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73-452: The circle was founded on November 22, 1908. This was in response to the attacks on Gyula Pikler , a social scientist who had suggested that the nation was a social phenomenon which arose through a social and historical process, rather than an eternal entity. This led to him being attacked by Hungarian Christian nationalists. It claimed to be specifically apolitical and declared itself in favour of self-education and science. Endre Ady described

146-466: A Privatdozent with the aim of embarking on a university career. But soon politics took over, and he focused on trying to establish a socialist party that would at the same time appeal to Hungarian nationalism. He left for Paris in January 1905 and became acquainted with French academic and political life; he later wrote that the six months he spent there "shook me to the very core of my being and became

219-436: A divine truth, but rather emerged as a response to human needs. Consequently, he posited that the structure of governance and legal systems ought to be molded in accordance with the economic and societal requirements and interests of the period, rather than adhering rigidly to tradition. Of all Pikler's statements, those concerning the nature of nations elicited the most vehement response. According to his views, nations, including

292-795: A number of journals, including the "Huzadik Század" (Twentieth Century), Our Century and the Journal of Legal Studies. In the spring of 1919, he applied for leave due to ill health and left for Vienna. After the fall of Hungarian Soviet Republic , he retired in 1925. His wife was Anna Spitzer. For the rest of his life, he lived on his family's estate in Ecséd , where he studied visual physiological observations and experiments, which he also published in German. He died in Budapest on November 28, 1937, at 9 a.m., due to coronary calcification. His home today houses

365-513: A rich agricultural area, it was a major factor in Hungary's economic, municipal and political life." His father, Ferenc Jászi (1838–1910), was a family physician and (in his son's words) "an honorable, humane freethinker" who had had his family name changed from Jakobuvits to Jászi in 1881, a "typical symptom of the very strong and seemingly unqualified drive for assimilation that he and many Jewish contemporaries displayed around that time... This

438-470: A substantial impact on world civilization." He returned to Hungary in the midst of a constitutional crisis. The Liberal Party of István Tisza , which had been the governing party for three decades, had lost the February elections, and the emperor-king Franz Josef refused to invite the opposition groups to form a government; instead, he appointed Field Marshal Baron Géza Fejérváry as prime minister, and

511-408: Is time to check the power of the clerical reaction. The religious university congregations will be counterbalanced in the future by free-spirited, modern-minded youth associations and boarding schools... By the end of the first school year, 1908/1909, membership had reached nineteen hundred. Later, the number of members fluctuated between one thousand and one thousand and one hundred. The membership fee

584-459: Is to eradicate such petty notions as homeland and nation from your hearts ." The civic-radical currents that emerged at the beginning of the 20th century were a new phenomenon in both scientific and political life, as they tried to use the results of sociology and positivism, which were new at the time, to achieve their political and social goals. The 'crucifix-fights' were about whether crucifixes could remain in state educational institutions after

657-598: The Huszadik Század ' ,(Twentieth Century) a bourgeois radical social science journal, and a year later the Társadalomtudományi Társaság (Society of Social Sciences) was founded. He was vice-president of the society from 1901 and president from 1906 to 1920. After 1910 he quietly retired from public life and devoted most of his academic work to psychology and psychophysiology. During his lifetime he published on legal philosophy and sociology in

730-483: The "rigid and ruthless class character" of the country's administration. As a civil servant, he was not permitted to write on political subjects, so his articles began appearing under the name "Oszkár Elemér." In the summer of 1899, he and a number of his friends began planning a new periodical which would present social issues in a more down-to-earth way than in scholarly journals; it was named Huszadik Század (Twentieth Century), and began publication in January 1900. Jászi

803-445: The 18th century. A radical change that broke the monopoly of churches on the fields of humanities came at the last quarter of the 19th century, when one after another state-funded colleges and universities appeared. Despite the vehement protests of Catholic and Protestant church leaders of the country, these universities offered courses in the humanities, where the traditional religious philosophies were completely eclipsed. Referring to

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876-585: The 1918-19 revolution, Jászi cited his inability to tolerate "the complete denial of freedom of thought and conscience" which characterized the Red regime as well as his expectation of the regime's imminent collapse and its succession by a violent counter-revolutionary regime as reasons for his departure. He went to the United States in 1925 and joined the faculty of Oberlin College , where he settled down to

