Palestine Israel Jordan Lebanon Syria Turkey ( Hatay Province )
112-515: Gabrielli is a surname originating in Italy. Due to Italian diaspora , it is also common in other countries such as the United States , Brazil , Argentina , Uruguay , Chile and France . The surname Gabrielli derives from the given name Gabriello (a variation of the common given name Gabriele) and it means "son of Gabriello". A common surname variation is Gabrieli . Notable people with
224-533: A coup d'état on October 7, 1970, but a few hundred Italian settlers returned to Libya in the 2000s (decade). Somalia had some 50,000 Italian Somali settlers during World War II, constituting about 5% of the total population in Italian Somaliland . The Italians resided in most major cities in the central and southern parts of the territory, with around 10,000 living in the capital Mogadishu . Other major areas of settlement included Jowhar , which
336-448: A divide between Northern and Southern Italy called Southern question . Between 1860 and World War I, 9 million Italians left permanently of a total of 16 million who emigrated, most travelling to North or South America. The numbers may have even been higher; 14 million from 1876 to 1914, according to another study. Annual emigration averaged almost 220,000 in the period 1876 to 1900, and almost 650,000 from 1901 through 1915. Prior to 1900
448-661: A few dozen Italians remained in Odesa, most of whom no longer knew their own language. Over time they merged with the local population, losing the ethnic connotations of origin. They disappeared completely by World War II . The Italians of Crimea are a small ethnic minority residing in Crimea. Italians have populated some areas of Crimea since the time of the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice. In 1783, 25,000 Italians immigrated to Crimea, which had been recently annexed by
560-414: A few months—in which to work and earn money in order to build a better future in Italy. This phenomenon took place the most in the 1970s, a period that was marked by the return to their homeland of many Italian emigrants. The Italian state signed an emigration pact with Germany in 1955 which guaranteed mutual commitment in the matter of migratory movements and which led almost three million Italians to cross
672-533: A few small settlements. The first Italian to be registered as residing in the area corresponding to the current U.S. was Pietro Cesare Alberti , commonly regarded as the first Italian American , a Venetian seaman who, in 1635, settled in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam , what would eventually become New York City . Enrico Tonti , together with the French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle , explored
784-586: A fraction of the white Zimbabwean population, Italo-Zimbabweans are well represented in the hospitality , real estate , tourism and food and beverage industries. The majority live in Harare, with over 9,000 in 2012, (less than one percent of the city's population), while over 30,000 live abroad mostly in the UK , South Africa , Canada , Italy and Australia . The first Italian presence in Morocco dates back to
896-753: A free government. All men must be equal to each other in natural law". Italian Americans served in the American Revolutionary War both as soldiers and officers. Francesco Vigo aided the colonial forces of George Rogers Clark by serving as one of the foremost financiers of the Revolution in the frontier Northwest. Later, he was a co-founder of Vincennes University in Indiana. During the Spanish conquest of what would be present-day Argentine territory, an Italian Leonardo Gribeo , from
1008-618: A part of the monument dedicated to King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy , and in memory of that, the inscription of the plaque on the two burning braziers perpetually at the Altare della Patria next to the tomb of the Italian Unknown Soldier , reads "Gli italiani all'estero alla Madre Patria" ("Italians abroad to the Motherland"). The allegorical meaning of the flames that burn perpetually is linked to their symbolism, which
1120-816: A population from the Greek island of Corfu (Kerkyra) with ethnic and linguistic ties to the Republic of Venice. The origins of the Corfiot Italian community can be found in the expansion of the Italian States toward the Balkans during and after the Crusades . In the 12th century, the Kingdom of Naples sent some Italian families to Corfu to rule the island. From the Fourth Crusade of 1204 onwards,
1232-620: A racing circuit outside Tripoli (it lasted until 1940). Italian farmers cultivated lands that had returned to native desert for many centuries, and improved Italian Libya's agriculture to international standards (even with the creation of new farm villages). Libya had some 150,000 Italians settlers when Italy entered World War II in 1940, constituting about 18% of the total population in Italian Libya . The Italians in Libya resided (and many still do) in most major cities like Tripoli (37% of
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#17327768408261344-539: A safe stronghold to be detained as prisoners of war (POWs). South Africa was the perfect destination, and the first POWs arrived in Durban , in 1941. In the early 1970s, there were over 40,000 Italians in South Africa, scattered throughout the provinces but concentrated in the main cities. Some of these Italians had taken refuge in South Africa, escaping the decolonization of Rhodesia and other African states. In
1456-403: Is also significant that these flows no longer concern only the regions of southern Italy, but also those of the north, such as Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna . According to the available statistics, the community of Italian citizens residing abroad amounts to 4,600,000 people (2015 data). It is therefore greatly reduced, from a percentage point of view, from 9,200,000 in the early 1920s (when it
1568-441: Is an annual flow which, according to the 2012 data from the registry office of Italians residing abroad (AIRE), is around 78,000 people with an increase of about 20,000 compared to 2011, even if it is estimated that the actual number of people who have emigrated is considerably higher (between two and three times), as many compatriots cancel their residence in Italy with much delay compared to their actual departure. The phenomenon of
