89-737: The Grampians National Park commonly referred to as the Grampians , is a national park located in the Grampians region of Victoria , Australia. The Jardwadjali name for the mountain range itself is Gariwerd . The 167,219-hectare (413,210-acre) national park is situated between Stawell and Horsham on the Western Highway and Dunkeld on the Glenelg Highway , 260 kilometres (160 mi) west of Melbourne and 460 kilometres (290 mi) east of Adelaide . Proclaimed as
178-490: A Protector of Aboriginals had been appointed to Thursday Island and, during the 1920s and 1930s, racial legislation was strictly applied to Torres Strait Islanders. In the 1930s, a mission school was established. In 1936, around 70% of the Torres Strait Islander workforce went on strike in the first organised challenge against government authority made by Torres Strait Islanders. The nine-month strike
267-425: A magnificent park ... A nation's Park , containing man and beast, in all the wild and freshness of their nature's beauty!" The first effort by the U.S. Federal government to set aside such protected lands was on 20 April 1832, when President Andrew Jackson signed legislation that the 22nd United States Congress had enacted to set aside four sections of land around what is now Hot Springs, Arkansas , to protect
356-445: A "national park" simply describes a general area that is relatively undeveloped, scenic, and attracts tourists, with some form of planning restrictions to ensure it maintains those characteristics. There may be substantial human settlements within the bounds of a national park. Conversely, parks that meet the criteria may be not be referred to as "national parks". Terms like "preserve" or "reserve" may be used instead. Starting in 1735
445-609: A 60 nautical mile radius of the coast of Queensland. This boundary was further extended by the Queensland Coast Islands Act 1879 and now included the islands of Boigu, Erub, Mer and Saibai, which lay beyond the previous 60 nautical mile limit. The new legislation enabled the Queensland Government to control and regulate bases for the beche-de-mer and pearling industries which had previously operated outside its jurisdiction. Around 1900,
534-740: A few. John Muir is today referred to as the "Father of the National Parks" due to his work in Yosemite. He published two influential articles in The Century Magazine , which formed the base for the subsequent legislation. President Abraham Lincoln signed an Act of Congress on 1 July 1864, ceding the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of giant sequoias (later becoming Yosemite National Park ) to
623-704: A heated debate over whether the government had the right to create parks. The perceived mismanagement of Yosemite by the Californian state was the reason why Yellowstone was put under national control at its establishment six years later. In 1872, Yellowstone National Park was established as the United States' first national park, being also the world's first national park. In some European and Asian countries, however, national protection and nature reserves already existed - though typically as game reserves and recreational grounds set aside for royalty, such as
712-514: A lower cost basis and a larger geographical coverage (in 1989 when created, it was the largest protected area in Asia). It includes four of the six tallest mountains in the world: Everest , Lhotse , Makalu , and Cho Oyu . The QNNP is contiguous to four Nepali national parks, creating a transnational conservation area equal in size to Switzerland. In 1993, the Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park
801-564: A major bushfire that burned out about 127,000 ha (47%) of the Grampians National Park in January 2006. Soon afterwards the first signs of regeneration were already visible with, for example, regrowth of the eucalyptus trees. Many trees exhibit epicormic growth , where a mass of young shoots re-sprout along the whole length of the trunk to the base of the tree. Major flooding followed 5 years later in January 2011, forcing
890-586: A mayor. In the 2016 census , the locality of Dauan Island had a population of 191 people. In the 2021 census , the locality of Dauan Island had a population of 131 people. Torres Strait Island Regional Council operate an Indigenous Knowledge Centre (IKC) at Main Street. Opened on 30 June 2006, partnered with the State Library of Queensland , the IKC delivers a library service for community members, and
979-578: A member of the London Missionary Society, Reverend Walker, established a philanthropic business scheme named Papuan Industries Limited . This business encouraged Islander communities to cooperatively rent or purchase their own pearl luggers or "company boats". The boats were used to harvest pearl shells and beche-de-mer, which were sold and distributed by the company. The people of Dauan had purchased their first company boat, Papua , by 1911. Company boats provided Islanders with income and
