99-466: A national library is established by the government of a nation to serve as the pre-eminent repository of information for that country. Unlike public libraries , they rarely allow citizens to borrow books. Often, they include numerous rare, valuable, or significant works; such as the Gutenberg Bible . National libraries are usually notable for their size, compared to that of other libraries in
198-601: A nomadic life in Central Europe, meanwhile continuing their spiritual conferences, which Dee detailed in his diaries and almanacs. They had audiences with Emperor Rudolf II in Prague Castle and King Stephen Báthory of Poland, whom they attempted to convince of the importance of angelic communication. The Bathory meeting took place at the Niepołomice Castle (near Kraków , then capital of Poland) and
297-585: A British Empire stretching across the North Atlantic. Dee promoted the sciences of navigation and cartography . He studied closely with Gerardus Mercator and owned an important collection of maps, globes , and astronomical instruments. He developed new instruments and special navigational techniques for use in polar regions . Dee served as an advisor to English voyages of discovery, and personally selected pilots and trained them in navigation. He believed that mathematics (which he understood mystically)
396-451: A Protestant institution by Royal Charter in 1578. However, he could not exert much control over its fellows, who despised or cheated him. Early in his tenure, he was consulted on the demonic possession of seven children, but took little interest in the case, although he allowed those involved to consult his still extensive library. Dee left Manchester in 1605 to return to London, but remained Warden until his death. By that time, Elizabeth
495-482: A belief that man had the potential for divine power that could be exercised through mathematics. His goal was to help bring forth a unified world religion through the healing of the breach of the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches and the recapture of the pure theology of the ancients. From 1570 Dee advocated a policy of political and economic strengthening of England and establishment of colonies in
594-841: A complete catalogue entry of a book to any publisher who sends a final draft or some form of galley proof of a book currently in production. Other national libraries offer similar services or enforce mandatory practices similar to this. The second part of the goal is achieved by thorough acquisition programs and collection development policies which target book markets in other nations, and which foster international agreements with other countries with national libraries who have national bibliographic control as one of their goals. Exchange and access protocols are defined permitting these countries to read each other's catalogues, and to standardize catalogue entries, thus making it easier for each national library to become aware of every possible published document which might concern their country. Another one of
693-401: A diviner at their increasingly lengthy, frequent spiritual conferences. The order for wife-sharing caused Dee anguish, but he apparently did not doubt it was genuine and they apparently shared wives. However, Dee broke off the conferences immediately afterwards. He returned to England in 1589, while Kelley went on to be the alchemist to Emperor Rudolf II. Nine months later, on 28 February 1588,
792-493: A figure of Britannia kneeling by the shore beseeching Elizabeth I to protect her nation by strengthening her navy . Dee used Geoffrey 's inclusion of Ireland in King Arthur 's conquests to argue that Arthur had established a "British empire" abroad. He argued that the establishment of new colonies would benefit England economically, with said colonies being protected by a strong navy. Dee has been credited with coining
891-676: A free copy within one year of publication. The international nature of the book publishing industry ensures that all significant English language publications from elsewhere in the world are also included. In the Republic of Ireland, the Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 specifies that one copy of every book published is to be delivered to the National Library of Ireland , the Trinity College Library, Dublin,
990-478: A gown like an artist's gown, with hanging sleeves, and a slit.... A very fair, clear sanguine complexion... a long beard as white as milk. A very handsome man." Dee was an intense Christian, but his religiosity was influenced by Hermetic and Platonic - Pythagorean doctrines pervasive in the Renaissance . He believed that numbers were the basis of all things and key to knowledge. From Hermeticism he drew
1089-411: A magician and the vivid story of his association with Edward Kelley have made him a seemingly irresistible figure to fabulists , writers of horror stories , and latter-day magicians . The accretion of fanciful information about Dee often obscures the facts of his life, remarkable as they were. It also does nothing to promote his Christian leanings: Dee looked to the angels to tell him how he might heal
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#17327653988031188-533: A major collection of mathematical and astronomical instruments. In 1552, he met Gerolamo Cardano in London, with whom he investigated a purported perpetual motion machine and a gem supposed to have magical properties. Rector at Upton-upon-Severn from 1553, Dee was offered a readership in mathematics at Oxford University in 1554, which he declined, citing as offensive English universities' emphasis on rhetoric and grammar (which, together with logic , formed
