep Space Nine would frequently order Terran seafood dishes with Bajoran Shrimp as

826-485: A number of clear anatomical differences between anatomically modern humans (AMH) and Neanderthal specimens, many relating to the superior Neanderthal adaptation to cold environments. Neanderthal surface to volume ratio was even lower than that among modern Inuit populations, indicating superior retention of body heat. Neanderthals also had significantly larger brains, as shown from brain endocasts, casting doubt on their intellectual inferiority to modern humans. However,

944-596: A person's place in Bajoran society; members of a lower-ranking d'jarra were expected to defer to those of a higher caste. When the Occupation began, the d'jarra system was abolished as the resistance movement encouraged all Bajorans to unite, regardless of caste. When the former Bajoran spiritual leader, Akorem Laan , attempted to reintroduce the caste system, it was rejected because it would have made Bajor ineligible for Federation membership (caste-based discrimination

1062-642: A pivotal element of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and also appeared in Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Picard . The shows' writers initially depicted the Bajorans as an oppressed people who were often forced to live as refugees, whom they likened to a variety of ethnic groups. Rick Berman , who helped to originally conceive them, compared them to "The Kurds , the Palestinians , the Jews in

1180-480: A related lineage. In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 CT scans , of a virtual skull shape of the last common human ancestor to modern humans ( H. sapiens ), representative of the earliest modern humans, and suggested that modern humans arose between 260,000 and 350,000 years ago through a merging of populations in East and South Africa. Between 400,000 years ago and

1298-604: A story about the Provisional Government and its inability to resolve an explosive political revolution. In the immediate aftermath of the Cardassian withdrawal, many characters felt the provisional government would collapse within a matter of weeks, leading to civil war (which the Cardassians might use as an excuse to return to "restore order"). Sisko managed to convince Kai Opaka to declare the support of

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1416-469: A study of the life history of Ar. ramidus that the species provides evidence for a suite of anatomical and behavioral adaptations in very early hominins unlike any species of extant great ape. This study demonstrated affinities between the skull morphology of Ar. ramidus and that of infant and juvenile chimpanzees, suggesting the species evolved a juvenalised or paedomorphic craniofacial morphology via heterochronic dissociation of growth trajectories. It

1534-462: A substitute, since replication issues aside, transporting shrimp from Earth would be impractical, given the travel time involved. Bajor ( / ˈ b eɪ dʒ ɔːr / BAY -jor or / ˈ b eɪ ʒ ɔːr / BAY -zhor ) is the homeworld of the Bajorans. Bajor is a Class M planet with five moons. A day on Bajor lasts 26 hours, and Deep Space Nine also follows a 26-hour day. Bajor's oceans viewed from space appear more green than blue. Bajor,

1652-584: A variety of tasks), "Mylar" (priest or minister, mentioned in " Ties of Blood and Water "), "Vedek" (cardinal, bishop) and " Kai " (equivalent to the pope in Catholic theology or Patriarch in the Eastern Orthodox theology). All these ranks are open both to men and to women, and clerics are free to marry and have children. Vedeks, the second highest level, also make up the Vedek Assembly,

1770-600: Is Kamoyapithecus from the uppermost Oligocene at Eragaleit in the northern Great Rift Valley in Kenya, dated to 24 million years ago. Its ancestry is thought to be species related to Aegyptopithecus , Propliopithecus , and Parapithecus from the Faiyum, at around 35 mya. In 2010, Saadanius was described as a close relative of the last common ancestor of the crown catarrhines, and tentatively dated to 29–28 mya, helping to fill an 11-million-year gap in

1888-504: Is chosen in an election held by the entire Bajoran people, though typically candidates come from the Vedek assembly of high-ranking clerics. He or she also seems to hold a fair amount of political influence on Bajor; the government is headed by a First Minister although Bajorans typically will listen to whatever the Kai says. When Starfleet forces initially arrived at Deep Space Nine , the Kai

2006-445: Is claimed to have been discovered living at the same time period of A. afarensis . There is debate whether A. deyiremeda is a new species or is A. afarensis . Australopithecus prometheus , otherwise known as Little Foot has recently been dated at 3.67 million years old through a new dating technique, making the genus Australopithecus as old as afarensis . Given the opposable big toe found on Little Foot, it seems that

2124-461: Is consistent with recent studies indicating that the divergence of some human alleles dates to one Ma, although this interpretation has been questioned. Neanderthals and AMH Homo sapiens could have co-existed in Europe for as long as 10,000 years, during which AMH populations exploded, vastly outnumbering Neanderthals, possibly outcompeting them by sheer numbers. In 2008, archaeologists working at

2242-429: Is declared "attainted" and can no longer attend Bajoran services, set foot in a temple, or study from an Orb or the Bajoran sacred texts. The hierarchy of the Bajoran faith has never been explained in great detail, though a certain amount is known: Titles in the Bajoran religion include a "Prylar" (roughly equivalent to a Christian monk ), "Ranjen" (a rank falling between Prylars and the next rank, and responsible for

2360-706: Is evidence of a wide diversity of forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the Early and Middle Miocene. The youngest of the Miocene hominoids, Oreopithecus , is from coal beds in Italy that have been dated to 9 million years ago. Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons diverged from the line of great apes some 18–12 mya, and that of orangutans (subfamily Ponginae ) diverged from

