Misplaced Pages

#869130

36-1041: Phasianiformes Galliformes / ˌ ɡ æ l ɪ ˈ f ɔːr m iː z / is an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkeys , chickens , quail , and other landfowl. Gallinaceous birds, as they are called, are important in their ecosystems as seed dispersers and predators, and are often reared by humans for their meat and eggs, or hunted as game birds. The order contains about 290  species , inhabiting every continent except Antarctica, and divided into five families : Phasianidae (including chicken, quail, partridges , pheasants , turkeys, peafowl (peacocks) and grouse ), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Numididae (guinea fowl), Cracidae (including chachalacas and curassows), and Megapodiidae (incubator birds like malleefowl and brush-turkeys ). They adapt to most environments except for innermost deserts and perpetual ice. Many gallinaceous species are skilled runners and escape predators by running rather than flying. Males of most species are more colorful than

72-461: A cohors (plural cohortes ). Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae ). Such names are known as descriptive family names. In the field of zoology , the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is,

108-509: A capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming schemes . Orders of plants , fungi , and algae use the suffix -ales (e.g. Dictyotales ). Orders of birds and fishes use the Latin suffix -iformes meaning 'having the form of' (e.g. Passeriformes ), but orders of mammals and invertebrates are not so consistent (e.g. Artiodactyla , Actiniaria , Primates ). For some clades covered by

144-570: A distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus ( genus summum )) was first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl Linnaeus was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then minerals , plants , and animals ) in his Systema Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.). For plants, Linnaeus' orders in

180-539: A few are found in dense forest. Members of this group can also collectively be referred to as shorebirds . The order was formerly divided into three suborders: The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy lumps all the Charadriiformes together with other seabirds and birds of prey into a greatly enlarged order Ciconiiformes . However, the resolution of the DNA-DNA hybridization technique used by Sibley & Ahlquist

216-532: A generally Mesozoic form taxon formerly believed to constitute the common ancestors of charadriiforms, waterfowl and flamingos . They are now assumed to be mostly basal taxa of the charadriiforms and/or "higher waterbirds", which probably were two distinct lineages 65 mya already, and few if any are still believed to be related to the well-distinct waterfowl. Taxa formerly considered graculavids are: Other wader- or gull-like birds incertae sedis , which may or may not be Charadriiformes, are: Shorebirds pursue

252-421: A larger diversity of parental care strategies than do most other avian orders. They therefore present an attractive set of examples to support the understanding of the evolution of parental care in avians generally. The ancestral avian most likely had a female parental care system. The shorebird ancestor specifically evolved from a bi-parental care system, yet the species within the clade Scolopacidae evolved from

288-497: A male parental care system. These transitions might have occurred for several reasons. Brooding density is correlated with male parental care. Male care systems in birds are shown to have a very low breeding density while female care systems in birds have a high breeding density. (Owens 2005). Certain rates of male and female mortality, male and female egg maturation rate, and egg death rate have been associated with particular systems as well. It has also been shown that sex role reversal

324-584: A single subfamily Phasianinae. The grouse, turkeys, true pheasants, etc., would then become tribes of this subfamily, similar to how the Coturnicinae are commonly split into a quail and a spurfowl tribe. In 2021, Kimball et al . found the family to comprise three distinct subfamilies, with two containing multiple genera; these results were followed by the International Ornithological Congress . The partridge of Europe

360-419: Is determined by a taxonomist , as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with

396-472: Is not closely related to other partridge-like Galliformes, as already indicated by its sexually dimorphic coloration and possession of more than 14 rectrices , traits it shares with the other advanced phasianids. However, among these its relationships are obscure; it is unclear whether it is closer to the turkeys or to certain short-tailed pheasants like Ithaginis , Lophophorus , Pucrasia , and Tragopan . In 2021, Kimball et al . found it to belong to

SECTION 10

#1732798199870

432-601: Is probably due to convergent evolution brought about by semiaquatic habits. Specimen VI 9901 ( López de Bertodano Formation , Late Cretaceous of Vega Island , Antarctica) is probably a basal charadriiform somewhat reminiscent of a thick-knee . However, more complete remains of undisputed charadriiforms are known only from the mid- Paleogene onwards. Present-day orders emerged around the Eocene - Oligocene boundary, roughly 35-30 mya . Basal or unresolved charadriiforms are: The "transitional shorebirds" (" Graculavidae ") are

468-528: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized. In their 1997 classification of mammals , McKenna and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder . Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at the same position. Michael Benton (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead. This position

504-527: The Paleogene , namely the Gallinuloididae , Paraortygidae and Quercymegapodiidae . In the early Cenozoic , some additional birds may or may not be early Galliformes, though even if they are, they are unlikely to belong to extant families: From the mid- Eocene onwards – about 45 Mya or so, true galliforms are known, and these completely replace their older relatives in the early Neogene . Since