1680-594: Is centuries old, since it has its origins in classical antiquity , especially in the cult of the dead . A fire that burns eternally symbolizes that the memory, in this case of the sacrifice of the Unknown Soldier and the bond of the country of origin , is perpetually alive in Italians, even in those who are far from their country, and will never fade. Following the defeat of Italy in World War II and
1792-506: Is concentrated mainly between Europe (55.8%) and America (38.8%). Followed by Oceania (3.2%), Africa (1.3%) and Asia with 0.8%. The country with the most Italians is Argentina (648,333), followed by Germany (631,243), then Switzerland (520,713). Furthermore, 54.8% of Italian emigrants are of southern origin (over 1,400,000 from the South and almost 800,000 from the Islands ); 30.1% comes from
1904-514: Is mostly assimilated into the Lebanese Catholic community. There is a growing interest in economic relationships between Italy and Lebanon (like with the "Vinifest 2011"). Italians of Odesa are mentioned for the first time in documents of the 13th century. The influx of Italians in southern Ukraine grew particularly with the foundation of Odesa, which took place in 1794. In 1797 there were about 800 Italians in Odesa, equal to 10% of
2016-593: Is reduced to a few hundred, according to Italian Levantine writer Giovanni Scognamillo. Italians in Lebanon (or Italian Lebanese) are a community in Lebanon. Between the 12th and 15th centuries, the Italian Republic of Genoa had some Genoese colonies in Beirut , Tripoli , and Byblos . In more recent times, the Italians came to Lebanon in small groups during World War I and World War II , trying to escape
2128-738: Is the Church of St. Anthony of Padua on İstiklal Avenue in the Beyoğlu (Pera) district of Istanbul, which was constructed between 1906 and 1912 by the Italian Levantine community. They have been influential in creating and reviving a tradition of opera . Famous people of the present-day Levantine community in Turkey include Maria Rita Epik, Franco-Levantine Caroline Giraud Koç and Italo-Levantine Giovanni Scognamillo . Most of Turkey's small Catholic community are Levantines. Notable people of
2240-514: Is today Italy and France . Since the 16th century, Florence and its citizens have long enjoyed a very close relationship with France. In 1533, at the age of fourteen, Catherine de' Medici married Henry , the second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude of France. Under the gallicised version of her name, Catherine de Médici, she became Queen consort of France when Henry ascended to the throne in 1547. Later on, after Henry died, she became regent on behalf of her ten-year-old son King Charles IX and
2352-599: The Alien Contract Labor Law ) and even suspending, for some time, emigration to Brazil, where many migrants had wound up as quasi-slaves on large coffee plantations. The Commissariat also helped to set up remittances sent by emigrants from the United States back to their homeland, which turned into a constant flow of money amounting, by some accounts, to about 5% of the Italian GNP . In 1903,
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#17327768408262464-741: The Allies in November 1941 and they were reduced to only 38,000 by 1946. This also includes a population of mixed Italian and Eritrean descent; most Italian Eritreans still living in Eritrea are from this mixed group. Although many of the remaining Italians stayed during the decolonization process after World War II and are actually assimilated to the Eritrean society, a few are stateless today, as none of them were given citizenship unless through marriage or, more rarely, by having it conferred upon them by
2576-747: The Catholic Church has several dispersed populations of members in the Middle East , notably in Turkey , Cyprus and the Levant ( Syria , Lebanon , Palestine and Jordan ). Latin Catholics employ the Latin liturgical rites , in contrast to Eastern Catholics who fall under their respective church's patriarchs and employ distinct Eastern Catholic liturgies , while being in full communion with
2688-576: The Crusades with the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages . As with the case of Eastern Catholics and other Christians in the Middle East , Latin Catholics have both a history and a present of persecution . Levantines were mostly of Italian (especially Venetian and Genoese ), French , or other Euro-Mediterranean origin. They have been living in the eastern Mediterranean coast of Lebanon and Syria since
2800-757: The Ethiopian Civil War in 1974. 80 original Italian colonists remain alive in 2007, and nearly 2000 mixed descendants of Italians and Ethiopians. In the 2000s, some Italian companies returned to operate in Ethiopia, and a large number of Italian technicians and managers arrived with their families, residing mainly in the metropolitan area of the capital. Conspicuous was the presence of Italian emigrants even in territories that have never been Italian colonies , such as Egypt , Tunisia , Morocco , Zimbabwe and Algeria . The first Italians in Tunisia at
2912-619: The Italian Federation of migrant workers and families . Between the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the next, the flow of Italian emigrants around the world greatly attenuated. Nevertheless, migration from certain regions never stopped, such as in Sicily. However, following the effects of the Great Recession , a continuous flow of expatriates has spread since the end of the 2010s. Although numerically lower than
3024-535: The Kingdom of Greece in 1864. The Greek government abolished all Italian schools in the Ionian islands in 1870, and as a consequence, by the 1940s there were only 400 Corfiote Italians left. The architecture of Corfu City still reflects its long Venetian heritage, with its multi-storied buildings, its spacious squares such as the popular "Spianada" and the narrow cobblestone alleys known as "Kantounia". There has always been migration, since ancient times, between what
3136-761: The Mediterranean (such as the Republic of Venice , the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Pisa or of the inhabitants of the Crusader states ). There are two big communities of Italian Levantines: one in Istanbul and the other in İzmir . At the end of the 19th century there were nearly 6,000 Levantines of Italian roots in İzmir. They came mainly from the Genoese island of Chios . The community reached more than 15,000 members during Ataturk 's times, but now
