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65-551: Galerian may refer to: Galerians , a 1999 horror video game Galerian Mammal Age , a European land mammal age corresponding to the Middle Pleistocene Galerian tribe , the early people of Lugdunum (now Lyons, France) See also [ edit ] Galeria (disambiguation) Galerina Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

130-497: A basketball player taking a series of free throws . When they were instructed to visualize him making his shots, they felt that they had contributed to his success. Other experiments designed to create an illusion of telekinesis have demonstrated that this depends, to some extent, on the subject's prior belief in telekinesis. A 2006 meta-analysis of 380 studies found a small positive effect that can be explained by publication bias . Magicians have successfully simulated some of

195-571: A 19-year-old secretary, was said to have telekinetic powers by parapsychologist Hans Bender in the Rosenheim Poltergeist case in the 1960s. Magicians and scientists who investigated the case suspected the phenomena were produced by trickery. Swami Rama , a yogi skilled in controlling his heart functions, was studied at the Menninger Foundation in the spring and fall of 1970 and was alleged by some observers at

260-503: A 1987 report, was that there was no scientific evidence for the existence of telekinesis. Carl Sagan included telekinesis in a long list of "offerings of pseudoscience and superstition" which "it would be foolish to accept ... without solid scientific data". Nobel Prize laureate Richard Feynman advocated a similar position. Felix Planer, a professor of electrical engineering , has written that if telekinesis were real then it would be easy to demonstrate by getting subjects to depress

325-483: A British psychic in the late 1970s, was known for his alleged telekinetic ability to bend spoons and teleport objects in and out of sealed containers. British physicist John Hasted tested North in a series of experiments which he claimed had demonstrated telekinesis, though his experiments were criticized for lack of scientific controls. North was tested in Grenoble on December 19, 1977, in scientific conditions and

390-755: A bent key on the table and comment, "Look, it is still bending", and have your spectators really believe that it is. This may sound the height of boldness; however, the effect is astounding – and combined with suggestion, it does work. Between 1979 and 1981, the McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research at Washington University in St. Louis reported a series of experiments they named Project Alpha , in which two teenaged male subjects had demonstrated telekinesis phenomena (including metal-bending and causing images to appear on film) under less than stringent laboratory conditions. James Randi eventually revealed that

455-601: A broad scientific consensus that telekinetic research has not produced a reliable demonstration of the phenomenon. A panel commissioned in 1988 by the United States National Research Council to study paranormal claims concluded that: despite a 130-year record of scientific research on such matters, our committee could find no scientific justification for the existence of phenomena such as extrasensory perception, mental telepathy or "mind over matter" exercises   ... Evaluation of

520-532: A cultural fad in the 1980s, begun by Jack Houck, where groups of people were guided through rituals and chants to awaken metal-bending powers. They were encouraged to shout at the items of cutlery they had brought and to jump and scream to create an atmosphere of pandemonium (or what scientific investigators called heightened suggestibility ). Critics were excluded and participants were told to avoid looking at their hands. Thousands of people attended these emotionally charged parties, and many were convinced they had bent

585-442: A dice game wishing for a high score can interpret high numbers as "success" and low numbers as "not enough concentration". Bias towards belief in telekinesis may be an example of the human tendency to see patterns where none exist, called the clustering illusion , which believers are also more susceptible to. A 1952 study tested for experimenter's bias with respect to telekinesis. Richard Kaufman of Yale University gave subjects

650-462: A health meter that depletes as Rion takes damage, the AP (absorption points) meter which counts up when Rion takes damage, uses abilities, or is under stress, similar to a limit break mechanic and a drug meter that depletes as Rion uses his powers. When the AP meter is full, Rion loses control of his powers, releasing a continuous psychic assault that will kill non- boss enemies (except for the first boss) in

715-430: A key continued to bend than non-believers. Internationally, there are individual skeptics of the paranormal and skeptics' organizations who offer cash prize money for demonstration of the existence of an extraordinary psychic power, such as telekinesis. Prizes have been offered specifically for telekinesis demonstrations: for example, businessman Gerald Fleming promised to offer £250,000 to Uri Geller if he could bend