540-638: The Phasianidae are expanded in current taxonomy to include the former Tetraonidae and Meleagrididae as subfamilies . The Anseriformes ( waterfowl ) and the Galliformes together make up the Galloanserae . They are basal among the living neognathous birds, and normally follow the Paleognathae (ratites and tinamous) in modern bird classification systems. This was first proposed in

576-632: The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy and has been the one major change of that proposed scheme that was almost universally adopted. However, the Galliformes as they were traditionally delimited are called Gallomorphae in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, which splits the Cracidae and Megapodiidae as an order " Craciformes ". This is not a natural group, however, but rather an erroneous result of the now-obsolete phenetic methodology employed in

612-815: The Systema Naturae and the Species Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word ordo was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given

648-476: The phylogeny of the Phasianidae has resisted complete resolution. A tentative list of the higher-level galliform taxa , listed in evolutionary sequence, is: The relationships of many pheasants and partridges were formerly very badly resolved and much confounded by adaptive radiation (in the former) and convergent evolution (in the latter). Thus, the bulk of the Phasianidae was alternatively treated as

684-618: The Charadriiformes are an ancient group is also borne out by the fossil record. Alongside the Anseriformes , the Charadriiformes are the only other order of modern bird to have an established fossil record within the late Cretaceous, alongside the other dinosaurs. Much of the Neornithes ' fossil record around the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event is made up of bits and pieces of birds which resemble this order. In many, this

720-650: The Late Cretaceous Portezuelo Formation ( Turonian - Coniacian , about 90 Mya) in the Sierra de Portezuelo ( Argentina ) has also been suggested to be an early galliform relative. This is a partial coracoid of a neornithine bird, which in its general shape and particularly the wide and deep attachment for the muscle joining the coracoid and the humerus bone resembles the more basal lineages of galliforms. Additional galliform-like pangalliformes are represented by extinct families from

756-426: The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy. Phenetic studies do not distinguish between plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters, which leads to basal lineages appearing as monophyletic groups. Historically, the buttonquails (Turnicidae), mesites (Mesitornithidae) and the hoatzin ( Opisthocomus hoazin ) were placed in the Galliformes, too. The former are now known to be shorebirds adapted to an inland lifestyle, whereas

SECTION 20

#1732798199870

792-708: The absence of bone material, their relationships cannot be determined except that they are apparently avian in origin. Modern genera of phasianids start appearing around the Oligocene - Miocene boundary, roughly 25–20 Mya. It is not well known whether the living genera of the other, older, galliform families originated around the same time or earlier, though at least in the New World quail, pre-Neogene forms seem to belong to genera that became entirely extinct later on. A number of Paleogene to mid-Neogene fossils are quite certainly Galliformes, but their exact relationships in

828-548: The ancestors of galliformes were small and lived in the ground (unlike water for Anseriformes ) which protected them from the blast and destruction. Fossils of these galliform-like birds originate in the Late Cretaceous , most notably those of Austinornis lentus . Its partial left tarsometatarsus was found in the Austin Chalk near Fort McKinney, Texas , dating to about 85 million years ago (Mya). This bird

864-620: The earliest representatives of living galliform families apparently belong to the Phasianidae – the youngest family of galliforms, the other families of Galliformes must be at least of Early Eocene origin but might even be as old as the Late Cretaceous. The ichnotaxon Tristraguloolithus cracioides is based on fossil eggshell fragments from the Late Cretaceous Oldman Formation of southern Alberta , Canada, which are similar to chachalaca eggs, but in

900-1027: The females, with often elaborate courtship behaviors that include strutting, fluffing of tail or head feathers, and vocal sounds. They are mainly nonmigratory. Several species have been domesticated during their long and extensive relationships with humans. The name galliformes derives from " gallus ", Latin for " rooster ". Common names are gamefowl or gamebirds , landfowl , gallinaceous birds , or galliforms . Galliforms and waterfowl (order Anseriformes ) are collectively called fowl . The living Galliformes were once divided into seven or more families . Despite their distinctive appearance, grouse and turkeys probably do not warrant separation as families due to their recent origin from partridge - or pheasant -like birds. The turkeys became larger after their ancestors colonized temperate and subtropical North America , where pheasant-sized competitors were absent. The ancestors of grouse, though, adapted to harsh climates and could thereby colonize subarctic regions. Consequently,

936-566: The main survivors of the K-T Event , that killed off the rest of the dinosaurs. The dominant birds of the dinosaur era were the enantiornithes , toothed birds that dominated the trees and skies. Unlike those enantiornithes, the ancestors of the galliformes were a niche group that were toothless and ground-dwelling. When the asteroid impact killed off all non-avian dinosaurs, and the dominant birds, it destroyed all creatures that lived in trees and on open ground. The enantiornithes were wiped out, but