3248-638: The Middle Ages Italian communities from the "Maritime Republics" of Italy (mainly Pisa , Genoa and Amalfi ) were present in Egypt as merchants. Since the Renaissance the Republic of Venice has always been present in the history and commerce of Egypt: there was even a Venetian Quarter in Cairo . From the time of Napoleon I , Italian Egyptians started to grow in a huge way: the size of
3360-633: The Ottoman Empire and captured Libya as a colony . Italians settlers were encouraged to come to Libya and did so from 1911 until the outbreak of World War II . In less than thirty years (1911–1940), the Italians in Libya built a significant amount of public works (roads, railways, buildings, ports, etc.) and the Libyan economy flourished. They even created the Tripoli Grand Prix , an international motor racing event first held in 1925 on
3472-642: The Paris Treaties of 1947 , Istria , Kvarner and most of Julian March , with the cities of Pola , Fiume and Zara , passed from Italy to Yugoslavia , causing the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus , which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnic Italians ( Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians ), towards Italy, and in smaller numbers, towards the Americas , Australia and South Africa . The Italian emigration of
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3584-529: The Renaissance many Italian bankers, architects and artists moved to Germany and successfully integrated in the German society. The first Italians came to Poland in the Middle Ages, however, substantial migration of Italians to Poland began in the 16th century (see Poland section below). Italians in the United States before 1880 included a number of explorers, starting with Christopher Columbus , and
3696-634: The Rif , included in Spanish Morocco , was minimal, except in Tangier , an international city, where there was an important community, as evidenced by the presence of the Italian School. A further increase of Italian immigrants in Morocco was recorded after World War I , reaching 12,000 people, who were employed among the workers and as farmers, unskilled workers, bricklayers and operators. In
3808-1073: The Russian Empire . In 1830 and in 1870, two distinct migrations arrived in Kerch from the cities of Trani , Bisceglie and Molfetta . These migrants were peasants and sailors, attracted by the job opportunities in the local Crimean seaports and by the possibility to cultivate the nearly unexploited and fertile Crimean lands. After the October Revolution , many Italians were considered foreigners and were seen as an enemy. They therefore faced much repression. Between 1936 and 1938, during Stalin's Great Purge , many Italians were accused of espionage and were arrested, tortured, deported or executed. The few survivors were allowed to return to Kerch under Nikita Khrushchev 's regency. Some families dispersed in other territories of Soviet Union, mainly in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan . The descendants of
3920-671: The Río de la Plata Basin predates the birth of Argentina. Small groups of Italians began to emigrate to the present-day Argentine territory already in the second half of the 17th century. There were already Italians in Buenos Aires during the May Revolution , which started the Argentine War of Independence . In particular, Manuel Belgrano , Manuel Alberti and Juan José Castelli , all three of Italian descent, were part of
4032-495: The early Middle Ages , particularly architects, craftsmen and traders. During the late Middle Ages and early modern times many Italians came to Germany for business, and relations between the two countries prospered. The political borders were also somewhat intertwined under the German princes' attempts to extend control over all the Holy Roman Empire , which extended from northern Germany down to Northern Italy. During
4144-608: The maritime republics of Venice , Genoa , Pisa , Ancona and Ragusa who had colonies in the East Mediterranean coast; or the descendants of the French/Italian Levantines who lived in the Crusader states of the Levant (in present-day Lebanon , Israel and Syria ), especially in port towns such as Beirut , Tripoli , Tyre , Byblos , Acre , Jaffa , Latakia , etc.; or in major cities near
4256-733: The northern regions (almost 600,000 from the Northeast and 580,000 from the Northwest ); finally, 15% (588,717) comes from the central regions . Central-southern emigrants are the overwhelming majority in Europe (62.1%) and Oceania (65%). In Asia and Africa, however, half of the Italians come from the North. The region with the most emigrants is Sicily (646,993), followed by Campania (411,512), Lazio (346,067), Calabria (343,010), Apulia (309,964) and Lombardy (291,476). The province with
4368-449: The 1870s, Odesa's Italian population grew steadily. From the following decade this growth stopped, and the decline of the Italian community in Odesa began. The reason was mainly one, namely the gradual integration into the Slavic population of Odesa, i.e. Russians and Ukrainians. Surnames began to be Russianized and Ukrainianized . The revolution of 1917 sent many of them to Italy, or to other cities in Europe. In Soviet times , only
4480-456: The 1930s, Italian-Moroccans, almost all of Sicilian origin, numbered over 15,600 and lived mainly in the Maarif district of Casablanca. With decolonization , most Italian Moroccans left Morocco for France and Spain. The community has started to grow again since the 1970s and 1980s with the arrival of industrial technicians, tourism and international cooperation managers, but remains very limited. Italian Levantine The Latin Church of
4592-474: The 1950s and 1970s. Today there is the National Museum of Italian Emigration ( Italian : Museo Nazionale dell'Emigrazione Italiana , "MEI"), located in Genoa , Italy. The exhibition space, which is spread over three floors and 16 thematic areas, describes the phenomenon of Italian emigration from before the unification of Italy to present. The museum describes the Italian emigration through autobiographies, diaries, letters, photographs and newspaper articles of