2478-467: Is forbidden under Federation law). Bajorans wear large, chained earrings and ear cuffs called d'ja pagh on their right ears, as symbols of their religious faith. Before the war against Cardassian occupation, the earring also symbolized one's d'jarra . Even after the Occupation, there were still different styles of earrings passed down through families, but they had lost their original significance. When Akorem Laan encountered Major Kira, he recognized from

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2596-486: Is intriguing both for its size and its age, being an example of a recent species of the genus Homo that exhibits derived traits not shared with modern humans. In other words, H. floresiensis shares a common ancestor with modern humans, but split from the modern human lineage and followed a distinct evolutionary path. The main find was a skeleton believed to be a woman of about 30 years of age. Found in 2003, it has been dated to approximately 18,000 years old. The living woman

2714-405: Is limited; both poor preservation – rain forest soils tend to be acidic and dissolve bone – and sampling bias probably contribute to this problem. Other hominins probably adapted to the drier environments outside the equatorial belt; and there they encountered antelope, hyenas, dogs, pigs, elephants, horses, and others. The equatorial belt contracted after about 8 million years ago, and there

2832-715: Is seen most completely in the Upper Eocene and lowermost Oligocene fossil beds of the Faiyum depression southwest of Cairo —gave rise to all extant primate species, including the lemurs of Madagascar , lorises of Southeast Asia, galagos or "bush babies" of Africa, and to the anthropoids , which are the Platyrrhines or New World monkeys, the Catarrhines or Old World monkeys, and the great apes, including humans and other hominids. The earliest known catarrhine

2950-523: Is still some debate among academics whether certain African hominid species of this time, such as A. robustus and A. boisei , constitute members of the same genus; if so, they would be considered to be "robust australopiths" while the others would be considered "gracile australopiths". However, if these species do indeed constitute their own genus, then they may be given their own name, Paranthropus . A new proposed species Australopithecus deyiremeda

3068-693: Is supported in part, because some modern humans who live on Flores , the Indonesian island where the skeleton was found, are pygmies . This, coupled with pathological dwarfism, could have resulted in a significantly diminutive human. The other major attack on H. floresiensis as a separate species is that it was found with tools only associated with H. sapiens . The hypothesis of pathological dwarfism, however, fails to explain additional anatomical features that are unlike those of modern humans (diseased or not) but much like those of ancient members of our genus. Aside from cranial features, these features include

3186-495: Is the evolutionary process within the history of primates that led to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family that includes all the great apes . This process involved the gradual development of traits such as human bipedalism , dexterity , and complex language , as well as interbreeding with other hominins (a tribe of the African hominid subfamily), indicating that human evolution

3304-408: Is very little fossil evidence for the split—thought to have occurred around that time—of the hominin lineage from the lineages of gorillas and chimpanzees. The earliest fossils argued by some to belong to the human lineage are Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 Ma) and Orrorin tugenensis (6 Ma), followed by Ardipithecus (5.5–4.4 Ma), with species Ar. kadabba and Ar. ramidus . It has been argued in

3422-629: The Gorillini tribe between 8 and 9 mya; Australopithecine (including the extinct biped ancestors of humans) separated from the Pan genus (containing chimpanzees and bonobos ) 4–7 mya. The Homo genus is evidenced by the appearance of H. habilis over 2 mya, while anatomically modern humans emerged in Africa approximately 300,000 years ago. The evolutionary history of primates can be traced back 65 million years. One of

3540-625: The Late Cretaceous period, with their earliest fossils appearing over 55 mya, during the Paleocene . Primates produced successive clades leading to the ape superfamily, which gave rise to the hominid and the gibbon families; these diverged some 15–20 mya. African and Asian hominids (including orangutans ) diverged about 14 mya. Hominins (including the Australopithecine and Panina subtribes) parted from

3658-493: The Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene , 2.5–2 Ma, when it diverged from the australopithecines with the development of smaller molars and larger brains. One of the first known hominins, it made tools from stone and perhaps animal bones, leading to its name homo habilis (Latin 'handy man') bestowed by discoverer Louis Leakey . Some scientists have proposed moving this species from Homo into Australopithecus due to

List of Star Trek characters (G–M) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3776-468: The Pleistocene played a significant role in human evolution observed via human transitions between subsistence systems. The most significant of these adaptations are bipedalism, increased brain size, lengthened ontogeny (gestation and infancy), and decreased sexual dimorphism . The relationship between these changes is the subject of ongoing debate. Other significant morphological changes included

3894-451: The Star Trek franchise in 2016. recurring thereafter In 2016, the character was ranked as the 94th most important character in service to Starfleet within the Star Trek science fiction universe by Wired . Bajoran The Bajorans (variously pronounced / b ə ˈ dʒ ɔːr ə n z / bə- JOR -ənz , / b æ ˈ dʒ ɔːr ə n z / baj- OR -ənz , / b ə ˈ ʒ ɔːr ə n z / bə- ZHOR -ənz ) are

4012-592: The Star Trek series, including Ro Laren (played by Michelle Forbes ) in The Next Generation as well as a number of others in Deep Space Nine , which was set on a space station near to Bajor, and which featured Bajoran characters such as Kira Nerys ( Nana Visitor ) and Winn Adami ( Louise Fletcher ). According to the fictional storyline of the Star Trek universe, the Bajorans are an ancient species who developed advanced technology before

4130-483: The d'jara system in 2372, Bajor's application for Federation membership was put in jeopardy, as caste-based discrimination was specifically forbidden by the Federation Charter. The non-canon Deep Space Nine Relaunch novels reveal the existence of a form of excommunication from the Bajoran faith: when Kira Nerys interferes in a growing civil war, despite being ordered not to do so by the Vedek Assembly, she