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#17327727279701068-485: A national park on 1 July 1984, the park was listed on the National Heritage List on 15 December 2006 for its outstanding natural beauty and being one of the richest Aboriginal rock art sites in south-eastern Australia. The Grampians feature a striking series of mountain ranges of sandstone . The Gariwerd area features about 90% of the rock art in the state. At the time of European colonisation,
1157-488: A national park system, with the creation of the Nahuel Huapi National Park in 1934, through the initiative of Francisco Moreno . After World War II , national parks were founded all over the world. The United Kingdom designated its first national park, Peak District National Park , in 1951. This followed perhaps 70 years of pressure for greater public access to the landscape. By the end of
1246-539: A number of significant reforms and innovations. Unpopular local Protector J D McLean was removed and replaced by Cornelius O'Leary , who established a system of regular consultations with elected Islander council representatives. The new island councils were given a degree of autonomy, including control over local island police and courts. On 23 August 1937, O'Leary convened the first Inter Islander Councillors Conference at Masig . Representatives from 14 Torres Strait communities attended. Mau and Anau represented Dauan at
1335-546: A part of the Forest of Fontainebleau (France, 1861). Yellowstone was part of a federally governed territory . With no state government that could assume stewardship of the land, the federal government took on direct responsibility for the park, the official first national park of the United States. The combined effort and interest of conservationists, politicians and the Northern Pacific Railroad ensured
1424-402: A place of sanctuary by the people of Boigu and Saibai, as it was surrounded by reefs and strong currents that were difficult for the raiders to negotiate in their canoes. Government officials Henry Chester and Frank Jardine lead a punitive expedition against the raiders but were unable to find them. Chester left a quantity of firearms with the people of Boigu for their self-defence. In 1896,
1513-837: A range of projects, including Taking IT On, Remote Indigenous Public Internet Access (RIPIA), Culture Love and Deadly Digital Communities. Culture Love was a project delivered through a partnership between Arts Queensland, the State Library of Queensland, and respective shire and regional councils across Queensland. The partnership commenced in 2009 and continued for many years. Projects were delivered during school holidays and covered themes such as art, language, music to capture and enhance Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture and history. At Dauan, Culture Love took place from 2 to 6 July 2013, for community members, children and young people, Elders, local artists, knowledge experts and visiting arts workers to celebrate culture through
1602-828: A retaliatory expedition led by British officials based in Daru in West Papua diminished the threat of the Marind-Anim, but raids on Dauan, Boigu, Saibai and Papua continued well into the 1920s. In 1872, the Queensland Government sought to extend its jurisdiction and requested the support of the British Government . Letters patent were issued by the British Government in 1872 creating a new colony, which encompassed all islands within
1691-494: A sense of community pride and also improved transport and communication between the islands. In November 1912, the Queensland Government officially gazetted 800 acres of land on Dauan as an Aboriginal reserve . Many other Torres Strait Islands were gazetted as Aboriginal reserves at this time. Shortages of food on Dauan and Saibai were mentioned in a government report dating from 1912. The report also stated that only 12 to 15 people were living at Dauan permanently. By 1918,
1780-681: A specifically created Protected Zone and nearby areas. On 29 January 1985, the Queensland Government established Dauan Island State School. In 2007 the Tagai State College was established and Dauan Island State School became the Dauan Island Campus of the Tagai State College. On 30 March 1985, the Dauan community elected three councillors to constitute an autonomous Dauan Island Council established under
1869-416: A weather phenomenon that sometimes enables glider pilots to reach extreme altitudes of the order of 28,000 ft (8,500 m). This predominantly occurs during the months of May, June, September and October when strong westerly winds flow at right angles to the ridge, and produce a large-scale standing wave . The Grampians is a famous rock climbing destination, with the first routes being established in
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#17327727279701958-615: Is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west of Sabai Island and 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) south of Papua New Guinea . Dauan forms part of the North Western Islands group of the Torres Strait. Boigu and Saibai Islands make up the remainder of the group. The people of all three islands consider themselves one people. The north-western island group is located close to the Papua New Guinea border and forms