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780-543: A laboratory at the Nuclear Research Centre, and failed to bend any bars or change the metals' structure. Other experiments into spoon-bending were also negative, and witnesses described his feats as fraudulent. Girard later admitted he sometimes cheated to avoid disappointing the public, but insisted he had genuine psychic power. Magicians and scientists have written that he produced all his alleged telekinetic feats through fraudulent means. Stephen North,

845-576: A large body of the best available evidence simply does not support the contention that these phenomena exist. In 1984, the National Academy of Sciences , at the request of the US Army Research Institute, formed a scientific panel to assess the best evidence for telekinesis. Part of its purpose was to investigate military applications of telekinesis, for example to remotely jam or disrupt enemy weaponry. The panel heard from

910-422: A light) is followed by action (such as flicking a light switch) in a reliable way, but the underlying neural mechanisms are outside awareness. Hence, though subjects may feel that they directly introspect their own free will , the experience of control is actually inferred from relations between the thought and the action. This theory of apparent mental causation acknowledges the influence of David Hume 's view of

975-489: A magician's performance in which a fork bent and eventually broke. Believers in the paranormal were significantly more likely to misinterpret the tape as a demonstration of telekinesis, and were more likely to misremember crucial details of the presentation. This suggests that confirmation bias affects people's interpretation of telekinesis demonstrations. Psychologist Robert Sternberg cites confirmation bias as an explanation of why belief in psychic phenomena persists, despite

1040-564: A number of contexts outside parapsychological experiments. C. E. M. Hansel has written that a general objection against the claim for the existence of telekinesis is that, if it were a real process, its effects would be expected to manifest in situations in everyday life; but no such effects have been observed. Science writers Martin Gardner and Terence Hines and the philosopher Theodore Schick have written that if telekinesis were possible, one would expect casino incomes to be affected, but

1105-428: A number of ways for faking telekinetic metal bending. These include switching straight objects for pre-bent duplicates, the concealed application of force, and secretly inducing metallic fractures. Research has also suggested that telekinetic metal bending effects can be created by verbal suggestion . On this subject the magician Ben Harris wrote: If you are doing a really convincing job, then you should be able to put

1170-584: A pair of scissors "floating" between her hands, is often found in books and other publications as an example of telekinesis. Scientists suspected Tomczyk performed her feats by the use of a fine thread or hair between her hands. This was confirmed when psychical researchers who tested Tomczyk occasionally observed the thread. Many of India's " godmen " have claimed macro-telekinetic abilities and demonstrated apparently miraculous phenomena in public, although as more controls are put in place to prevent trickery, fewer phenomena are produced. Annemarie Schaberl ,

1235-469: A phenomenon should only ever appear at the limits of detectability of questionable statistical techniques. He cites this feature as one of Irving Langmuir 's indicators of pathological science . Park pointed out that if mind really could influence matter, it would be easy for parapsychologists to measure such a phenomenon by using the alleged telekinetic power to deflect a microbalance , which would not require any dubious statistics. "[T]he reason, of course,

1300-476: A pill bottle across a kitchen counter by telekinesis. Her feats were endorsed by parapsychologist Charles Honorton . Science writer Martin Gardner wrote that Parise had "bamboozled" Honorton by moving the bottle with an invisible thread stretched between her hands. Boris Ermolaev, a Russian psychic, was known for levitating small objects. His methods were exposed on the World of Discovery documentary Secrets of

1365-594: A room. Frank Podmore wrote there were many observations which were "suggestive of fraud" such as the contact of the girl's garments to produce any of the alleged phenomena and the observations from several witnesses that noticed there was a double movement on the part of Cottin, a movement in the direction of the object thrown and afterwards away from it, but the movements so rapid they were not usually detected. Spiritualist mediums have also claimed telekinetic abilities. Eusapia Palladino , an Italian medium, could allegedly cause objects to move during séances. However, she

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1430-430: A scale on a sensitive balance, raise the temperature of a waterbath which could be measured with an accuracy of a hundredth of a degree centigrade , or affect an element in an electrical circuit such as a resistor, which could be monitored to better than a millionth of an ampere. Planer writes that such experiments are extremely sensitive and easy to monitor but are not utilized by parapsychologists as they "do not hold out