4248-587: The evolution of humanity on Earth . They eventually developed space-faring ships, which took them as far away as the planet of Cardassia . In 2318 the Cardassian Union , which had been taken over by a military dictatorship , invaded Bajor, occupying it for fifty years, during which time they forced many Bajorans into slave labor , using them in their various mining operations. This forced many Bajorans to flee and live in refugee camps away from Cardassian domination, while other Bajorans became involved in

4366-466: The fossil record , cranial capacity had doubled to 850 cm . (Such an increase in human brain size is equivalent to each generation having 125,000 more neurons than their parents.) It is believed that H. erectus and H. ergaster were the first to use fire and complex tools, and were the first of the hominin line to leave Africa, spreading throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe between 1.3 to 1.8 million years ago . According to

4484-751: The "Will of the Prophets". Meditation and prayer (either in groups or privately) are commonly used, but not strictly observed. There are some orthodox groups within the religion who take a rather dim view of science (more specifically a scientific interpretation of the wormhole) and the beliefs of other species, but this is a small minority, with relatively little support among the people. In the Next Generation episode " The Next Phase ", Ro Laren mentions that some traditional Bajoran funeral rites can go on for over three hours. Bajoran women cry out their grief at Funerals—similar to Irish keening . Prior to

4602-500: The 1940s, the boat people from Haiti —unfortunately, the homeless and terrorism are problems in every age." Ronald D. Moore similarly commented, "depending on the episode, you could also call Bajor Israel , or Iran , or even America and the Cardassians could be Germans , or Russians or several other examples   ... [but] we don't really try to make Bajor a direct analogy to any specific contemporary country or people." Various Bajoran characters were included in several of

4720-525: The Australopithecine and Panina subtribes) parted from the Gorillini tribe (gorillas) between 8 and 9 mya; Australopithecine (including the extinct biped ancestors of humans) separated from the Pan genus (containing chimpanzees and bonobos) 4–7 mya. The Homo genus is evidenced by the appearance of H. habilis over 2 mya, while anatomically modern humans emerged in Africa approximately 300,000 years ago. Species close to

4838-518: The Bajoran people, especially when the Federation was initially invited to administer Deep Space Nine . This latent anger lead to the formation of the Circle , an anti Non Bajorian movement which almost succeeded in capturing Deep Space Nine -until the "Circle" was exposed as being secretly supported by the Cardassians so that a Bajor without Federation Support would be severely weakened. In 2369,

List of Star Trek characters (G–M) - Misplaced Pages Continue

4956-596: The Bajoran religious hierarchy for the new government, which prevented it from outright collapsing. In the early seasons of the TV series the provisional government is shaky and precarious, but over time by the later seasons of the TV series it grew more stable, particularly after the election of First Minister Shakaar. The Bajoran Militia was the military arm of the Bajoran Provisional Government, originally made up of many former resistance fighters from

5074-553: The Cardassian civilian authorities ordered the military to withdraw from Bajor, after which the Bajoran Provisional Government invited the United Federation of Planets to set up base on the former Cardassian mining station of Terok Nor, renaming it Deep Space Nine , and requesting membership into the Federation. In 2369, when Commander (later Captain ) Benjamin Sisko was assigned command of DS9, one of his instructions

5192-602: The Celestial Temple (the space station Deep Space Nine). In the fight, a Prophet possessed the (willing) body of Kira Nerys while the Pagh Wraith possessed the (unwilling) body of Jake Sisko . In " Tears of the Prophets "; Gul Dukat unleashed a Pagh Wraith from an ancient relic that possessed his body. While possessed, Dukat proceeded to kill Jadzia Dax and use the Orb of Contemplation on Deep Space Nine to enable

5310-483: The Celestial Temple by the Bajoran people. The Prophets experience time differently, with their first (known) encounter with corporeal beings (Benjamin Sisko) resulting in a long and confusing conversation as to how linear time works. Their motives remain unclear; on several occasions they proclaim their disinterest in the physical world, though they do repeatedly intervene on behalf of Bajor and its people. The Prophets are

5428-834: The Early Pleistocene, 1.5–1 Ma, some populations of Homo habilis are thought to have evolved larger brains and to have made more elaborate stone tools; these differences and others are sufficient for anthropologists to classify them as a new species, Homo erectus —in Africa. The evolution of locking knees and the movement of the foramen magnum are thought to be likely drivers of the larger population changes. This species also may have used fire to cook meat. Richard Wrangham notes that Homo seems to have been ground dwelling, with reduced intestinal length, smaller dentition, and "brains [swollen] to their current, horrendously fuel-inefficient size", and hypothesizes that control of fire and cooking, which released increased nutritional value,

5546-518: The Indonesian island of Java. He originally named the material Anthropopithecus erectus (1892–1893, considered at this point as a chimpanzee-like fossil primate) and Pithecanthropus erectus (1893–1894, changing his mind as of based on its morphology, which he considered to be intermediate between that of humans and apes). Years later, in the 20th century, the German physician and paleoanthropologist Franz Weidenreich (1873–1948) compared in detail

5664-630: The Kai or the First Minister. For example, even the politically ambitious Kai Winn sought religious guidance from the Emissary, and Akorem Laan was able to single-handedly reinstate the observance of the obsolete D'Jarra caste system in 2372 when he briefly claimed the title of Emissary. The Pagh Wraiths (also spelled Pah Wraiths), Bajoran for Soul Wraiths, are the enemies of the Bajoran Prophets . Bajoran religious texts state that