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4704-415: The 1990s, a period of crisis began for Italian South Africans and many returned to Europe; however, the majority successfully integrated into the multiracial society of contemporary South Africa. The Italian community consists of over 77,400 people (0.1–2% of South Africa's population), half of whom have Italian citizenship. Those of Venetian origin number about 5,000, mainly residing in Johannesburg , while
4816-480: The AIRE registry: Although Italians did not emigrate to South Africa in large numbers, those who arrived there have nevertheless made an impact on the country. Before World War II, relatively few Italian immigrants arrived , though there were some prominent exceptions such as the Cape 's first Prime Minister John Molteno . South African Italians made big headlines during World War II, when Italians were captured in Italian East Africa , they needed to be sent to
4928-672: The Commissariat also set the available ports of embarkation as Palermo , Naples and Genoa , excluding the port of Venice , which had previously also been used. Although the physical perils involved with transatlantic ship traffic during World War I disrupted emigration from all parts of Europe, including Italy, the condition of various national economies in the immediate post-war period was so bad that immigration picked up almost immediately. Foreign newspapers ran scare stories similar to those published 40 years earlier (when, for example, on December 18, 1880, The New York Times ran an editorial, "Undesirable Emigrants", full of typical invective of
5040-441: The East Indies ...". The extreme economic difficulties of post-war Italy and the severe internal tensions within the country, which led to the rise of fascism, led 614,000 immigrants away in 1920, half of them going to the United States. When the fascists came to power in 1922, there was a gradual slowdown in the flow of emigrants from Italy. However, during the first five years of fascist rule, 1,500,000 people left Italy. By then,
5152-404: The Gibraltar, and up until 1830, Italian was spoken together with English and Spanish and used in official announcements. After Napoleonic times , many Sicilians and some Tuscans migrated to Gibraltar, but the Genoese and Ligurians remained the majority of the Italian group. Indeed, the Genoese dialect was spoken in Catalan Bay well into the 20th century, dying out in the 1970s. Today,
5264-531: The Great Lakes region. Tonti founded the first European settlement in Illinois in 1679, and in Arkansas in 1683, making him "The Father of Arkansas". With LaSalle, he co-founded New Orleans , and was governor of the Louisiana Territory for the next 20 years. His brother Alfonso Tonti , with French explorer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac , was the co-founder of Detroit in 1701, and was its acting colonial governor for 12 years. The Taliaferro family (originally Tagliaferro ), believed to have roots in Venice ,
5376-424: The Italian Friuli. Mezzadria , a form of sharefarming where tenant families obtained a plot to work on from an owner and kept a reasonable share of the profits, was more prevalent in central Italy, and is one of the reasons that there was less emigration from that part of Italy. The south lacked entrepreneurs, and absentee landlords were common. Although owning land was the basic yardstick of wealth, farming there
5488-409: The Italian Levantines may have ancestral origins also in the eastern Mediterranean coast (the Levant, particularly in present-day Lebanon and Israel ) dating back to the period of the Crusades and the Byzantine Empire . A small group came from Crimea and from the Genoese colonies in the Black Sea , after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. The majority of the Levantines in modern Turkey are
5600-404: The Italian occupation of Ethiopia, roughly 300,000 Italians settled in the Italian East Africa (1936–1941). Over 49,000 lived in Asmara in 1939 (around 10% of the city's population), and over 38,000 resided in Addis Abeba . After independence, some Italians remained for decades after receiving full pardon by Emperor Selassie, but eventually nearly 22,000 Italo-Ethiopians left the country due to
5712-471: The Italians of Crimea account today for 3,000 people, mainly residing in Kerch. A Genoese community has existed in Gibraltar since the 16th century and later became an important part of the population. There is much evidence of a community of emigrants from Genoa, who moved to Gibraltar in the 16th century and that were more than a third of the Gibraltar population in the first half of the 18th century. Although labeled as "Genoese", they were not only from
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#17327768408265824-409: The May Revolution and the Primera Junta . The Italian community had already grown to such an extent that in 1836 the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia sent an ambassador, Baron Picolet d'Hermilion. The Unification of Italy broke down the feudal land system, which had survived in the south since the Middle Ages, especially where land had been the inalienable property of aristocrats, religious bodies or
5936-424: The Ottoman sieges of the 16th century. Corfiot Italians were mainly concentrated in the city of Corfu, which was called "Città di Corfu" by the Venetians. More than half of the population of Corfu city in the 18th century spoke the Venetian language. The re-emergence of Greek nationalism, after the Napoleonic era, contributed to the gradual disappearance of the Corfiot Italians. Corfu was ultimately incorporated into
6048-455: The Republic of Venice sent many Italian families to Corfu. These families brought the Italian language of the Middle Ages to the island. When Venice ruled Corfu and the Ionian islands , which lasted during the Renaissance and until the late 18th century, most of the Corfiote upper classes spoke Italian (or specifically Venetian in many cases), but the mass of people remained Greek ethnically, linguistically, and religiously before and after
6160-482: The South and the Northeast , did not easily convince farmers to stay on the land and to work the soil. Another factor was related to the overpopulation of Italy as a result of the improvements in socioeconomic conditions after Unification . That created a demographic boom and forced the new generations to emigrate en masse in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, mostly to the Americas . The new migration of capital created millions of unskilled jobs around