2047-591: Is an area of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that is protected and owned by a government. Although governments hold different standards for national park designation, the conservation of 'wild nature' for posterity and as a symbol of national pride is a common motivation for the continued protection of all national parks around the world. National parks are almost always accessible to the public. Usually national parks are developed, owned and managed by national governments, though in some countries with federal or devolved forms of government, "national parks" may be
2136-545: Is an island in the Torres Strait , Queensland , Australia; it is also known as Cornwallis Island. Dauan Island is also a town and locality in the Torres Strait Island Region , Queensland , Australia. In the 2021 census , the locality of Dauan Island had a population of 131 people. Dauan Island is approximately 2.85 kilometres (1.77 mi) long and 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) wide. It
2225-560: Is considered to be part of the Great Dividing Range . Strong kinship and trade ties continue to exist between the people of Dauan, Boigu and Saibai and coastal Papuan communities. Kalaw Kawaw Ya (also known as Kalau Kawau Ya, KKY) is one of the languages of the Torres Strait. Kalaw Kawaw Ya is the traditional language owned by the Top Western islands of the Torres Strait. The Kalaw Kawaw Ya language region includes
2314-549: Is located at a point roughly equidistant between the towns of Ararat and Stawell . The town is located towards the eastern side of the park and offers accommodation to the many tourists who visit the area. The Brambuk National Park and Cultural Centre in Halls Gap is owned and managed by Jardwadjali and Djab Wurrung people from five Aboriginal communities with historic links to the Gariwerd-Grampians ranges and
2403-531: Is now Royal National Park was established just south of Sydney , Colony of New South Wales , on 26 April 1879, becoming the world's second official national park. Since Mackinac lost its national park status, the Royal National Park is, by some considerations, the second oldest national park now in existence. Banff National Park became Canada's first national park in 1885. New Zealand established Tongariro National Park in 1887. In Europe,
2492-411: Is perceived as a brand name that is associated with nature-based tourism and it symbolizes a "high quality natural environment with a well-designed tourist infrastructure". The duties of a park ranger are to supervise, manage, and/or perform work in the conservation and use of park resources. This involves functions such as park conservation; natural, historical, and cultural resource management; and
2581-631: The Community Services (Torres Strait) Act 1984 . The Act conferred local government-type powers and responsibilities upon Torres Strait Islander councils and the council area, previously an Aboriginal reserve held by the Queensland Government, was transferred on 21 October 1985 to the trusteeship of the council under a Deed of Grant in Trust . In 2007, the Local Government Reform Commission recommended that
2670-568: The American frontier and were meant to be monuments to America's true history. Yet, in some instances, the lands that were to be set aside and protected in formerly colonized lands were already being inhabited by native communities, who were then removed off of these lands to create pristine sites for public consumption. Critics claim that the removal of people from national parks enhances the belief that nature can only be protected when humans do not exist within it, and that this leads to perpetuating
2759-778: The Australian Government recruited Torres Strait Islander men to serve in the armed forces. Enlisted men from Dauan and other island communities formed the Torres Strait Light Infantry . While the Torres Strait Light Infantry were respected as soldiers, they only received one third of the pay given to white Australian servicemen. On 31 December 1943, members of the Torres Strait Light Infantry went on strike calling for equal pay and equal rights for all soldiers. The Australian Government agreed to increase their pay to two thirds
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2848-778: The Devonian period 425 - 415 million years ago. This sediment slowly accumulated to a depth of 7 kilometres (4.3 mi); this was later raised and tilted for its present form. A number of stratigraphic layers have been identified, such as the Silverband Formation, the Mount Difficult Subgroup and the Red Man Bluff Subgroup. The coarse grain and fine lamination of the Silverstone Formation, along with undulations at
2937-517: The Naples government undertook laws to protect Natural areas, which could be used as a game reserve by the royal family; Procida was the first protected site; the difference between the many previous royal hunting preserves and this one, which is considered to be closer to a Park rather than a hunting preserve, is that Neapolitan government already considered the division into the present-day wilderness areas and non-strict nature reserves. In 1810,