949-754: The Capital of Hungary took Ervin Szabó's name in 1946, which remained after the regime change. In January 1919, a member of the Galileo Circle stood guard of honour next to the coffin of the poet Endre Ady, which was buried in the central hall of the National Museum. The Galileo Circle was reopened at the end of October 1918, during the Aster Revolution . " The spirit of revolution had penetrated into every sphere of human relations in

1022-603: The Christian right-wing parties that were forming at national level. From the student groups of the "progressive" left-wing university youth, organised in defence of the jurist professor, the Galilei Circle grew and was founded, with the support of the Hungarian Association of Free Thinkers, on 22 November 1908. Originally, the circle was to be named after Professor Pikler, however the professor suggested

1095-490: The Galilei Circle who remained steadfast in their commitment to liberal and democratic values, immediately fled to Austria, thus expressing their dissent against the existence of the communist regime based on one-party system and dictatorship. After the fall of the Soviet Republic , the organization was dissolved by the police of the new Horthy regime, all its documents were confiscated, and the door of its headquarter

1168-726: The Galileists for having instigated the Aster Revolution, their contribution in the disarmament of the Hungarian army when other nations started to claim large territories from Hungary, their activity led to the tragic events of the Hungarian Soviet Republic and for being responsible for the decisions of the Treaty of Trianon, which resulted in the loss of 70% of the pre-war territory of Hungary and 64% of

1241-460: The Galileo Club pursued their anti-militarist propaganda almost openly, and the imprisonment of a few of them only increased their revolutionary enthusiasm. Soldiers and even officers spoke aloud in public about the collapse of the [Italian] front. In the tram one heard passionate outbursts against the war, the authorities and the propertied classes. The ideological tensions within

1314-418: The Hungarian nation, were not immutable entities. Instead, they arose in response to the demands of a particular era, when human needs necessitated forms of organization and association beyond those of tribes or clans. In alignment with this evolutionary logic, Pikler predicted that a time would come in the future when nations would be superseded by larger units and organizational structures, ultimately leading to

1387-415: The Hungarian unilateral self-disarmament, Czech, Serbian, and Romanian political leaders chose to attack Hungary instead of holding democratic plebiscites concerning the disputed areas. On March 21, 1919, the liberal-democratic Károlyi government was replaced by a new Soviet-influenced regime headed by Béla Kun and the second phase of the Hungarian revolution began. Jászi later recalled that he advised

1460-639: The Ministry. In 1908 Jászi and his friends "became associated with Freemasonry , with Jaszi the head of a separate lodge; and this connection was the prime reason why in Hungary Freemasonry was linked with progressive change. In 1910 he was appointed Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Kolozsvár , where he continued to refine and propagate his political opinions; in the words of Hugh Seton-Watson , "Jászi hoped that, if only

1533-785: The National Religious Liquidation Committee during the Hungarian Soviet Republic after the World War. The Circle wanted to achieve the world peace "as soon as possible". During the First World War , the Galileo Circle conducted anti-war propaganda from 1915 , initially in the form of pacifist lectures, and later another hardcore group of the circle (see Revolutionary Socialists) also started illegal activities. From 1916 onwards, anti-war propaganda activities (lectures and

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1606-517: The Society for Social Sciences. He was one of the most prominent and influential representatives of positivist philosophy of law and state, and was also known abroad. It was under his influence and around his person that the Galileo Circle was founded in Budapest in 1908, which was joined primarily by progressive young intellectual people. He was born into a Banatian Jewish family. He was

1679-581: The University of Budapest, from 1896 he was an extraordinary professor, from 1903 to 1920 he was a full professor in the Department of Law and Political Science. His major work was "On the Origin and Development of Law", in which he developed his own theory of the state and law, which was the basis of his own views. Because of his positivist worldview, he fought with the supporters of conservative and clerical trends in his press debates for years, thus he

1752-910: The War, to which bourgeois radical and social democratic intellectuals of the Social Science Society were invited to give lectures. In November and December, were held in the large hall of the Social Sciences Society. Reports of the lectures by Kunfi, Szende and Pál Zádor have been preserved. At the Budapest Library, the director Ervin Szabó trained and educated an expert librarian-guard. Although he died on 30 September 1918, his colleagues, László Dienes , Béla Kőhalmi, Blanka Pikler bibliographer, Róbert Braun sociologist, József Madzsar physician and natural scientist continued his work until his downfall. The Library of

1825-401: The air cleansed by the knowledge of natural science, and the economic organization of the proletariat, the workers' democracy of the self-conscious peoples is growing and strengthening day by day". By this time, Jászi had already become the intellectual leader of Hungarian progressivism and bourgeois radicalism. From 1906 onwards, the Society for Social Sciences became more and more concerned with