5782-603: The Kosst Amojan which acts as a key. Winn, who had briefly abandoned her faith in the Prophets after she had a vision from the Pagh Wraiths, ultimately undergoes a change of heart, but she is killed by Dukat as she tries to stop him. The wraiths are defeated when, with help from the Prophets, Sisko casts himself, Dukat and the Kosst Amojan into the Fire Caves, destroying the ancient book; Dukat is trapped forever with

5900-455: The Near East. Studies of a Neanderthal child at Gibraltar show from brain development and tooth eruption that Neanderthal children may have matured more rapidly than Homo sapiens . H. floresiensis , which lived from approximately 190,000 to 50,000 years before present (BP), has been nicknamed the hobbit for its small size, possibly a result of insular dwarfism . H. floresiensis

6018-554: The Occupation of Bajor. The structure was comparable to that of an Earth army, with similar ranks. Bajoran officers were organized by divisional specialty, wearing different uniform colors for each (similar to Starfleet ). Flag officers wear a more elaborate version of the normal duty uniform. Officers of the Militia were usually graduates of the Bajoran Military Academy, although many commissions were awarded on

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6136-589: The Orb of Prophecy and Change, which was kept on Bajor; the Orbs of Contemplation and of Time, which the Cardassians returned to Bajor; the Orb of Wisdom, which the Ferengi sold to Bajor; and the Orb of the Emissary, which Sisko found. A non-canonical novel names the other five Orbs as the Orbs of Memory, Destiny, Souls, Truth, and Unity. The Bajoran people were originally divided into castes , called d'jarras , that dictated

6254-505: The Orbs—alien objects believed to have been sent by the Prophets (the gods)—each of which has a unique ability such as the Orb of Time, which allows those viewing it to revisit past events. Nine orbs have been discovered over the centuries (plus the Orb of the Emissary, during the final season episode " Shadows and Symbols "); eight were seized by the Cardassians during the Occupation. In the series there are ten orbs although only five are named:

6372-454: The Pagh Wraith to re-enter the wormhole and seal the entrance. However, when Sisko found the Orb of the Emissary some months later (in " Shadows and Symbols "), the wormhole reopened, and the Pagh Wraith was again cast out. In the series finale, " What You Leave Behind ", Dukat and Winn Adami attempt to free the Pagh Wraiths from their prison by deciphering an ancient text written in the Book of

6490-507: The Pagh Wraiths as the True Prophets, but they are generally shunned as outcasts and heretics. Despite this, the cult of the Pagh Wraiths became more popular on Bajor as an alternative religion to that of the Prophets, after many Bajorans felt the Prophets had abandoned them due to the closure of the wormhole. For a time, Dukat even formed his own Pagh Wraith cult on the abandoned space station Empok Nor , with himself as leader. Like

6608-540: The Pagh Wraiths once resided in the Celestial Temple (the Bajoran wormhole ) alongside the Prophets and, like them, are non-corporeal beings. However, they were expelled from the Celestial Temple and banished to the Fire Caves on Bajor . According to ancient Bajoran texts, the Pagh Wraiths were "false Prophets". Whereas the Prophets are analogous to angels or even gods, the Pagh Wraiths are analogous to demons. Similarly to Christianity's Satan , Kosst Amojan ("The Evil One")

6726-408: The Pagh Wraiths while Sisko becomes part of the Prophets. The provisional government was set up after the occupation of Bajor by Cardassia ended in 2369. It consisted of a council of elected officials headed by the First Minister and was responsible for administration of the planet and to a certain extent Deep Space Nine. A three-part arc, " The Homecoming ", " The Circle ", and " The Siege ", featured

6844-580: The Pagh of another by pinching the lobe of one's ear, though many find this scrutiny to be slightly unsettling. One's Pagh can also be stolen by the Pagh Wraiths, members of the race of "wormhole aliens" who have been expelled from the wormhole. The Wraiths, also known as Kosst Amojan (Bajoran for "to be expelled"), work against the Prophets, trying to enforce their own claim that they are the true gods of Bajor. Religious practices are unclear. The Bajoran religion involves regular services which are intended to teach

6962-445: The Prophets, and the enigmatic beings spoke to him on several other occasions, either to deliver a message or fulfill a task. Although his role was never entirely clear (and Sisko himself was visibly uncomfortable with it for the first few years), the Bajorans respected and admired Sisko as their Emissary, and he carried Bajor through several hardships. In this respect, the Emissary nominally holds even more religious and secular power than

7080-416: The Prophets, they are able to induce visions in corporeal beings, appearing as familiar figures as the Prophets do in such visions. The Pagh Wraiths long for revenge against the Prophets who cast them out of the Celestial Temple (the wormhole), even going so far as to possess the bodies of corporeal beings to further their goals: Keiko O'Brien , wife of Deep Space Nine 's Chief of Operations Miles O'Brien ,

7198-659: The Toba catastrophe; however, nearby H. floresiensis survived it. The early phase of H. erectus , from 1.8 to 1.25 Ma, is considered by some to be a separate species, H. ergaster , or as H. erectus ergaster , a subspecies of H. erectus . Many paleoanthropologists now use the term Homo ergaster for the non-Asian forms of this group, and reserve H. erectus only for those fossils that are found in Asia and meet certain skeletal and dental requirements which differ slightly from H. ergaster . In Africa in