3026-682: The Tobago Main Ridge Forest Reserve (in what is now Trinidad and Tobago; established in 1776) and the area surrounding Bogd Khan Uul Mountain (Mongolia, 1778), which were restricted from cultivation to protect surrounding farmland, are considered the oldest legally protected areas . Parks Canada , established on May 19, 1911, is the world's oldest national park service. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) have defined "National Park" as its Category II type of protected areas . According to
3115-676: The 15 Torres Strait Island councils be abolished and the Torres Strait Island Regional Council be established in their place. In elections conducted under the Local Government Act 1993 on 15 March 2008, members of the 15 communities comprising the Torres Strait Island Regional Council local government area each voted for a local councillor and a mayor to constitute a council consisting of 15 councillors plus
3204-952: The 1860s. Torres Strait Islanders refer to the arrival of the London Missionary Society (LMS) on 1 July 1871 as "the Coming of the Light". After visiting Erub and Tudu , missionaries led by the Reverend Samuel McFarlane and the Reverend A W Murray travelled to Dauan on 6 July 1871. Nadai, the leader of Dauan, met with the missionaries and allowed them to start a mission on the island. Two South Sea Islander lay pastors, Josaia and Sivene, were appointed to work as missionary teachers at Dauan and Saibai. LMS missionaries revisited Dauan and Saibai in 1872, and found that Josaia and Sivene had been accepted by
3293-869: The 1960s. Notable routes include The Wheel of Life (V15 / 35) and Groove Train (33) which attract world class climbers. Australian adventurer Jon Muir regards the Grampians, along with the Arapiles, as near perfect in their combination of access, climate and type of rock. In March 2019, 30% of climbing areas were closed by Parks Victoria due to cultural and ecological concerns, namely bolting, chalk marks, and making access paths through vegetation. It closed 70% of bouldering routes, and 50% of sport climbing. Parks Victoria were accused by climbers of exaggerating damage and acting heavy handedly by pitting them against traditional owners , of whom they are "natural allies". Jon Muir and renowned Australian mountaineer Tim Macartney-Snape have criticised Parks Victoria’s handling of
3382-572: The 431 sites managed by the National Park Service of the United States, only 63 carry the designation of National Park. Countries with a large ecotourism industry, such as Costa Rica, often experience a huge economic effect on park management as well as the economy of the country as a whole. Tourism to national parks has increased considerably over time. In Costa Rica for example, a megadiverse country , tourism to parks has increased by 400% from 1985 to 1999. The term national park
3471-684: The Dauan campus of the Tagai State College had an enrolment of 18 students in early years and 21 students in middle years (total 39). In 2018, a parish on Dauan Island became the first in the Torres Strait to enter the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross , a structure within the Catholic Church for former Anglicans. A former priest and vicar-general of the Church of Torres Strait, Fr G.W. Barnier OLSC
3560-486: The Djab Wurrung language or Djargurd Wurrung language , to the east, he recorded "Erewurrr, country of the Grampians" – likely a mishearing of Gariwerd . Recorded variations on Gariwerd include Cowa , Gowah , and Gar – generic words for a pointed mountain. Dhauwurd Wurrung language speakers from the south-west coast of Victoria called the mountains Murraibuggum , while Wathawurrung (Wathaurong) speakers used
3649-590: The English poet William Wordsworth described the Lake District as a "sort of national property, in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy." The painter George Catlin , in his travels through the American West , wrote during the 1830s that Native Americans in the United States might be preserved "(by some great protecting policy of government) ... in
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3738-647: The Grampians had a number of indigenous names, one of which was Gariwerd in the western Kulin language of the Mukjarawaint , Jardwadjali , and Djab Wurrung people, who lived in the area and who shared 90 per cent of their vocabulary. According to historian Benjamin Wilkie, the name Gariwerd was first written down in 1841, taken from a Jardwadjali speaker by the Chief Protector of Aborigines , George Augustus Robinson , as Currewurt . From speakers of
3827-599: The IUCN definition. In many countries, including Indonesia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, national parks do not adhere to the IUCN definition, while some areas which adhere to the IUCN definition are not designated as national parks. As many countries do not adhere to the IUCN definition, the term "national park" may be used loosely. In the United Kingdom , and in some other countries such as Taiwan ,