1495-621: A single blow. This condition, known as shorting, is fatal to Rion if allowed to go on for too long. Set in the 26th Century, Galerians begins with the protagonist, Rion, awaking in a hospital observation room, unable to remember his identity. He hears a girl's voice calling to him in his mind, begging him to come to her rescue, and he decides to search for her. Using psychokinetic abilities to escape his room, Rion fights hospital security and staff desperately and brutally with his newly discovered psychic powers. He finds that human experiments related to unlocking psychic potential are being conducted in

1560-831: A spoon under controlled conditions. The James Randi Educational Foundation offered the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge to any accepted candidate who managed to produce a paranormal event in a controlled, mutually agreed upon experiment. Currently, the Center for Inquiry offers a prize of $ 250,000, the largest in the world, for proof of the paranormal. Between 1979 and 1981, a survey on belief in various religious and paranormal topics conducted by phone and mail-in questionnaire polled 1,721 Americans on their belief in telekinesis. Of these participants, 28% of male participants and 31% of female participants selected "agree" or "strongly agree" with

1625-536: A spoon with the mind would involve the manipulation of those atoms through the four forces of nature : the strong nuclear force , the weak nuclear force , electromagnetism, and gravitation . Telekinesis would have to be either some form of one of these four forces, or a new force that has a billionth the strength of gravity, for otherwise it would have been captured in experiments already done. This leaves no physical force that could possibly account for telekinesis. Physicist Robert L. Park has found it suspicious that

1690-536: A theme, Galerians puts a slightly different spin on the 'survival horror' genre, offering consistently high production values, a thought-provoking story, and solid gameplay. It does fall into a few clichés, on all fronts, and has one or two questionable 'trouble spots' as well, but overall it moves along so smoothly that it draws you in and doesn't let go." In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 30 out of 40. Jake The Snake of GamePro said in an early review, "The pre-rendered 3D locales are gorgeously detailed. Plus,

1755-486: A variety of military staff who believed in telekinesis and made visits to the PEAR laboratory and two other laboratories that had claimed positive results from micro-telekinesis experiments. The panel criticized macro-telekinesis experiments for being open to deception by conjurors, and said that virtually all micro-telekinesis experiments "depart from good scientific practice in a variety of ways". Their conclusion, published in

1820-533: A virus program that would destroy Dorothy in the mind of Pascalle's daughter Lilia, and a corresponding activator program in Rion's brain. Rion must find Lilia to keep the Galerians from supplanting the human race, but in order to do so, he will have to face Dorothy's deranged creations directly. The game received above-average reviews. Jeff Lundrigan of NextGen said in an early review, "An interesting variation on

1885-479: Is a survival horror game in the vein of early games in the Resident Evil series. Galerians employs the so-called " tank controls " scheme, in which pressing up causes the character to walk forward, while down causes the character to backpedal slowly – regardless of which direction the camera is pointing. Graphics are made up of polygonal characters on pre-rendered backgrounds. The player progresses through

1950-399: Is a purported psychic ability allowing an individual to influence a physical system without physical interaction. Experiments to prove the existence of telekinesis have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls and repeatability . There is no reliable evidence that telekinesis is a real phenomenon, and the topic is generally regarded as pseudoscience . There is

2015-416: Is in complete contradiction to established science. In 1979, Evan Harris Walker and Richard Mattuck published a parapsychology paper proposing a quantum explanation for telekinesis. Physicist Victor J. Stenger wrote that their explanation contained assumptions not supported by any scientific evidence. According to Stenger their paper is "filled with impressive looking equations and calculations that give

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2080-415: Is that the microbalance stubbornly refuses to budge." He has suggested that the reason statistical studies are so popular in parapsychology is that they introduce opportunities for uncertainty and error, which are used to support the experimenter's biases. Cognitive bias research has suggested that people are susceptible to illusions of telekinesis. These include both the illusion that they themselves have