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7316-471: The absence of aggressive canine morphology in Ar. ramidus and the implications this has for the evolution of hominin social psychology, they wrote: Of course Ar. ramidus differs significantly from bonobos, bonobos having retained a functional canine honing complex. However, the fact that Ar. ramidus shares with bonobos reduced sexual dimorphism, and a more paedomorphic form relative to chimpanzees, suggests that

7434-439: The ancestral hominin line. There is yet no consensus as to which of these groups should be considered a separate species and which should be subspecies; this may be due to the dearth of fossils or to the slight differences used to classify species in the genus Homo . The Sahara pump theory (describing an occasionally passable "wet" Sahara desert) provides one possible explanation of the intermittent migration and speciation in

7552-405: The ancient forest and woodland ecosystems of late Miocene and early Pliocene Africa. Consequently, they argue that humans may not represent evolution from a chimpanzee-like ancestor as has traditionally been supposed. This suggests many modern human adaptations represent phylogenetically deep traits and that the behavior and morphology of chimpanzees may have evolved subsequent to the split with

7670-425: The basis of demonstrated skills and merit of the soldiers who were part of the resistance against the occupation. The Militia jointly operated Deep Space Nine with Starfleet. From 2369 to 2375 the station was commanded by a Starfleet command level officer and the executive officer was a Militia member. When the station's commander, Captain Sisko, disappeared in late 2375, his executive, Colonel Kira, took command. It

7788-430: The body stops producing endorphins lest they rise to toxic levels, and the baby will have to be born at a later time (" The Begotten "). Bajoran tradition places the family name before the given name . Thus, Kira Nerys is called Major Kira (not Major Nerys); likewise, Ro Laren (Ensign Ro). Bajorans typically consider it an honor when they are addressed correctly by offworlders. Bajorans' spiritual lives center around

7906-571: The characters of Dubois' Java Man , then named Pithecanthropus erectus , with the characters of the Peking Man , then named Sinanthropus pekinensis . Weidenreich concluded in 1940 that because of their anatomical similarity with modern humans it was necessary to gather all these specimens of Java and China in a single species of the genus Homo , the species H. erectus . Homo erectus lived from about 1.8 Ma to about 70,000 years ago – which would indicate that they were probably wiped out by

8024-510: The committee which is responsible for the spiritual issues of the Bajoran people. A new Kai is elected by the Vedek Assembly (loosely analogous to how the College of Cardinals elects a new pope) from among those in the Assembly. The Kai is the spiritual leader. She or he has a great deal of influence on the Bajoran government despite having no official power. After Kai Opaka departed in 2369,

8142-401: The common ancestor they share with humans. The genus Australopithecus evolved in eastern Africa around 4 million years ago before spreading throughout the continent and eventually becoming extinct 2 million years ago. During this time period various forms of australopiths existed, including Australopithecus anamensis , A. afarensis , A. sediba , and A. africanus . There

8260-465: The creators of sacred objects called Orbs or "Tears of the Prophets". The orbs induce visions ("Orb Experiences") in people. Another aspect of the religion is that of the Pagh (immortal soul). If a person has followed the will of the Prophets, their Pagh is "clean" and they will be permitted to enter the Celestial Temple and dwell with the Prophets. Bajoran spiritual leaders such as Kais and Vedeks can feel

8378-529: The death of the Bajoran First Minister, reneging on an agreement the previous government had made with several destitute Bajoran farmers and risking civil war in the process. Major Kira of DS9 convinced her old friend and resistance cell leader Shakaar Edon to run for election in opposition to Kai Winn to block her from obtaining total control of the Bajoran government. Kai Winn withdrew when Kira threatened to expose Winn's duplicity, and Shakaar

8496-408: The developmental and social adaptations evident in bonobos may be of assistance in future reconstructions of early hominin social and sexual psychology. In fact the trend towards increased maternal care, female mate selection and self-domestication may have been stronger and more refined in Ar. ramidus than what we see in bonobos. The authors argue that many of the basic human adaptations evolved in

8614-402: The distribution of stone tools), and faster spread of social and technological innovations. All these may have all contributed to modern Homo sapiens replacing Neanderthal populations by 28,000 BP. Earlier evidence from sequencing mitochondrial DNA suggested that no significant gene flow occurred between H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens , and that the two were separate species that shared

8732-478: The divergence point of the mtDNA was unexpectedly deep in time, the full genomic sequence suggested the Denisovans belonged to the same lineage as Neanderthals, with the two diverging shortly after their line split from the lineage that gave rise to modern humans. Modern humans are known to have overlapped with Neanderthals in Europe and the Near East for possibly more than 40,000 years, and the discovery raises

8850-472: The earlier dispersed H. erectus . This migration and origin theory is usually referred to as the "recent single-origin hypothesis" or "out of Africa" theory. H. sapiens interbred with archaic humans both in Africa and in Eurasia, in Eurasia notably with Neanderthals and Denisovans. The Toba catastrophe theory , which postulates a population bottleneck for H. sapiens about 70,000 years ago,

8968-402: The election of a new Kai from the members of the Vedek Assembly led to the election of Kai Winn, who remained Kai until her demise in 2375. The central figure in the Bajoran faith is known as "the Emissary", a being believed to be sent by the Prophets to aid Bajor. Benjamin Sisko, a human Starfleet officer, filled this role when he made first contact with the beings believed by the Bajorans to be

9086-566: The events of Deep Space Nine , Bajoran society was socially stratified ; by religious edict, a person's place in society was determined by their caste (or d'jara ) (Kira Nerys would have been an artist if not for the Cardassian occupation). When the Cardassian Empire occupied Bajor, the d'jara system was abandoned so all Bajoran citizens could become soldiers and fight in the Resistance. When Akorem Laan attempted to reinstate