3916-506: The IUCN, 6,555 national parks worldwide met its criteria in 2006. IUCN is still discussing the parameters of defining a national park. The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park , which was established in 1974 and is 972,000 km (375,000 sq mi) in area. In 1969, the IUCN declared a national park to be a relatively large area with
4005-475: The Islanders and given land by the local chiefs. In the 1860s, beche-de-mer (sea cucumber) and pearling boats began working the reefs of Torres Strait. Pearling bases were never established on Dauan, but in the 1870s, European pearl and beche-de-mer operators began recruiting men from the North Western Islands to work on their luggers. From the late 1870s onwards, the coastal communities of Papua and
4094-601: The arts. At the end of the week-long project, an interactive bilingual book, called The Coming of the Light Dauan Island was created using original artwork. The story is presented in both Kala Kawaw Ya (KKY) and English. Dauan Island Campus is a primary (early childhood to Grade 6) campus of Tagai State College headquartered on Thursday Island ( 9°24′49″S 142°32′23″E / 9.4136°S 142.5396°E / -9.4136; 142.5396 ( Tagai State College - Dauan Island Campus ) ). In 2016,
4183-544: The best idea we ever had. Absolutely American, absolutely democratic, they reflect us at our best rather than our worst." The first area to use "national park" in its creation legislation was the U.S.'s Mackinac National Park , in 1875. (The area was later transferred to the state's authority in 1895, thus losing its official "national park" status. ) Following the idea established in Yellowstone and Mackinac, there soon followed parks in other nations. In Australia, what
4272-461: The closure of some parts of the Grampians National Park for several months. Furthermore since 2006, the Grampians National Park has experienced another two large-scale fires, both caused by lightning. These fires have impacted roughly 85% of the Grampians National Park. National park A national park is a nature park designated for conservation purposes because of unparalleled national natural, historic, or cultural significance. It
4361-539: The conference. After lengthy discussions, unpopular bylaws, including the evening curfews, were cancelled and a new code of local representation was agreed upon. In 1939 the Queensland Government passed the Torres Strait Islanders Act 1939 , which incorporated many of the recommendations discussed at the conference. The Act officially recognised Torres Strait Islanders as a separate people from Aboriginal Australians . During World War II ,
4450-499: The creation of Yellowstone, Yosemite, and nearly 37 other national parks and monuments, another 44 years passed before an agency was created in the United States to administer these units in a comprehensive way – the U.S. National Park Service (NPS). The 64th United States Congress passed the National Park Service Organic Act , which President Woodrow Wilson signed into law on 25 August 1916. Of
4539-645: The creator, Bunjil , and buledji Brambimbula , the two brothers Bram, who were responsible for the creation and naming of many landscape features in western Victoria. Grampians National Park (Gariwerd) is one of the richest Indigenous rock art sites in south-eastern Australia and was listed on the National Heritage List for its natural beauty as well as its past and continuing Aboriginal cultural associations. Motifs painted in numerous caves include depictions of humans, human hands, animal tracks and birds. Notable rock art sites include: The rock art
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#17327727279704628-582: The decade a further nine national parks had been designated in the UK. Europe has some 359 national parks as of 2010. The Vanoise National Park in the Alps was the first French national park, created in 1963 after public mobilization against a touristic project . In 1971, Lahemaa National Park in Estonia was the first area to be designated a national park in the former Soviet Union . In 1973, Mount Kilimanjaro
4717-519: The development and operation of interpretive and recreational programs for the benefit of the visiting public. Park rangers also have fire fighting responsibilities and execute search and rescue missions. Activities also include heritage interpretation to disseminate information to visitors of general, historical, or scientific information. Management of resources such as wildlife, lake shores, seashores, forests, historic buildings, battlefields, archaeological properties, and recreation areas are also part of
4806-449: The dichotomy between nature and humans (also known as the nature–culture divide ). They see the creation of national parks as a form of eco- land grabbing . Others claim that traveling to national parks to appreciate nature there leads people to ignore the nature that exists around them every day. Still others argue that tourism can actually negatively impact the areas that are being visited. Dauan Island, Queensland Dauan Island
4895-639: The dominion parks under the administration of the Dominion Park Branch (now Parks Canada ), within the Department of the Interior. The branch was established to "protect sites of natural wonder" to provide a recreational experience, centred on the idea of the natural world providing rest and spiritual renewal from the urban setting. Canada now has the largest protected area in the world with 450,000 km of national park space. Even with