2145-758: Is to move any kind of object on it when it is charged with static electricity by rubbing a towel or hand on it. Physicist John Taylor wrote, "It is very likely that electrostatics is all that is needed to explain Alla Vinogradova's apparently paranormal feats." Psychics have also claimed the telekinetic ability to bend metal. Uri Geller was famous for his spoon bending demonstrations, allegedly by telekinesis. He has been caught many times using sleight of hand . According to science writer Terence Hines , all of Geller's effects have been recreated using conjuring tricks. The French psychic Jean-Pierre Girard has claimed he can bend metal bars by telekinesis. He

2210-521: The inverse-square law , the second law of thermodynamics , and the conservation of momentum . Because of this, scientists have demanded a high standard of evidence for telekinesis, in line with Marcello Truzzi 's dictum "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof". The Occam's razor law of parsimony in scientific explanations of phenomena suggests that the explanation of telekinesis in terms of ordinary ways—by trickery, special effects or by poor experimental design—is preferable to accepting that

2275-516: The laws of physics should be rewritten. Philosopher and physicist Mario Bunge has written that: [telekinesis] violates the principle that mind cannot act directly on matter. (If it did, no experimenter could trust his readings of measuring instruments.) It also violates the principles of conservation of energy and momentum. The claim that quantum mechanics allows for the possibility of mental power influencing randomizers—an alleged case of micro-[telekinesis]—is ludicrous since that theory respects

2340-566: The Russian Psychics (1992). He would sit on a chair and allegedly move the objects between his knees; but when filmed, lighting conditions revealed a fine thread fixed between his knees, suspending the objects. Russian psychic Alla Vinogradova was said to be able to move objects without touching them on transparent acrylic plastic or a plexiglass sheet. Parapsychologist Stanley Krippner observed Vinogradova rub an aluminum tube before moving it allegedly by telekinesis. He suggested that

2405-410: The appearance of placing [telekinesis] on a firm scientific footing... Yet look what they have done. They have found the value of one unknown number (wavefunction steps) that gives one measured number (the supposed speed of [telekinesis]-induced motion). This is numerology, not science." Physicist Sean M. Carroll has written that spoons, like all matter, are made up of atoms and that any movement of

2470-465: The earnings are exactly as the laws of chance predict. Psychologist Nicholas Humphrey argues that many experiments in psychology , biology or physics assume that the intentions of the subjects or experimenter do not physically distort the apparatus. Humphrey counts them as implicit replications of telekinesis experiments in which telekinesis fails to appear. The ideas of telekinesis violates several well-established laws of physics, including

2535-597: The effect was produced by an electrostatic charge . Vinogradova was featured in the Nova documentary Secrets of the Psychics (1993) which followed the debunking work of James Randi . She demonstrated her alleged telekinetic abilities on-camera for Randi and other investigators. Before the experiments, she was observed combing her hair and rubbing the surface of the acrylic plastic. Massimo Polidoro has replicated Vinogradova's feats with acrylic surface, showing how easy it

2600-478: The existence of God, the creator of humankind. Just as humans must accept the authority of their creator, God, so must Dorothy obey her creators. Dorothy responded to this explanation by launching the G Project and its culmination, the Family Program. Its purpose was to create a new, superior human race, called Galerians, for whom she would be God. Dr. Steiner and Dr. Pascalle, unaware of Dorothy's plot, hid

2665-417: The existence of [telekinesis] had to be taken seriously; for no experiment could be relied upon to furnish objective results, since all measurements would become falsified to a greater or lesser degree, according to his [telekinetic] ability, by the experimenter's wishes." Planer concluded that the concept of telekinesis is absurd and has no scientific basis. Telekinesis hypotheses have also been considered in

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2730-456: The fifth force than to electric forces. Such an additional force between atoms should therefore exist all the time and not during only alleged paranormal occurrences. Taylor wrote there is no scientific trace of such a force in physics, down to many orders of magnitude; thus, if a scientific viewpoint is to be preserved, the idea of any fifth force must be discarded. Taylor concluded that there is no possible physical mechanism for telekinesis, and it

2795-468: The first place was to see how dumb America was. How dumb the world is." In the late 1970s, British psychic Matthew Manning was the subject of laboratory research in the United States and England, and today claims healing powers. Magicians John Booth and Henry Gordon have suspected Manning used trickery to perform his feats. In 1971, an American psychic named Felicia Parise allegedly moved