9204-484: The evolution of a power and precision grip , a change first occurring in H. erectus . Bipedalism , (walking on two legs), is the basic adaptation of the hominid and is considered the main cause behind a suite of skeletal changes shared by all bipedal hominids. The earliest hominin, of presumably primitive bipedalism, is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin , both of which arose some 6 to 7 million years ago. The non-bipedal knuckle-walkers,

9322-404: The eyes. Despite their human-like appearance, there are several biological differences between the two species. During pregnancy, Bajoran women experience uncontrollable sneezing fits in lieu of morning sickness. Bajoran women gestate for five months, as opposed to the nine months of human women, due to high vascularization between the fetus and the mother. As a result, any attempt to remove

9440-405: The fetus prematurely, especially during the later stages of pregnancy, would cause massive blood loss to the mother and severe distress to the baby (" Body Parts "). During childbirth, Bajoran women must be completely relaxed. Their body produces endorphins during labor, and thus they commonly feel little or no pain during the process. Typically, labor only lasts an hour, but if it goes on too long,

9558-550: The forerunner of anatomically modern humans , evolved in the Middle Paleolithic between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. Recent DNA evidence suggests that several haplotypes of Neanderthal origin are present among all non-African populations, and Neanderthals and other hominins, such as Denisovans, may have contributed up to 6% of their genome to present-day humans, suggestive of a limited interbreeding between these species . According to some anthropologists,

9676-594: The form of bones in the wrist, forearm, shoulder, knees, and feet. Additionally, this hypothesis fails to explain the find of multiple examples of individuals with these same characteristics, indicating they were common to a large population, and not limited to one individual. In 2016, fossil teeth and a partial jaw from hominins assumed to be ancestral to H. floresiensis were discovered at Mata Menge , about 74 km (46 mi) from Liang Bua. They date to about 700,000 years ago and are noted by Australian archaeologist Gerrit van den Bergh for being even smaller than

9794-1002: The fossil record. In the Early Miocene , about 22 million years ago, the many kinds of arboreally -adapted (tree-dwelling) primitive catarrhines from East Africa suggest a long history of prior diversification. Fossils at 20 million years ago include fragments attributed to Victoriapithecus , the earliest Old World monkey. Among the genera thought to be in the ape lineage leading up to 13 million years ago are Proconsul , Rangwapithecus , Dendropithecus , Limnopithecus , Nacholapithecus , Equatorius , Nyanzapithecus , Afropithecus , Heliopithecus , and Kenyapithecus , all from East Africa. The presence of other generalized non-cercopithecids of Middle Miocene from sites far distant, such as Otavipithecus from cave deposits in Namibia, and Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus from France, Spain and Austria,

9912-538: The genomes of modern humans outside Africa. HLA haplotypes from Denisovans and Neanderthal represent more than half the HLA alleles of modern Eurasians, indicating strong positive selection for these introgressed alleles. Corinne Simoneti at Vanderbilt University, in Nashville and her team have found from medical records of 28,000 people of European descent that the presence of Neanderthal DNA segments may be associated with

10030-641: The genus Homo . Based on archaeological and paleontological evidence, it has been possible to infer, to some extent, the ancient dietary practices of various Homo species and to study the role of diet in physical and behavioral evolution within Homo . Some anthropologists and archaeologists subscribe to the Toba catastrophe theory , which posits that the supereruption of Lake Toba on Sumatra in Indonesia some 70,000 years ago caused global starvation, killing

10148-820: The higher body mass of Neanderthals may have required larger brain mass for body control. Also, recent research by Pearce, Stringer , and Dunbar has shown important differences in brain architecture. The larger size of the Neanderthal orbital chamber and occipital lobe suggests that they had a better visual acuity than modern humans, useful in the dimmer light of glacial Europe. Neanderthals may have had less brain capacity available for social functions . Inferring social group size from endocranial volume (minus occipital lobe size) suggests that Neanderthal groups may have been limited to 120 individuals, compared to 144 possible relationships for modern humans. Larger social groups could imply that modern humans had less risk of inbreeding within their clan, trade over larger areas (confirmed in

10266-602: The last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans may be represented by Nakalipithecus fossils found in Kenya and Ouranopithecus found in Greece. Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas, and then the chimpanzees (genus Pan ) split off from the line leading to the humans. Human DNA is approximately 98.4% identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms (see human evolutionary genetics ). The fossil record, however, of gorillas and chimpanzees

10384-413: The later fossils. A small number of specimens from the island of Luzon , dated 50,000 to 67,000 years ago, have recently been assigned by their discoverers, based on dental characteristics, to a novel human species, H. luzonensis . H. sapiens (the adjective sapiens is Latin for "wise" or "intelligent") emerged in Africa around 300,000 years ago, likely derived from H. heidelbergensis or

10502-598: The majority of humans and creating a population bottleneck that affected the genetic inheritance of all humans today. The genetic and archaeological evidence for this remains in question however. A 2023 genetic study suggests that a similar human population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 100,000 survivors occurred "around 930,000 and 813,000 years ago ... lasted for about 117,000 years and brought human ancestors close to extinction." Homo habilis lived from about 2.8 to 1.4 Ma. The species evolved in South and East Africa in