4984-493: The dual naming of geographical features, and that has been subsequently adopted in the park, based on Jardwadjali and Djab Wurrung names for rock art sites and landscape features, with the Australian National Heritage List referring to "Grampians National Park (Gariwerd)". This area is a distinct physiographic section of the larger Western Victorian Highlands province, which, in turn, is part of
5073-752: The first national parks were a set of nine parks in Sweden in 1909, followed by the Swiss National Park in 1914. Africa's first national park was established in 1925 when Albert I of Belgium designated an area of what is now Democratic Republic of Congo centred on the Virunga Mountains as the Albert National Park (since renamed Virunga National Park ). In 1895, the Groenkloof Nature Reserve
5162-514: The following defining characteristics: In 1971, these criteria were further expanded upon leading to more clear and defined benchmarks to evaluate a national park. These include: While the term national park is now defined by the IUCN, many protected areas in many countries are called national park even when they correspond to other categories of the IUCN Protected Area Management Definition, for example: While national parks are generally understood to be administered by national governments (hence
5251-523: The islands and waters of the Torres Straits. In December 1978, a treaty was signed by the Australian and Papua New Guinea governments that described the boundaries between the two countries and the use of the sea area by both parties. Commencing in February 1985, the Torres Strait Treaty , contains special provision for free movement (without passports or visas) between both countries. Free movement between communities applies to traditional activities such as fishing, trading and family gatherings which occur in
5340-400: The islands of Dauan, Boigu and Saibai were raided by warriors of the Marind-Anim or Tugeri people from Dutch-controlled West Papua . In 1881, the government vessel known as Pearl visited Dauan and found that the entire population of Boigu had taken shelter on the island from Marind Anim raiding parties who had killed 11 Islanders and burned the villages on Boigu. Dauan was often used as
5429-707: The job of a park ranger. Since the establishment of the National Park Service in the US in 1916, the role of the park ranger has shifted from merely being a custodian of natural resources to include several activities that are associated with law enforcement. They control traffic, manage permits for various uses, and investigate violations, complaints, trespass/encroachment, and accidents. National parks in former European colonies have come under criticism for allegedly perpetuating colonialism . National parks were created by individuals who felt that pristine, natural sections of nature should be set aside and preserved from urban development. In America, this movement came about during
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#17327727279705518-419: The landscape within the local government boundaries of the Shire of Torres . Captain William Bligh , in charge of the British Navy ships Providence and Assistant , visited Torres Strait in 1792 and mapped the main reefs and channels. Bligh named the highest hill on the island Mount Cornwallis. Because of its distance from the main sea passages in Torres Strait, few Europeans had visited Dauan prior to
5607-457: The larger East Australian Cordillera physiographic division — commonly known as the Great Dividing Range — a series of mountain ranges , plateaus and rolling hills forming out of the Wimmera plains just to the west of the Grampians, staying close to the east Australian coastline and extending 4,000 km (2,500 miles) to the north to Dauan Island in the Torres Strait off the northern tip of Cape York Peninsula . The general form that
5696-456: The length of the park. It was officially opened on 12 November 2021. The most popular walking area for day trippers is the Wonderland area near Halls Gap . In summer the ranges can get very hot and dry. Winter and spring are the best times for walking. The Wonderland area is also host to "The Grand Canyon" on the "Wonderland Loop" on one of the tracks to the "Pinnacle". In spring, the Grampians wildflowers are an attraction. Colloquially known as
5785-433: The level received by white servicemen. Full back pay was offered in compensation to the Torres Strait servicemen by the Australian Government in the 1980s. In the post-war period, the pearling industry declined across Torres Strait, and Islanders were permitted to work and settle on Thursday Island and the Australian mainland . After gaining its independence from Australia in 1975, Papua New Guinea asserted its right to
5874-413: The middle of the nineteenth century. According to Wilkie, the extension of railways to nearby Stawell, Ararat and Dunkeld were an important factor in the mountains' increasing popularity in the early twentieth century; growing car ownership and the construction of tourist roads in the ranges during the 1920s were also significant. Mount William is known within the gliding community for the "Grampians Wave",