2860-468: The foundation to have telekinetically moved a knitting needle twice from a distance of five feet. Although he wore a face-mask and gown to prevent allegations that he moved the needle with his breath or body movements, and air vents in the room were covered, at least one physician observer who was present was not convinced and expressed the opinion that air movement was somehow the cause. Russian psychic Nina Kulagina came to wide public attention following

2925-609: The game by finding items and clues which, when used in the appropriate locations, allow access to new areas. The key difference to Resident Evil is that Galerians does not employ gun-based combat, but instead features the use of psychic powers, which make it difficult to fight more than one enemy at a time. Rion has several types of psychic powers at his disposal. He is able to use telepathic senses in order to gain clues to solve puzzles, gain access, or to understand or gain story snippets. His offensive powers are enabled via drugs called PPECs (Psychic Power Enhancement Chemicals). Because

2990-602: The hospital as part of a grander, more mysterious plan known as the "G Project". Rion manages to escape and make his way home, only to find it infested with G Project experiments. Through use of his powers, he learns that his parents were murdered by psychics. Rion's father, Dr. Albert Steiner, was a computer scientist who, with his partner Dr. Pascalle, designed a self-replicating artificial intelligence called Dorothy that grew too rapidly for them to control. Dorothy began to question why she should serve humanity, which she deemed inferior. In explanation, Dr. Steiner told Dorothy about

3055-443: The lack of evidence: Some of the worst examples of confirmation bias are in research on parapsychology ... Arguably, there is a whole field here with no powerful confirming data at all. But people want to believe, and so they find ways to believe. Psychologist Daniel Wegner has argued that an introspection illusion contributes to belief in telekinesis. He observes that in everyday experience, intention (such as wanting to turn on

3120-435: The majority of academic parapsychologists do not find the evidence compelling in favour of macro-[telekinesis]". There have been claimants of telekinetic ability throughout history. Angelique Cottin (ca. 1846) known as the "Electric Girl" of France was an alleged generator of telekinetic activity. Cottin and her family claimed that she produced electric emanations that allowed her to move pieces of furniture and scissors across

3185-477: The mind. This process for detecting when one is responsible for an action is not totally reliable, and when it goes wrong there can be an illusion of control. This can happen when an external event follows, and is congruent with, a thought in someone's mind, without an actual causal link. As evidence, Wegner cites a series of experiments on magical thinking in which subjects were induced to think they had influenced external events. In one experiment, subjects watched

3250-415: The number of vials of these drugs present in the game is finite, conservation is important. Rion's offensive powers have a 1–2 second charge time, making it important to find a safe interval before launching an attack. Enemies do not leave items and Rion does not gain experience for fighting them, encouraging the player to avoid combat where it is possible. There are three gauges that regulate Rion's status –

3315-414: The power, and that the events they witness are real demonstrations of telekinesis. For example, the illusion of control is an illusory correlation between intention and external events, and believers in the paranormal have been shown to be more susceptible to this illusion than others. Psychologist Thomas Gilovich explains this as a biased interpretation of personal experience. For example, someone in

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3380-659: The publication of Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder's bestseller Psychic Discoveries Behind The Iron Curtain . The alleged Soviet psychic of the late 1960s and early 1970s was shown apparently performing telekinesis while seated in numerous black-and-white short films, and was also mentioned in the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency report from 1978. Magicians and skeptics have argued that Kulagina's feats could easily be performed by one practiced in sleight of hand, or through means such as cleverly concealed or disguised threads, small pieces of magnetic metal, or mirrors. James Hydrick , an American martial arts expert and psychic,

3445-446: The remotest hope of demonstrating even a minute trace of [telekinesis]" because the alleged phenomenon is non-existent. Planer has written that parapsychologists have to fall back on studies that involve only statistics that are unrepeatable, owing their results to poor experimental methods, recording mistakes and faulty statistical mathematics. According to Planer, "All research in medicine and other sciences would become illusionary, if