6272-504: The State. Italians of Ethiopia are immigrants who moved from Italy to Ethiopia starting in the 19th century, as well as their descendants. Most of the Italians moved to Ethiopia after the Italian conquest of Abyssinia in 1936. Italian Ethiopia was made of Harrar, Galla-Sidamo, Amhara and Scioa Governorates in summer 1936 and became a part of the Italian colony Italian East Africa , with capital Addis Abeba and with Victor Emmanuel III proclaiming himself Emperor of Ethiopia . During
6384-408: The area. In the early-1880s, epidemics of cholera also struck the city, causing many people to leave. The epidemics were the driving force behind the decision to rebuild entire sections of the city, an undertaking known as the " risanamento " (literally "making healthy again"), a pursuit that lasted until the start of World War I. During the first few years before the unification of Italy, emigration
6496-424: The beginning of World War II. Their ancestry dates back from the beginning of the Italian colonization of Eritrea at the end of the 19th century, but only during 1930s they settled in large numbers. In the 1939 census of Eritrea there were more than 76,000 Eritrean Italians, most of them living in Asmara (53,000 out of the city's total of 93,000). Many Italian settlers got out of their colony after its conquest by
6608-527: The beginning of the 19th century were mainly traders and professionals in search of new opportunities, coming from Liguria and the other regions of northern Italy. At the end of the 19th century, Tunisia received the immigration of tens of thousands of Italians, mainly from Sicily and also Sardinia . As a consequence, in the first years of the 20th century there were more than 100,000 Italian residents in Tunisia. In 1926, there were 100,000 Italians in Tunisia, compared to 70,000 Frenchmen (unusual since Tunisia
6720-420: The border in search of work. As of 2017, there are approximately 700,000 Italians in Germany, while in Switzerland this number reaches approximately 500,000. They are mainly of Sicilian , Calabrian , Abruzzese and Apulian origin, but also Venetian and Emilian , many of whom have dual citizenship and therefore the ability to vote in both countries. In Belgium and Switzerland, the Italian communities remain
6832-400: The city of Genoa but from all of Liguria , a region in Northern Italy that was the center of the maritime Republic of Genoa. According to the 1725 census, on a total civilian population of 1,113 there were 414 Genoese, 400 Spaniards, 137 Jews, 113 Britons and 49 others (mainly Portuguese and Dutch). In the 1753 census, the Genoese were the biggest group (nearly 34%) of civilian residents in
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#17327768408266944-402: The city was Italian), Benghazi (31%), and Hun (3%). Their numbers decreased after 1946. France and the UK took over the spoils of war that included Italian discovery and technical expertise in the extraction and production of crude oil, superhighways, irrigation, electricity. Most of Libya's Italian residents were expelled from the country in 1970, a year after Muammar Gaddafi seized power in
7056-400: The coast, such as Tarsus , Antioch , Jerusalem , etc. Others may be converts to Catholicism , immigrants from Anglo-French colonization, or Eastern Christians who had resided there for centuries. When the United Kingdom took over the southern portion of Ottoman Syria in the aftermath of the First World War , some of the new rulers adapted the term "Levantine" pejoratively to refer to
7168-416: The community had reached around 55,000 just before World War II , forming the second largest immigrant community in Egypt. After World War II, like many other foreign communities in Egypt, migration back to Italy and the West reduced the size of the community greatly due to wartime internment and the rise of Nasserist nationalism against Westerners. After the war many members of the Italian community related to
7280-402: The course of over a century are present abroad. Benefit , cultural, assistance and service associations that have constituted a fundamental point of reference for emigrants. The major associative networks of various ideal inspirations are now gathered in the National Council of Emigration. One of the largest associative networks in the world, together with those of the Catholic world , is that of
7392-475: The customs duty were handled by the Riccardi , a group of bankers from Lucca in Italy. This was in return for their service as money lenders to the crown, which helped finance the Welsh Wars. When the war with France broke out, the French king confiscated the Riccardi's assets, and the bank went bankrupt. After this, the Frescobaldi of Florence took over the role as money lenders to the English crown. Large numbers of Italians have resided in Germany since
7504-473: The day against the "promiscuous immigration… [of]…the filthy, wretched, lazy, criminal dregs of the meanest sections of Italy"). An article written during the interwar period on April 17, 1921, in the same newspaper, used the headlines "Italians Coming in Great Numbers" and "Number of Immigrants Will Be Limited Only By Capacity of Liners" (there was now a limited number of ships available because of recent wartime losses) and that potential immigrants were thronging
7616-418: The defeated Italian expansion in Egypt were forced to move away, starting a process of reduction and disappearance of the Italian Egyptians. After 1952 the Italian Egyptians were reduced – from the nearly 60,000 of 1940 – to just a few thousands. Most Italian Egyptians returned to Italy during the 1950s and 1960s, although a few Italians continue to live in Alexandria and Cairo. Officially the Italians in Egypt at
7728-427: The descendants of the Genoese community of Gibraltar consider themselves Gibraltarians and most of them promote the autonomy of Gibraltar. Genoese heritage is evident throughout Gibraltar but especially in the architecture of the town's older buildings which are influenced by traditional Genoese housing styles featuring internal courtyards (also known as "patios"). Corfiot Italians (or "Corfiote Italians") are