10620-494: The morphology of its skeleton being more adapted to living in trees rather than walking on two legs like later hominins. In May 2010, a new species, Homo gautengensis , was discovered in South Africa. These are proposed species names for fossils from about 1.9–1.6 Ma, whose relation to Homo habilis is not yet clear. The first fossils of Homo erectus were discovered by Dutch physician Eugene Dubois in 1891 on

10738-654: The oldest known primate-like mammal species, the Plesiadapis , came from North America; another, Archicebus , came from China . Other similar basal primates were widespread in Eurasia and Africa during the tropical conditions of the Paleocene and Eocene . David R. Begun concluded that early primates flourished in Eurasia and that a lineage leading to the African apes and humans, including to Dryopithecus , migrated south from Europe or Western Asia into Africa. The surviving tropical population of primates—which

10856-486: The other great apes at about 12 million years; there are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a so-far-unknown Southeast Asian hominoid population, but fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 mya. Hominidae subfamily Homininae (African hominids) diverged from Ponginae (orangutans) about 14 mya. Hominins (including humans and

10974-764: The possibility that Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans may have co-existed and interbred. The existence of this distant branch creates a much more complex picture of humankind during the Late Pleistocene than previously thought. Evidence has also been found that as much as 6% of the DNA of some modern Melanesians derive from Denisovans, indicating limited interbreeding in Southeast Asia. Alleles thought to have originated in Neanderthals and Denisovans have been identified at several genetic loci in

11092-477: The recent African origin theory, modern humans evolved in Africa possibly from H. heidelbergensis , H. rhodesiensis or H. antecessor and migrated out of the continent some 50,000 to 100,000 years ago, gradually replacing local populations of H. erectus , Denisova hominins , H. floresiensis , H. luzonensis and H. neanderthalensis , whose ancestors had left Africa in earlier migrations. Archaic Homo sapiens ,

11210-515: The religion, though treated as supernatural, can also be understood as beings in the material world accessible by scientific observations. The Prophets , or "the wormhole aliens" (as they are referred to by most non-Bajorans) exist within the wormhole connecting the Alpha and Gamma Quadrants, the Alpha Quadrant end being located within the Bajoran solar system. This wormhole is referred to as

11328-476: The resistance movement, organising terrorist attacks against Cardassian targets. The Federation could not intervene in the situation, due to Prime Directive considerations; since Bajor had formally aligned itself with the Cardassians some time before, it was considered an internal matter between the Cardassian Union and a member/subject planet. This caused some resentment towards the Federation by

11446-583: The second interglacial period in the Middle Pleistocene , around 250,000 years ago, the trend in intra-cranial volume expansion and the elaboration of stone tool technologies developed, providing evidence for a transition from H. erectus to H. sapiens . The direct evidence suggests there was a migration of H. erectus out of Africa , then a further speciation of H. sapiens from H. erectus in Africa. A subsequent migration (both within and out of Africa) eventually replaced

11564-429: The seventh planet in the system, orbits the star Bajor-B'hava'el in the Bajoran sector. Other inhabited planets in the Bajoran star system include Andros (Bajor VIII), a Class K planet (similar to Mars ) and the fifth moon of Bajor, Jeraddo. The Bajoran religion, also called The Way of the Prophets, is a major unifying force on the planet. This religion is unusual in that the deities and other phenomena associated with

11682-566: The site of Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains of Siberia uncovered a small bone fragment from the fifth finger of a juvenile member of another human species, the Denisovans. Artifacts, including a bracelet, excavated in the cave at the same level were carbon dated to around 40,000 BP. As DNA had survived in the fossil fragment due to the cool climate of the Denisova Cave, both mtDNA and nuclear DNA were sequenced. While

11800-404: The specimen was a good climber. It is thought given the night predators of the region that he built a nesting platform at night in the trees in a similar fashion to chimpanzees and gorillas. The earliest documented representative of the genus Homo is Homo habilis , which evolved around 2.8  million years ago , and is arguably the earliest species for which there is positive evidence of

11918-467: The start of the Dominion War, Bajor officially declared their neutrality (" Call to Arms "), although many Bajorans joined Starfleet and, as well, a new resistance to the occupation of Deep Space Nine was formed. Like many aliens on Star Trek , the Bajorans are human-like in appearance, but have a distinctive symmetrical facial feature: a series of horizontal ridges on the bridge of the nose between

12036-412: The style of her earring that she is a member of the artisan d'jarra , even though she was a member of the military, and she explained that the different styles of earring no longer signified anything. Ro Laren lost her faith because of her experiences while a Cardassian Prisoner; yet, still defiantly Bajoran, she wears her d'ja pagh on her left ear. It's later discovered that Ro also used her earring as

12154-668: The transition to behavioral modernity with the development of symbolic culture, language, and specialized lithic technology happened around 50,000 years ago (beginning of the Upper Paleolithic ), although others point to evidence of a gradual change over a longer time span during the Middle Paleolithic. Homo sapiens is the only extant species of its genus, Homo . While some (extinct) Homo species might have been ancestors of Homo sapiens , many, perhaps most, were likely "cousins", having speciated away from

12272-402: The use of stone tools. The brains of these early hominins were about the same size as that of a chimpanzee, although it has been suggested that this was the time in which the human SRGAP2 gene doubled, producing a more rapid wiring of the frontal cortex. During the next million years a process of rapid encephalization occurred, and with the arrival of Homo erectus and Homo ergaster in