1898-571: The attempt failed. Jászi resigned from the Károlyi government in December 1918, believing that no serious progress in the nationalities question would be possible owing to the arbitrary partitioning of Hungary by the victorious Entente powers. "I hoped that release from the burdens of office and from the obligations of cabinet solidarity would enable me to put forward my views more energetically," Jászi later recalled in his memoirs. Jászi hoped for

1971-440: The autonomy of the universities, these new state-financed educational institutions also offered wide degree of freedom for the materialist and evolutionist worldviews. The churches, however, did not let go of their monopoly over the humanities, and began to organise religious students into communities to counter what they called "modern anti-Christian philosophical and moral views" in the state-financed public universities. " My aim

2044-494: The autumn of 1917, under the intellectual leadership of Ervin Szabó , the library director, reproduced and distributed anti-war leaflets. The anti-militarist activities of the Galilei Circle culminated in the actions of the Duczyńska-Sugar group. Duczyńska with her radical youth group spread propaganda among the munitions workers and then in the armed forces. on 1918, the 6th infantry regiment of Újvidék at Pécs refused to go to

2117-513: The big thrill of my life." While there, he wrote an article called "The Sociological Method—Two Opinions" in which he supported the approach of Émile Durkheim . He wrote another article attacking Marx as "the great fetish of socialism," which alienated some of his more radical friends. He came to believe that the Hungarians were "just tardy, pale echoes of the great Western efforts, with no intellectual trend emerging from Hungarian soil to have

2190-404: The blustering nationalism of those who sought independence from Austria." He was awarded his diploma as Doctor of Political Science on July 2, 1896. Jászi then entered the Department of Economics in the Ministry of Agriculture as a drafting clerk, remaining there for a decade; he received little pay at first but had a great deal of free time. He studied Hungary's agricultural policies and realized

2263-536: The circle's journal, "Szabadgondolat" (Free Thought). The journal Szabadgondolat regularly published articles by the famous poet Endre Ady . " The Galilei Circle, I am sorry, when it was formed, perhaps did not even suspect that it was undertaking such a grandiose task, compared to which even the Russian student youth might find consolation or sick despair , he wrote enthusiastically in November 1913. The organisation

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2336-489: The class struggle with alcoholic workers. In the early 1910s, the Galilei Circle also became more closely associated with the Hungarian Social Democratic Party, and by taking part in the organized demonstration for general suffrage on 23 May 1912, thus their circle had given up its previously proclaimed apolitical position. The first president of the circle was Károly Polányi , who also edited

2409-515: The country, organized independently by a variety of different groups. On December 26, syndicalists in Budapest even established the country's first workers' council to coordinate a general strike against the war. Pamphlets in German, Hungarian, Slovak, and Croatian languages had already reached military units fighting on the Russian and Italian fronts. The Revolutionary Socialists included Ilona Duczyńska , Tivadar Sugár , Miklós Sisa , Árpád Haász and others, initially led by Jolán Kelen , who in

2482-430: The course of September and October. Men lost all interest in everyday affairs and were looking fixedly into the future. ... An electrician's apprentice, come to repair the wires, prophesied that we were on the threshold of revolution and appalling events. The maid bringing in the soup told us that she had it from her relatives in the country that the old world would last very little longer now. The young men of

2555-531: The day of the assassination and declared: Tisza will be dead in an hour and a half. In the period between 1914 and 1918, two series of lectures on the First World War were integrated into the lecture series of various "free education" institutions in Hungary (e.g. the Erzsébet People's Academy). In November 1915, the Galilei Circle launched a series of lectures entitled Social Problems after

2628-636: The degenerate political class could be removed from power, land be distributed to the peasants, and the vote be given to all citizens, a new Hungary could arise in which one Magyar culture could coexist with many languages." On June 6, 1914, Jászi united a number of progressive groups into the Országos Polgári Radikális Párt (National Civic Radical Party), which called for a universal suffrage, radical land reform, an autonomous customs area, and state control of education. Within six weeks World War I broke out; "the new party supported

2701-467: The director of the main library in Budapest - came to their help and offered several large reading rooms in the large library at certain regular times for the Galileo Circle's purposes. After that, the apartment served only as a central meeting place for the circle's organisers and leadership. Ernst Mach had the greatest influence on the formation of the Galilean worldview in the natural sciences, which