972-687: The mesites are probably closely related to pigeons and doves . The relationships of the hoatzin are entirely obscure, and it is usually treated as a monotypic order Opisthocomiformes to signify this. The fossil record for the Galliformes is incomplete. Megapodiidae – megapodes (7 genera, 21 extant species) [REDACTED] Cracidae – chachalacas, curassows, guans (11 genera, 57 species) [REDACTED] Numididae – guineafowl (4 genera, 8 species) [REDACTED] Odontophoridae – New World quail (10 genera, 34 species) [REDACTED] Phasianidae – pheasants & allies (54 genera, 188 species) [REDACTED] Galloanserae -like birds were one of

1008-610: The order cannot be determined: For a long time, the pheasants, partridges, and relatives were indiscriminately lumped in the Phasianidae, variously including or excluding turkeys, grouse, New World quail, and guineafowl, and divided into two subfamilies – the Phasianinae (pheasant-like forms) and the Perdicinae (partridge-like forms). This crude arrangement was long considered to be in serious need of revision, but even with modern DNA sequence analyses and cladistic methods,

1044-708: The orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats). In virology , the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 's virus classification includes fifteen taxomomic ranks to be applied for viruses , viroids and satellite nucleic acids : realm , subrealm , kingdom , subkingdom, phylum , subphylum , class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily , genus, subgenus , and species. There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in

1080-564: The precursor of the currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International Botanical Congress of 1905, the word family ( familia ) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French famille , while order ( ordo ) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named

1116-502: The rank of family (see ordo naturalis , ' natural order '). In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille (plural: familles ) was used as a French equivalent for this Latin ordo . This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle 's Lois de la nomenclature botanique (1868),

Galliformes - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-837: The subfamily Phasianini , alongside the true pheasants. Living Galliformes based on the work by John Boyd. Talegalla Leipoa [REDACTED] Alectura Aepypodius [REDACTED] Macrocephalon [REDACTED] Eulipoa [REDACTED] Megapodius [REDACTED] Chamaepetes Penelopina Aburria Penelope [REDACTED] Ortalis [REDACTED] Oreophasis [REDACTED] Nothocrax [REDACTED] Pauxi [REDACTED] Mitu [REDACTED] Crax [REDACTED] Guttera Numida [REDACTED] Acryllium [REDACTED] Agelastes [REDACTED] Ptilopachus [REDACTED] Rhynchortyx [REDACTED] Cyrtonyx [REDACTED] Order (biology) What does and does not belong to each order

1188-495: The suffix -virales . Charadriiformes See text. Charadriiformes ( / k ə ˈ r æ d r i . ɪ f ɔːr m iː z / , from Charadrius , the type genus of family Charadriidae ) is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds . It includes about 390 species and has members in all parts of the world. Most charadriiform birds live near water and eat invertebrates or other small animals; however, some are pelagic (seabirds), others frequent deserts, and

1224-418: Was adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others. In botany , the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order. Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined. The superorder rank is commonly used, with the ending -anae that was initiated by Armen Takhtajan 's publications from 1966 onwards. The order as

1260-1268: Was not sufficient to properly resolve the relationships in this group, and indeed it appears as if the Charadriiformes constitute a single large and very distinctive lineage of modern birds of their own. The auks, usually considered distinct because of their peculiar morphology, are more likely related to gulls, the "distinctness" being a result of adaptation for diving. The order Charadriiformes contains 3 suborders , 19 families and 391 species. Burhinidae – stone-curlews, thick-knees (10 species) Pluvianellidae – Magellanic plover Chionidae – sheathbills (2 species) Pluvianidae – Egyptian plover Charadriidae – plovers (69 species) Recurvirostridae – stilts, avocets (10 species) Ibidorhynchidae – ibisbill Haematopodidae – oystercatchers (12 species) Scolopacidae – sandpipers, snipes (98 species) Rostratulidae – painted-snipes (3 species) Jacanidae – jacanas (8 species) Pedionomidae – plains-wanderer Thinocoridae – seedsnipes (4 species) Turnicidae – buttonquails (18 species) Dromadidae – crab-plover Glareolidae – coursers, pratincoles (17 species) Laridae – gulls, terns, skimmers (103 species) Stercorariidae – skuas (7 species) Alcidae – auks (25 species) That

1296-422: Was quite certainly closely related to Galliformes, but whether it was a part of these or belongs elsewhere in the little-known galliform branch of Galloanserae is not clear. However, in 2004, Clarke classified it as a member of the larger group Pangalliformes , more closely related to chickens than to ducks, but not a member of the crown group that includes all modern galliformes. Another specimen, PVPH 237, from

#869130