7840-475: The descendants of traders/colonists from the Italian maritime republics of the Mediterranean (especially Genoa and Venice ) and France , who obtained special rights and privileges called the Capitulations from the Ottoman sultans in the 16th century. There are two large communities of Italian Levantines: one in Istanbul and the other in İzmir. At the end of the 19th century there were nearly 6,000 Levantines of Italian roots in İzmir. They came mainly from
7952-412: The eastern Mediterranean coast (the Levant, particularly in present-day Lebanon and Israel ) since the period of the Crusades and the Byzantine empire. A small group came from Crimea and the Genoese colonies in the Black Sea , after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. The majority of the Italian Levantine in modern Turkey are descendants of traders and colonists from the maritime republics of
8064-475: The end of 2007 were 3,374 (1,980 families). The oldest area of Italian settlement in Zimbabwe was established as Sinoia - today's Chinhoyi - in 1906, as a group settlement scheme by a wealthy Italian lieutenant , Margherito Guidotti, who encouraged several Italian families to settle in the area. The name Sinoria derives from Tjinoyi, a Lozwi/Rozwi Chief who is believed to have been a son of Lukuluba who
8176-466: The inhabitants of mixed Arab and European descent in Lebanon , Syria and Palestine , and to Europeans (usually French , Italian or Greek ) who had assimilated and adopted local dress and customs. Today, a small percentage of Lebanon 's small group of Latin Catholics are of at least partial French / Italian descent. The Catholic community of Cyprus ( Latinoi, Λατίνοι ) consists one of
8288-450: The king. The breakdown of feudalism and the ensuing redistribution of land, however, did not necessarily lead to small farmers in the south winding up with land they could own, work, and profit from. Many remained landless, and plots grew smaller and smaller and so less and less productive, as land was subdivided amongst heirs. The transition was not smooth for the south (the " Mezzogiorno "). The path to unification and modernization created
8400-412: The majority of Italian immigrants were from northern and central Italy. Two-thirds of the migrants who left Italy between 1870 and 1914 were men with traditional skills. Peasants were half of all migrants before 1896. As the number of Italian emigrants abroad increased, so did their remittances , which encouraged further emigration, even in the face of factors that might logically be thought to decrease
8512-537: The middle Byzantine or the Ottoman era and in Constantinople ( Istanbul ), Smyrna ( İzmir ) and other parts of Anatolia (such as the port towns of Amasra , Sinop , Trabzon , Enez , Çanakkale , Foça , Çeşme , Bodrum , Alanya , Mersin , Iskenderun , etc., where the colonies of Genoese and Venetian merchants existed) in present-day Turkey . The majority are either the descendants of traders from
8624-655: The modern era, Napoleon Bonaparte , French emperor and general, was ethnically Italian of Corsican origin, whose family was of Genoese and Tuscan ancestry. After the conquest of Anglo-Saxon England in 1066, the first recorded Italian communities in England began from the merchants and sailors living in Southampton . The famous " Lombard Street " in London took its name from the small but powerful community from northern Italy, living there as bankers and merchants after
8736-401: The most emigrants is Rome (263,210), followed by Agrigento (138,517), Cosenza (138,152), Salerno (108,588) and Naples (104,495). In 2008, about 60,000 Italians changed citizenship; they mostly come from Northern Italy (74%) and have preferred Germany as their adopted country (12% of the total emigrants). The number of Italian citizens residing abroad according to those registered in
8848-527: The most numerous Italian regional communities are the southern ones. The official Italian registry records 28,059 Italians residing in South Africa in 2007, excluding South Africans with dual citizenship. Very numerous was the presence of Italian emigrants in African territories that were Italian colonies , namely in Eritrea , Ethiopia , Libya and Somalia . In 1911, the Kingdom of Italy waged war on
8960-514: The most numerous foreign representations, and although many return to Italy after retirement, often the children and grandchildren remain in the countries of birth, where they have now taken root. An important phenomenon of aggregation that is found in Europe, as well as in other countries and continents that have been the destination of migratory flows of Italians, is that of emigration associations. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimates that over 10,000 associations set up by Italian emigrants over
9072-456: The nature of the emigrants had changed; there was, for example, a marked increase in the rise of relatives outside the working age moving to be with their families, who had already left Italy. The bond of the emigrants with their mother country continued to be very strong even after their departure. Many Italian emigrants made donations to the construction of the Altare della Patria (1885–1935),
9184-540: The nearby Genoese island of Chios in the Aegean Sea . The community had more than 15,000 members during Atatürk 's presidency in the 1920s and 1930s, but today is reduced to only a few hundreds, according to Italian Levantine writer Giovanni Scognamillo . They continue to live in Istanbul (mostly in the districts of Karaköy , Beyoğlu and Nişantaşı ), and İzmir (mostly in the districts of Karşıyaka , Bornova and Buca .) The largest Catholic church in Turkey
9296-423: The need to leave, such as increased salaries at home. It has been termed "persistent and path-dependent emigration flow". Friends and relatives who left first sent back money for tickets and helped relatives as they arrived. That tended to support an emigration flow since even improving conditions in the original country took time to trickle down to potential emigrants to convince them not to leave. The emigrant flow
9408-621: The number of Italians abroad rose from 3,106,251 in 2006 to 4,636,647 in 2015 and so grew by 49% in just 10 years. There are over 5 million Italian citizens living outside Italy, and c. 80 million people around the world claim full or partial Italian ancestry. Internal migration within the Italian geographical borders also occurred for similar reasons; its largest wave consisted of 4 million people moving from Southern Italy to Northern Italy (and mostly to Northern or Central Italian industrial cities like Rome or Milan, etc.), between