2774-522: The establishment of a Danube Confederation of nationalities patterned on the Swiss model. When Jászi became the new Minister for National Minorities of Hungary, immediately offered democratic referendums about the disputed borders for minorities; however, the political leaders of those minorities refused the very idea of democratic referendums regarding disputed territories at the Paris peace conference. After

2847-505: The establishment of a global state—a long-awaited harbinger of enduring peace. On 23 January 1901, intellectuals, mostly with lawyer / legal qualifications, founded the Hungarian Social Science Society, whose aim was sociology, social psychology and practical social policy. It was directed by social scientist Oszkár Jászi , professor of law Gyula Pikler, Bódog Somló student and Róbert Braun student. From 1904,

2920-535: The establishment of the Hungarian Soviet Republic . The circle published Szabadgondolat . The Sonntagskreis was a senior sister organization of Galileo Circle, but its membership required at least a finished university degree. However the Sonntagskreis preferred rather the membership of scholars. In the interwar period, following the dissolution of the Circle, Hungarian conservative intellectuals criticised

2993-463: The former were mocked as 'the clericals', the latter were often mocked simply as 'the Jews', - because of their ethnic background -, and the opposing parties often hit each other, causing grievous bodily harms. During the 'Pikler riots' in the autumn of 1907, the phenomenon of campus violence reached its zenith. The focal point of the unrest was Gyula Pikler, a distinguished professor of philosophy of law at

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3066-612: The galilesists as the 'young army of Fever', dedicating various poems to the Circle. Oszkár Jászi thought the galileists would help lead Hungary from 'the Balkans into Western Europe'. The organisation was banned in January, 1918, a period of labour unrest in the Austro-Hungarian Empire . However following the Aster Revolution in October 1918 it was relaunched. It was finally dissolved on 21 March, shortly following

3139-442: The groups of Galilei Circle intensified even further when the Hungarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed in Budapest. As soon as the Hungarian Soviet Republic was declared by the communists, many of the members of the radical leftist groups in the Galilei Circle immediately received governmental and administrative positions as public commissioners, deputy public commissioners and public security functionaries. Meanwhile, those groups in

3212-572: The kindergarten in Ecsed. Oszk%C3%A1r J%C3%A1szi Oszkár Jászi (born Oszkár Jakubovits ; 2 March 1875 – 13 February 1957), also known in English as Oscar Jászi, was a Hungarian social scientist , historian , and politician . Oszkár Jászi was born in Nagykároly on March 2, 1875. His hometown was, as he put it in his unfinished memoirs, "the county seat of Szatmár , the center of

3285-461: The leaders of the circle, were arrested on charges of editing and distributing pamphlets, and the club premises of the Galilei Circle were closed. In the Galileo trial , which ended at the end of September 1918, the main defendants Ilona Duczyńska and Tivadar Sugár were sentenced to two and three years in prison respectively. János Lékai poet and the leftist circles saw the number one war criminal in

3358-589: The members of the Radical Party, dissolved in the aftermath of the Communist revolution, that "they should accept neither political or moral responsibility for the Communist regime, but should on no account attempt to copy the sabotage of the Russian intelligentsia; leaving politics aside, they should bend their minds to assisting the new system in the administrative and economic fields." Jászi emigrated from Hungary on May 1, 1919. In his published memoir of

3431-492: The more traditional student associations usually dominated by legal students, historians and literary teachers. They also organized workers' matinees, performing excerpts from the works of Gorky and Zola to blue-collar worker audiences, who they not only wanted to raise proletarian consciousness through their performances, but also to discourage workers' alcoholism through their anti-alcoholic propaganda. Not only for health reasons, but also because, they thought, they can't fight in

3504-514: The name "Galileo Galilei", the hero of the "eppur si muove" metaphor, who stood up for the truth of science. "Because Galileo is perhaps the founder of modern science". " The Galilei Circle, the League of Electoral Rights, the Reform Club, etc., are all creations of the radical Freemasonry, which already play a significant role in our difficult work of redefining Hungarian social perception. It

3577-461: The newspaper "Világ" was published for three years. The paper was self-described as "a popular scientific journal for freethinkers, atheists, materialists, monists, socialists, and labour movement activists". Oszkár Jászi's manifesto was published in 1907 under the title "'Towards the New Hungary'", in which he triumphantly proclaims that "The clericalized nationalism is in its final hours, and in