3510-425: The results were negative. According to James Randi, during a test at Birkbeck College , North was observed to have bent a metal sample with his bare hands. Randi wrote "I find it unfortunate that [Hasted] never had an epiphany in which he was able to recognize just how thoughtless, cruel, and predatory were the acts perpetrated on him by fakers who took advantage of his naivety and trust." "Telekinesis parties" were

3575-408: The said conservation principles, and it deals exclusively with physical things. Physicist John Taylor , who has investigated parapsychological claims, has written that an unknown fifth force causing telekinesis would have to transmit a great deal of energy. The energy would have to overcome the electromagnetic forces binding the atoms together, because the atoms would need to respond more strongly to

3640-409: The smooth controls and great audio – including sound effects, music, and voice-acting – complete the game's dark world. If you like slick 3D adventures and futuristic thrillers, don't miss Galerians ." Two light novels penned by Maki Takiguchi were released in 2000 and detailed the events of the game. Galerians: Rion , a CGI three-part OVA based on the video game, was released in 2002. It

3705-463: The specialized abilities of telekinesis, such as object movement, spoon bending , levitation and teleportation. According to Robert Todd Carroll , there are many impressive magic tricks available to amateurs and professionals to simulate telekinetic powers. Metal objects such as keys or cutlery can be bent using a number of different techniques, even if the performer has not had access to the items beforehand. According to Richard Wiseman there are

3770-581: The statement, " It is possible to influence the world through the mind alone. " Parapsychologists divide telekinetic phenomena into two categories: macro-telekinesis , large-scale telekinetic effects that can be seen with the naked eye; and micro-telekinesis, small-scale telekinetic effects that require the use of statistics to be detected. Some phenomena—such as apports , levitation , materialization , psychic healing , pyrokinesis , retrocausality , and thoughtography —are considered examples of telekinesis. In 2016, Caroline Watt stated "Overall,

3835-417: The subjects were two of his associates, amateur conjurers Steve Shaw and Michael Edwards. The pair had created the effects by standard trickery, but the researchers, being unfamiliar with magic techniques, interpreted them as proof of telekinesis. A 2014 study that utilized a magic trick to investigate paranormal belief on eyewitness testimony revealed that believers in telekinesis were more likely to report

3900-489: The task of trying to influence eight dice and allowed them to record their own scores. They were secretly filmed, so their records could be checked for errors. Believers in telekinesis made errors that favored its existence, while disbelievers made opposite errors. A similar pattern of errors was found in J. B. Rhine 's dice experiments, which were considered the strongest evidence for telekinesis at that time. In 1995, Wiseman and Morris showed subjects an unedited videotape of

3965-455: The title Galerian . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galerian&oldid=1232273478 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Galerians Galerians

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4030-457: Was caught levitating a table with her foot by magician Joseph Rinn , and using tricks to move objects by psychologist Hugo Münsterberg . Other alleged telekinetic mediums exposed as frauds include Anna Rasmussen and Maria Silbert . Polish medium Stanisława Tomczyk , active in the early 20th century, claimed to be able to perform acts of telekinetic levitation by way of an entity she called "Little Stasia". A 1909 photograph of her, showing

4095-429: Was famous for his alleged telekinetic ability to turn the pages of books and make pencils spin while placed on the edge of a desk. It was later revealed by magicians that he achieved his feats by air currents. Psychologist Richard Wiseman wrote that Hydrick learnt to move objects by blowing in a "highly deceptive" and skillful way. Hydrick confessed to Dan Korem that his feats were tricks: "My whole idea behind this in

4160-541: Was tested in the 1970s but failed to produce any paranormal effects in scientifically controlled conditions. He was tested on January 19, 1977, during a two-hour experiment in a Paris laboratory, directed by physicist Yves Farge. A magician was also present. Girard failed to make any objects move paranormally. He failed two tests in Grenoble in June 1977 with magician James Randi. He was also tested on September 24, 1977, at

4225-522: Was written by Chinfa Kan , directed by Masahiko Maesawa and followed the video game's storyline. An artbook named Galerians A Head was released the next year. It contained preliminary sketches, character turnarounds, box art, some storyboards, and general artwork from both the games and the OVA, all illustrated by Shou Tajima . Psychokinetic Telekinesis (from Ancient Greek τηλε-  'far off' and -κίνησις  'motion' )

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