12390-535: Was Neanderthal, implying the individual had a Neanderthal ancestor 4–6 generations previously, in addition to a contribution from earlier interbreeding in the Middle East. Though this interbred Romanian population seems not to have been ancestral to modern humans, the finding indicates that interbreeding happened repeatedly. All modern non-African humans have about 1% to 4% (or 1.5% to 2.6% by more recent data) of their DNA derived from Neanderthals. This finding

12508-484: Was Vedek Winn Adami —a member of a small conservative order on Bajor who harbored anti- Federation feelings. The other was Vedek Bareil Antos , who counseled then-Vedek Winn and convinced her to adopt a more conciliatory attitude toward the Federation and Commander Sisko. Bareil was considered the most likely candidate to succeed Kai Opaka, but political maneuvering by Kai Winn forced him to resign his candidacy. Kai Winn later tried to consolidate her hold on power after

12626-497: Was a Prophet who was forced out of the Celestial Temple after a failed attempt to seize control, with the other Pagh Wraiths, which are similar to fallen angels in Christianity. In several other incidents, the Pagh Wraiths attempted to leave their physical prison (the "Caves of Fire") and return to take control of the Celestial Temple, but none of these attempts succeeded. There continues to be a minority group on Bajor who worship

12744-464: Was a woman named Opaka Sulan . She introduced Commander Sisko to an Orb or Tear of the Prophets , and was the first to refer to him openly as "the Emissary". Opaka was officially declared missing during an escorted trip through the Bajoran wormhole, when she discovered two feuding Gamma Quadrant races and elected to remain with them in hopes of negotiating a peaceful resolution to their conflict. In time, two leading candidates emerged to succeed her. One

12862-479: Was also argued that the species provides support for the notion that very early hominins, akin to bonobos ( Pan paniscus ) the less aggressive species of the genus Pan , may have evolved via the process of self-domestication . Consequently, arguing against the so-called "chimpanzee referential model" the authors suggest it is no longer tenable to use chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) social and mating behaviors in models of early hominin social evolution. When commenting on

12980-601: Was as xenopsychologist to nonhuman species in Starfleet Command , and she also served as Nogura's personal representative to the "new human" groups on Earth. She was a last-minute addition to the Enterprise crew, which needed an officer trained in her xenopsychiatric specialty. Her death was a terrific blow to James T. Kirk , with whom she had lived for one year after the Enterprise ' s five-year mission. Time rated Lursa and B'Etor, second best villains of

13098-453: Was briefly possessed by a Pagh Wraith in a nearly successful attempt to destroy the Prophets (episode: " The Assignment "); Miles instead directed the energy charge at Keiko O'Brien which destroyed the evil spirit and freed his wife. In the episode " The Reckoning ", the Emissary ( Benjamin Sisko ) released a Pagh Wraith and a Prophet from an ancient artifact. These beings fought on the Gates to

13216-549: Was controversial from its first proposal in the 1990s and by the 2010s had very little support. Distinctive human genetic variability has arisen as the result of the founder effect , by archaic admixture and by recent evolutionary pressures . Since Homo sapiens separated from its last common ancestor shared with chimpanzees , human evolution is characterized by a number of morphological , developmental , physiological , behavioral , and environmental changes. Environmental (cultural) evolution discovered much later during

13334-582: Was elected to the post of First Minister. Later, at the beginning of the Dominion War , Captain Sisko convinced Kai Winn, as well as the Council of Ministers, to sign a non-aggression treaty with the Dominion; Sisko wanted to ensure Bajor was kept out of the fighting so everything they had accomplished in the past five years wouldn't be destroyed by the war. Human evolution Human evolution

13452-411: Was estimated to be one meter in height, with a brain volume of just 380 cm (considered small for a chimpanzee and less than a third of the H. sapiens average of 1400 cm ). However, there is an ongoing debate over whether H. floresiensis is indeed a separate species. Some scientists hold that H. floresiensis was a modern H. sapiens with pathological dwarfism. This hypothesis

13570-471: Was not linear but weblike. The study of the origins of humans involves several scientific disciplines, including physical and evolutionary anthropology , paleontology , and genetics ; the field is also known by the terms anthropogeny , anthropogenesis , and anthropogony . (The latter two terms are sometimes used to refer to the related subject of hominization .) Primates diverged from other mammals about 85  million years ago ( mya ), in

13688-647: Was said in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode " Rapture " that if Bajor joins the United Federation of Planets , most of the Bajoran Militia would be absorbed into Starfleet . In the non-canonical relaunch novel Unity , this happened in 2376. Notable members of the Bajoran Militia included Major Kira and Odo . The Kai / k aɪ / is the spiritual leader of the Bajoran people. This individual could be either male or female, could be married, and could have children. The Kai

13806-531: Was the key adaptation that separated Homo from tree-sleeping Australopithecines. These are proposed as species intermediate between H. erectus and H. heidelbergensis . H. heidelbergensis ("Heidelberg Man") lived from about 800,000 to about 300,000 years ago. Also proposed as Homo sapiens heidelbergensis or Homo sapiens paleohungaricus . Homo neanderthalensis , alternatively designated as Homo sapiens neanderthalensis , lived in Europe and Asia from 400,000 to about 28,000 years ago. There are

13924-500: Was to prepare Bajor for full membership into the Federation (pilot episode: " Emissary "). This was a long-running theme during the rest of the series. In 2373, with the Dominion War on the horizon, Bajor asks to be admitted to the Federation under special circumstances. Sisko, acting as Emissary of the Prophets, warned that if Bajor were to join the Federation at that time, it would mean the destruction of that world. With this warning, Bajor decided not to accept membership at that time. At

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