3650-620: The oldest child of Lipót Pikler and Jozefin Singer. Pikler completed his secondary school education in Uzhhorod and his university studies at the Faculty of Law of the University of Pest. Between 1884 and 1891 he was assistant librarian of the House of Representatives. In 1886 he obtained a private teaching qualification at the University of Budapest. From 1891 he was an honorary professor at

3723-536: The opposition called for national resistance. In August, Jászi and some of his friends founded a League for Universal Suffrage by Secret Ballot; this marked the beginning of his political career. The following January, he wrote that "the constitution of today no longer corresponds to Hungary that half a century of its economic and cultural labors have created ... the key to the situation is in the hands of Hungarian organized labor"; in June 1906, he resigned from his position at

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3796-686: The pacifist movement and called for the founding of a federation of states for the whole of Europe, a kind of forerunner of the League of Nations ." In the October Revolution of 1918, Jászi entered the Károlyi government as Minister of Nationalities; he "planned to induce the leaders of the various peoples, mainly the Romanians, Slovaks, and Ruthenians, to keep their people within the borders of Hungary by offering them maximum autonomy," but

3869-399: The person of Prime Minister István Tisza who was shot on 16 October 1918 by the fanatic and lung-cancer-stricken (and therefore even determined to die) 23-year-old Lékai, a member of the Galilei Circle and Ottó Korvin 's anti-militarist movement, but his gun jammed and Tisza escaped. Two weeks after Lékai's assassination attempt, however, a terrorist group was more successful and István Tisza

3942-674: The pre-WW1 era population. In Kingdom of Hungary, the universities were church-founded institutions from the Middle Ages until the last quarter of the 19th century. Initially, in the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church, then after the Reformation, the Protestant churches also founded their own universities. The state did not have any universities, with the exception of a military academy and a few engineering universities from

4015-575: The production of anti-war leaflets, reinforcement of defeatism) took on a new colour. After U.S. Entry into World War I on the side of the Allies, nobody had doubt that the WW1 will end with the victory of Entente. In order to prevent the human distress caused by the war and to shorten the war, they decided to continue their activities in support of the Allied forces. Thus a majority view was adopted that an end to

4088-487: The publication of a manifesto based on the line of the Zimmerwald movement and organized a street demonstration against the war, which led many more activists to join the group. On November 17, the group led the country's first anti-war demonstration, calling for "Peace or Revolution" before eventually being broken up by police. But despite the attempts at repression, this action ignited many more demonstrations throughout

4161-593: The separation of church and state at the end of the 19th century, and a provocative action in 1900 (a plaster crucifix was knocked down from a Holy Crown relief at the University of Budapest by unknown perpetrators) led to a "war of cultures" in the public life of the universities in Budapest. If we simplify what happened, the members of the Catholic St Imre Circle, founded in 1900, repeatedly placed crucifixes in demonstrative places during their 'crucifix actions', which were taken down by secularisationists;

4234-406: The student association were László Rubin, Sándor Turnowsky, László Gyulai, Zsigmond Kende, Artúr Dukesz. At the association's celebrations, the famous poet Endre Ady would sometimes speak, recite and praised the "fierce but never ordinary, spiritual but militant solidarity" between the members of the circle. A member and popular lecturer of the Galilei Circle was Oszkár Faber , who was the chairman of

4307-661: The supreme poet of their generation (though the two became friends, this dated from their adult years)." Having done very well academically, he graduated a year early at seventeen, in 1892, and studied political science at the University of Budapest under Ágost Pulszky ; he was also strongly influenced by Gyula Pikler , though he would later reject the latter's "doctrinaire, anti-historical positivism." At this point he admired figures like József Eötvös and Pál Gyulai , thus aligning himself with "the principled European strand of Hungarian liberalism that stood against clericalism and

4380-508: The topics of current actual political dialogue instead of their earlier theoretical centered questions, therefore they founded the Civic Radical Party in 1914. The Galileo Circle was founded around and under the influence of Gyula Pikler , atheist - evolutionist full professor of philosophy of law, in Budapest on November 22, 1908 , and was joined by intellectuals, mainly of the extreme left-wing persuasion. The student circle

4453-428: The traditional parliamentary elections due to the limited suffrage. At one time, (as members of revolutionary socialist branch of the circle), the young Mátyás Rákosi , Ottó Korvin and József Pogány were also secretaries of the circle. One of its founders was György Lukács philosopher, later deputy People's Commissar for Public Education in the Hungarian Soviet Republic . The president and leading personalities of