9520-552: The outbreak of World War I . About 10,275,000 returned to Italy (35%), and 18,761,000 permanently settled abroad (65%). A third wave, primarily affecting young people, widely called "fuga di cervelli" ( brain drain ) in the Italian media, is thought to be occurring, due to the socioeconomic problems caused by the financial crisis of the early 21st century. According to the Public Register of Italian Residents Abroad (AIRE),
9632-530: The previous two, this period mainly affects young people who are often graduates, so much so that is defined as a " brain drain ". In particular, this flow is mainly directed towards Germany, where over 35,000 Italians arrived in 2012 alone, but also towards other countries such as the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, the United States and the South American countries. This
9744-484: The quays in the cities of Genoa. This article continues: ... the foreigner who walks through a city like Naples can easily realize the problem the government is dealing with: the back streets are literally teeming with children running around the streets and on the dirty and happy sidewalks. ... The suburbs of Naples ... teem with children who, in number, can only be compared to those found in Delhi , Agra and other cities of
9856-481: The region of Sardinia , accompanied Pedro de Mendoza to the place where Buenos Aires would be founded. From Cagliari to Spain, to Río de la Plata , then to Buenos Aires, he brought an image of Saint Mary of Good Air , to which the "miracle" of having reached a good place was attributed, giving the founded city its name in Spanish: Buenos Aires ( lit. "good airs"). The presence of Italians in
9968-593: The rise of Fascist Italy . Poverty was the main reason for emigration, specifically the lack of land as mezzadria sharecropping flourished in Italy, especially in the South, and property became subdivided over generations. Especially in Southern Italy , conditions were harsh. From the 1860s to the 1950s, Italy was still a largely rural society with many small towns and cities having almost no modern industry and in which land management practices, especially in
10080-417: The second half of the 20th century, on the other hand, was mostly to European nations experiencing economic growth. From the 1940s onwards, Italian emigration flow headed mainly to Switzerland and Belgium , while from the following decade, France and Germany were added among the top destinations. These countries were considered by many, at the time of departure, as a temporary destination—often only for
10192-476: The sense of depopulation; it has been characteristically permanent". The very large number of emigrants from Friuli-Venezia Giulia , a region with a population of only 509,000 in 1870 until 1914 is due to the fact that many of those counted among the 1.407 million emigrants actually lived in the Austrian Littoral which had a larger polyglot population of Croats, Friulians, Italians and Slovenes than in
10304-438: The so-called "new emigration" caused by the serious economic crisis also affects all of southern Europe such as countries like Spain, Portugal and Greece (as well as Ireland and France) which record similar, if not greater, emigration trends. It is widely believed that the places where there are no structural changes in economic and social policies are those most subject to the increase in this emigration flow. Regarding Italy, it
10416-477: The surname include: Italian diaspora The Italian diaspora ( Italian : emigrazione italiana , pronounced [emiɡratˈtsjoːne itaˈljaːna] ) is the large-scale emigration of Italians from Italy . There were two major Italian diasporas in Italian history . The first diaspora began around 1880, two decades after the Unification of Italy , and ended in the 1920s to the early 1940s with
10528-567: The three recognized religious minorities of Cyprus, together with the Armenians and Maronites , according to the 1960 constitution. About 35,000 Levantines live in Turkey . The name Italo-Levantine is specifically applied to people of Italian (especially Venetian or Genoese ) origin, but even with some French or other Euro-Mediterranean roots, who have lived in Istanbul , İzmir and other parts of Anatolia in Turkey . Some of
10640-567: The time that dealt with the theme of Italian emigration. Oh and just a quick note the biggest amount of immigrants in a time period were in 1880 - 1924 over 4 Million plus Italians immigrants came to the USA Italian Levantines are people living mainly in Turkey , who are descendants from Genoese and Venetian colonists in the Levant during the Middle Ages Italian Levantines have roots even in
10752-639: The times of the Italian maritime republics , when many merchants of the Republic of Venice and of the Republic of Genoa settled on the Maghreb coast. This presence lasted until the 19th century. he Italian community had a notable development in French Morocco ; already in the 1913 census about 3,500 Italians were registered, almost all concentrated in Casablanca , and mostly employed as excavators and construction workers. The Italian presence in
10864-552: The total population. For more than a century the Italians of Odesa greatly influenced the culture, art, industry, society, architecture, politics and economy of the city. Among the works created by the Italians of Odesa there were the Potemkin Stairs and the Odesa Opera and Ballet Theater . At the beginning of the 19th century the Italian language became the second official language in Odesa, after Russian. Until
10976-527: The wars at that time in Europe. Some of the first Italians who choose Lebanon as a place to settle and find refuge were Italian soldiers from the Italo-Turkish War from 1911 to 1912. Most of the Italians chose to settle in Beirut because of its European style of life. Few Italians left Lebanon for France after independence. The Italian community in Lebanon is very small (about 4,300 people) and it
11088-568: The world and was responsible for the simultaneous mass migration of Italians searching for "bread and work" ( Italian : pane e lavoro , pronounced [ˈpaːne e llaˈvoːro] ). The second diaspora started after the end of World War II and concluded roughly in the 1970s. Between 1880 and 1980, about 15,000,000 Italians left the country permanently. By 1980, it was estimated that about 25,000,000 Italians were residing outside Italy. Between 1861 and 1985, 29,036,000 Italians emigrated to other countries; of whom 16,000,000 (55%) arrived before