5963-439: The most northern point of Australia's territory. Situated on a narrow coastal strip, Dauan is well known throughout the Torres Strait for its freshwater permanent springs, fertile soil and steep hills. The island is less commonly known by its English name of Cornwallis, named after Mount Cornwallis, Queensland’s most northerly granite peak. Dauan, as it is known by its traditional owners the Dauanalgal (Dow-a-nal-gal) people,
6052-448: The mountains as the Gulielmean , Gulielman , and the Blue Gulielmean Mountains . Later in 1836, Mitchell settled on Grampians , and the Grampians National Park took that name in 1984. After a two-year consultation process, the park was renamed Grampians (Gariwerd) National Park in 1991, but that proved controversial and was reversed after the election of the Kennett government in 1992. The 1998 Geographic Place Names Act reinstated
6141-428: The name Tolotmutgo . In 1836, the explorer and Surveyor General of New South Wales Sir Thomas Mitchell named Gariwerd after the Grampian Mountains in his native Scotland . According to Wilkie, Mitchell first referred to Gariwerd as the Coast Mountains and, in July 1836, called them the Gulielmian Mountains after William IV of the United Kingdom ( Gulielmi IV Regis) . Members of his expedition referred to
6230-450: The name), in Australia, with the exception of six national parks, national parks are run by state governments and predate the Federation of Australia ; similarly, national parks in the Netherlands are administered by the provinces. In Canada, there are both national parks operated by the federal government and provincial or territorial parks operated by the provincial and territorial governments, although nearly all are still national parks by
6319-554: The natural, thermal springs and adjoining mountainsides for the future disposal of the U.S. government. It was known as Hot Springs Reservation , but no legal authority was established. Federal control of the area was not clearly established until 1877. The work of important leaders who fought for animal and land conservation were essential in the development of legal action. Some of these leaders include President Abraham Lincoln, Laurance Rockefeller, President Theodore Roosevelt, John Muir, and First Lady Lady Bird Johnson to name
6408-506: The park and are easily accessible via a well-developed road network. Due to being an exposed peak in the west of Victoria, Mount William features especially cool maximum temperatures throughout the year. Winter cloud cover is profound; with an extraordinary 26 days of precipitation in July, constituting an annual total of 216 days—quite possibly the highest figure of any site in mainland Australia. Snowfalls are both frequent and heavy throughout
6497-590: The park area, but in Black Range Scenic Reserve near Stawell . It is the only known rock art depiction of Bunjil , the creator -being in Aboriginal Australian mythology . Dual naming of features has been adopted in the park based on Jardwadjali and Djab Wurrung names for rock art sites and landscape features, including: Gariwerd and the Grampians National Park has been a popular destination for recreation and tourism since
6586-543: The passage of enabling legislation by the United States Congress to create Yellowstone National Park. Theodore Roosevelt and his group of conservationists, the Boone and Crockett Club , were active campaigners and were highly influential in convincing fellow Republicans and big business to back the bill. Yellowstone National Park soon played a pivotal role in the conservation of these national treasures, as it
6675-411: The ranges take is: from the west, a series of low-angled sandstone ridges running roughly north–south. The eastern sides of the ridges, where the sedimentary layers have faulted, are steep and beyond the vertical in place - notably at Hollow Mountain near Dadswells Bridge at the northern end of the ranges. The rock material that composes the high peaks is sandstone which was laid down from rivers during
6764-402: The responsibility of subnational, regional, or local authorities. The United States established Yellowstone National Park , the first "public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people," in 1872. Although Yellowstone was not officially termed a "national park" at the time, in practice it is widely held to be the first and oldest national park in the world. However,
6853-420: The situation, with Muir saying, “The climbers haven’t really been taken into the equation”, and Macartney-Snape saying, “It’s really the way it has been managed. It’s a blight on Australian administration of natural land.” In 2015 Parks Victoria started building the 164 km Grampians Peaks Trail . The trail, which takes inspiration from popular Tasmanian trails, is designed to take 13 days to walk and crosses