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4526-459: The trenches. In 1917, incited by Ervin Szabó, Ilona Duczyńska volunteered to shoot the Hungarian prime minister István Tisza with a pistol. During a search and investigation in the Galilei Circle, the police obtained information that led to an investigation against the leadership of the Galilei Circle for distributing the pamphlet "Our Brothers in the Army". In January 1918, several members of the group,

4599-422: The university and the esteemed leader of the entirely radical Social Science Society at that time. Pikler faced a vicious attack due to his intellectually stimulating theory. In direct contradiction to the prevailing notions of natural law during that era, Pikler advocated a perspective founded on an evolutionary-historical materialist framework. He argued that the origin of nations, states, and laws did not stem from

4672-491: The war would be desirable with a quicker Entente victory, ending in the complete defeat of the Central Powers. They were no longer content to talk only about the horrors and economic effects of war, but also encouraged military rebellion against the governments of the Central Powers. From September 1917, Szabó arranged regular meetings with members of the Galileo Circle and Ilona Duczyńska , during which they decided on

4745-542: Was built on the absolutization of the concept of experience ("We cannot even think about the phenomena that cannot be proven by experience," wrote young Polanyi). They were also the first promoters of the Works of Zigmund Freud in Hungary. Mach's name shows that the Galivists were strongly cultivated by the strong cultivation of the natural sciences, among whom engineering and medical students were over-represented compared to

4818-687: Was inspired by their ideological opponents: the national-Christian university and college associations, such as the Catholic St. Imre Circle, and the Protestant Gabriel Bethlen Circle and the Zionist students from the Maccabean Circle. The right-wing university youth tried to discredit the professor by disrupting Pikler's lectures and by protesting. Professor Pikler's harassment became a political issue for

4891-515: Was killed on 31 October 1918. The press of the Entente powers considered him the third most important man in the central powers and the "most hated ideological enemy" in 1918. The freethinkers thus achieved their goal: the prime minister was dead. Kéri Pál , the mastermind of the assassination attempt on Tisza, who according to some witnesses at the Tisza trial , took out his watch at around 4 p.m. on

4964-407: Was often attacked by right-wing conservative journalists for his views. Even in parliamentary speeches, he was often criticized by the radical right, despite the fact that Pikler never having been an active politician or a member of parliament. In the early years of the century, he worked together with colleagues, Oszkár Jászi , Ágost Pulszky , Rusztem Vámbéry in 1900 , Somló Bódog , he launched

5037-422: Was one crown per semester. In 1910, the students bought an apartment on the second floor of the building at Anker köz 2-4 for the purpose of organising discussion clubs, reading evenings and self-study circles in European and Hungarian legal history, philosophy, sociology and political science, and psychology. But soon the membership grew so much that the large apartment was not big enough for them, so Ervin Szabó -

5110-611: Was sealed by the police. Many of its members emigrated and most found refuge in Vienna. Oszkár Jászi arrived in Vienna on May 1. A few weeks later he was followed by Pál Szende, Károly Polányi, and many others from the collective of the banned journal Huszadik Század ("Twentieth Century ") and the dissolved Galilei Circle, including József Rédei, Arnold Dániel, Sándor Fazekas, Ernő Lorsy, József Madzsar, László Fényes and Pál Kéri. Works of The participants included: Gyula Pikler Gyula Pikler (21 May 1864 – 28 November 1937) Hungarian philosopher of law, university professor, member of

5183-416: Was still striving for apoliticalism, but it was supported by the organisations of the progressive bourgeois intelligentsia, some leaders of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party and Ervin Szabó , the most outstanding Hungarian expert on Marxism, who had already left the Social Democratic Party. Ervin Szabó was convinced that a profound transformation of the Hungarian social order could not be achieved through

5256-467: Was the family climate that gave rise in the then six-year-old Oszkár to a self-image whereby for a long time thereafter he was simply unwilling to acknowledge his Jewish origins." The family also converted to Calvinism in the same year 1881. Oszkár's mother, Roza Liebermann (1853–1931), was the widowed doctor's second wife. Oszkár attended "the local Piarist grammar school—the same establishment attended by Endre Ady , two years younger and later to become

5329-488: Was the intellectual driving force; "it was he who, with the occasional tough, combative article, declared war on scientific narrow-mindedness and political 'reactionism.'" A year later, in January 1901, Jászi and his friends founded the Sociological Society, which immediately became a venue for sharp debates. At the beginning of 1904 his book Art and Morality appeared, and Jászi hoped to begin qualifying as

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