11200-689: The worldwide Catholic Church. Latin Catholics in the Middle East are often of European descent, particularly from the medieval Crusader era and later the 20th-century colonial period . Depending on the specific area in question, due to their cultural heritage descending from Catholics who lived under the Ottoman Empire , they are sometimes referred to as Levantines , Italo-Levantines [ it ] , or Franco-Levantines ( Arabic : شوام ; French : Levantins ; Italian : Levantini ; Greek : Φραγκολεβαντίνοι Frankolevantini ; Turkish : Levantenler or Tatlısu Frenkleri ) after Frankokratia . A distinctive era of influence occurred during
11312-539: The year 1000 . The rebuilding of Westminster Abbey showed significant Italian artistic influence in the construction of the so-called ' Cosmati ' Pavement completed in 1245 and a unique example of the style unknown outside of Italy, the work of highly skilled team of Italian craftsmen led by a Roman named Ordoricus. In 1303, Edward I negotiated an agreement with the Lombard merchant community that secured custom duties and certain rights and privileges. The revenues from
11424-660: Was a French protectorate ). In the 1946 census, the Italians in Tunisia were 84,935, but in 1959 (3 years after many Italian settlers left to Italy or France after independence from France) there were only 51,702, and in 1969 there were less than 10,000. As of 2005, there are only 900, mainly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Tunis . Another 2,000 Italians, according to the Italian Embassy in Tunis, are "temporary" residents, working as professionals and technicians for Italian companies in different areas of Tunisia. During
11536-632: Was about one fifth of the entire Italian population). The "Report of Italians in the World 2011" produced by the Migrantes Foundation, which is part of the CEI , specified that: Italians residing abroad as of 31 December 2010 were 4,115,235 (47.8% are women). The Italian emigrant community continues to increase both for new departures, and for internal growth (enlargement of families or people who acquire citizenship by descent). Italian emigration
11648-513: Was created, granting licenses to carriers, enforcing fixed ticket costs, keeping order at ports of embarkation, providing health inspection for those leaving, setting up hostels and care facilities and arranging agreements with receiving countries to help care for those arriving. The Commissariat tried to take care of emigrants before they left and after they arrived, such as dealing with the American laws that discriminated against alien workers (like
11760-567: Was founded by the Italian prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi . Italian used to be a major language, but its influence significantly diminished following independence. It is now most frequently heard among older generations. Former Italian communities also once thrived in the Horn of Africa , with about 50,000 Italian settlers living in Eritrea in 1935. The Italian Eritrean population grew from 4,000 during World War I, to nearly 100,000 at
11872-460: Was granted sweeping powers. After Charles died in 1574, Catherine played a key role in the reign of her third son, Henry III . Other notable examples of Italians that played a major role in the history of France include Cardinal Mazarin , born in Pescina was a cardinal, diplomat and politician, who served as the chief minister of France from 1642 until his death in 1661. As for the personalities of
11984-613: Was introduced by the fascist government of the 1920s and 1930s. The Italian diaspora did not affect all regions of the nation equally. In the second phase of emigration (1900 to World War I), slightly less than half of emigrants were from the south and most of them were from rural areas, as they were driven off the land by inefficient land management, lawlessness and sickness ( pellagra and cholera ). Robert Foerster, in Italian Emigration of our Times (1919) says, "[Emigration has been]… well nigh expulsion; it has been exodus, in
12096-488: Was not particularly controlled by the state. Emigrants were often in the hands of emigration agents whose job was to make money for themselves by moving emigrants. Such labor agents and recruiters were called padroni , translating to patron or boss. Abuses led to the first migration law in Italy, passed in 1888, to bring the many emigration agencies under state control. On 31 January 1901, the Commissariat of Emigration
12208-534: Was one of the First Families to settle Virginia . In 1773–1785, Filippo Mazzei , a physician and promoter of liberty, was a close friend and confidant of Thomas Jefferson . He published a pamphlet containing the phrase, which Jefferson incorporated essentially intact into the Declaration of Independence : "All men are by nature equally free and independent. Such equality is necessary in order to create
12320-480: Was socially despised. People invested not in agricultural equipment, but in such things as low-risk state bonds. The rule that emigration from cities was negligible has an important exception, in Naples . The city went from being the capital of its own kingdom in 1860 to being just another large city in Italy. The loss of bureaucratical jobs and the subsequently declining financial situation led to high unemployment in
12432-537: Was stemmed only by dramatic events, such as the outbreak of World War I, which greatly disrupted the flow of people trying to leave Europe, and the restrictions on immigration that were put in place by receiving countries. Examples of such restrictions in the United States were the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the Immigration Act of 1924 . Restrictive legislation to limit emigration from Italy
12544-501: Was the third son of Emperor Netjasike. The Kalanga (Lozwi/Rozwi name) was changed to Sinoia by the white settlers and later Chinhoyi by the Zezuru. Along with other Zimbabweans, a disproportionate number of people of Italian descent now reside abroad, many of whom hold dual Italian or British citizenship. Regardless of the country's economic challenges, there is still a sizable Italian population in Zimbabwe. Though never comprising more than
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