6942-402: The state of California. According to this bill, private ownership of the land in this area was no longer possible. The state of California was designated to manage the park for "public use, resort, and recreation". Leases were permitted for up to ten years and the proceeds were to be used for conservation and improvement. A public discussion followed this first legislation of its kind and there was
7031-467: The surface, is thought to have been an estuarine backwater before becoming preserved around 400 million years ago. The Southern Ocean reached the base of the northern and western edges of the mountain range about 40 million years ago, the deposition from the range forming the sea floor which is now Little Desert National Park . The highest peak is Mount William at 1,167 metres (3,829 ft). Numerous waterfalls, such as Mackenzie Falls, are found in
7120-498: The surrounding plains. Grampians National Park is home to one of Australia's longest running food and wine festivals, Grampians Grape Escape , held over the first weekend of May in Halls Gap every year. Launched in 1992, the Grampians Grape Escape is a hallmark event for Victoria and provides food and wine offerings by more than 100 local artisan producers, live music and family entertainment. Lightning caused
7209-579: The year. Daily maximum temperatures can struggle above the single digits even in summer, and on such days the afternoon and mid-day readings can be near to 0 °C (32 °F) in extreme cases such as in December 2022. The peak can be classed as a cold and moist Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csb ) on account of the low summer rainfall − in February averaging only 34 millimetres (1.3 in) of rainfall. The Silverband Formation (see Geology above)
7298-464: The ‘garden of Victoria’, the Grampians is home to 975 native plant species (including more than 75 orchid species), representing one third of the total Victorian flora, and many of these species are only found in the Grampians, including the Grampians pincushion lily (Borya mirabilis), one of the rarest native lilies in Australia. Halls Gap / Budja Budja is the largest service town in the area and
7387-460: Was an expression of Islanders’ anger and resentment at the increasing government control of their livelihood. The strike was a protest against government interference in wages, trade and commerce and called for the lifting of evening curfews, the removal of the permit system for inter-island travel, and the recognition of the Islanders’ right to recruit their own boat crews. The strike produced
7476-602: Was classified as a National Park and was opened to public access in 1977. In 1989, the Qomolangma National Nature Preserve (QNNP) was created to protect 3.381 million hectares on the north slope of Mount Everest in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. This national park is the first major global park to have no separate warden and protection staff—all of its management consists of existing local authorities, allowing
7565-426: Was created by Jardwadjali and Djab Wurrung peoples, and while Aboriginal communities continue to pass on knowledge and cultural traditions, much Indigenous knowledge has also been lost since European settlement of the area from 1840. The significance of the right hand prints at Gulgurn Manja is now unknown. One of the most significant Aboriginal cultural sites in south-eastern Australia is Bunjil's Shelter , not within
7654-515: Was established as the first game sanctuary in Africa. In 1926, the government of South Africa designated Kruger National Park as the nation's first national park, although it was an expansion of the earlier Sabie Game Reserve established in 1898 by President Paul Kruger of the old South African Republic , after whom the park was named. Argentina became the third country in the Americas to create
7743-601: Was established in Jamaica to conserve and protect 41,198 hectares, including tropical montane rainforest and adjacent buffer areas. The site includes Jamaica's tallest peak ( Blue Mountain Peak ), hiking trails and a visitor center. The Park was also designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015. The world's first national park service was established May 19, 1911, in Canada. The Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act placed
7832-535: Was suffering at the hands of poachers and others who stood at the ready to pillage what they could from the area. Theodore Roosevelt and his newly formed Boone and Crockett Club successfully took the lead in protecting Yellowstone National Park from this plight, resulting in laws designed to conserve the natural resources in Yellowstone and other parks under the Government's purview. American Pulitzer Prize -winning author Wallace Stegner wrote: "National parks are
7921-474: Was the source of sandstone paving slabs used for the construction of a nearby Cobb & Co station in 1873. The surface of one paver contained 23 impressions, the tracks of a four-legged animal around 850 millimetres (33 in) in length, which have been described as the oldest trace of a vertebrate walking on land. To the Jardwadjali and Djab wurrung peoples, Gariwerd was central to the dreaming of
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