1287-510: A proper and speedy deposit, such as a tie-in with laws affecting copyright of the same documents, and/or a cataloguing-in-publication (CIP) service. Approximately three million new English-language books are retained by the British Library and Library of Congress each year. One of the main goals of a national library is fulfilling their nation's part of the common international goal of universal bibliographic control , by ensuring
1386-680: A son was born to Dee's wife, whom Dee baptised Theodorus Trebonianus Dee and raised as his own. Dee returned to Mortlake after six years abroad to find his home vandalised, his library ruined and many of his prized books and instruments stolen. Furthermore, he found that increasing criticism of occult practices had made England still less hospitable to his magical practices and natural philosophy. He sought support from Elizabeth, who hoped he could persuade Kelley to return and ease England's economic burdens through alchemy. She finally appointed Dee Warden of Christ's College, Manchester , in 1595. This former College of Priests had been re-established as
1485-549: A symbol used by Dee. Although there is evidence that Fleming read a memoir of Dee's about the time that he created the Bond character, scholar Teresa Burns has cast doubt on the claim that "007" originates from any symbol used by Dee. John Dee is one of the main antagonists in the book series The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel by Michael Scott . In the series, John Dee has gained immortality from
1584-567: A visionary plan for preserving old books, manuscripts and records and founding a national library, but it was not taken up. Instead, he expanded his personal library in Mortlake , acquiring books and manuscripts in England and on the Continent. Dee's library, a centre of learning outside the universities, became the greatest in England and attracted many scholars. When Elizabeth succeeded to
1683-541: Is anachronistic . He was invited to lecture on Euclidean geometry at the University of Paris while still in his early twenties. He was an ardent promoter of mathematics, a respected astronomer and a leading expert in navigation , who trained many who would conduct England's voyages of discovery . Meanwhile, he immersed himself in sorcery , astrology, and Hermetic philosophy . Much effort in his last 30 years went into trying to commune with angels , so as to learn
1782-485: Is a service of The Conference of European National Librarians (CENL). The first national libraries had their origins in the royal collections of the sovereign or some other supreme body of the state. One of the first plans for a national library was devised by the English mathematician John Dee , who in 1556 presented Mary I of England with a visionary plan for the preservation of old books, manuscripts and records and
1881-403: Is organized alphabetically by country, according to the list of sovereign states , including, at its end an 'other states' section for non-sovereign states. A "♦" indicates a national library of a province or state, or constituent country or dependent state . It is listed under the sovereign state which governs that entity. Sovereign states are listed even when they have no national library or when
1980-630: Is that library which has the duty of collecting and preserving the literature of the nation within and outside the country. Thus, national libraries are those libraries whose community is the nation at large. Examples include the British Library in London, and the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris. There are wider definitions of a national library, putting less emphasis to the repository character. National libraries are usually notable for their size, compared to that of other libraries in
2079-611: Is the International Standard Bibliographic Description or ISBD, which has served as a basis for national and international cataloguing codes, such as AACR2 . John Dee John Dee (13 July 1527 – 1608 or 1609) was an English mathematician , astronomer , teacher, astrologer , occultist , and alchemist . He was the court astronomer for, and advisor to, Elizabeth I , and spent much of his time on alchemy , divination , and Hermetic philosophy . As an antiquarian , he had one of
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#17327653988032178-578: Is the likely loose inspiration for Welsh folkloric outlaw Twm Siôn Cati , as his cousin; the pair corresponded, and Jones visited Dee several times. From 1577 to 1601, Dee kept a sporadic diary (also referred to as his almanac), from which most of what we know of his life in that time has been gleaned. In 1587, Kelley informed Dee of the angel's wish that they share wives. Theodore Dee, born nine months later, could have been fathered by Kelley, and not Dee. Jane died in Manchester of bubonic plague and
2277-474: Is the subject of Henry Gillard Glindoni 's painting John Dee Performing an Experiment Before Queen Elizabeth I . Dee is a major character in John Crowley 's four-volume novel Ægypt , the first volume of which, The Solitudes , was published in 1987. Donald McCormick claimed Dee was Ian Fleming 's inspiration for his James Bond character. He also claimed that the "007" moniker originated as
2376-451: Is time that the cause of all this universal condemnation should be examined in the light of reason and science; and perhaps it will be found to exist mainly in the fact that he was too far advanced in speculative thought for his own age to understand." Through this and subsequent re-evaluation, Dee is now viewed as a serious scholar and book collector, a devoted Christian (albeit at a confusing time for that faith), an able scientist, and one of
2475-640: Is widely assumed they died in the epidemic that took their mother (as Dee had by this time ceased to keep a diary). While Arthur was a student at the Westminster School , Dee wrote to his headmaster echoing the normal worries of boarding-school parents. Arthur was an apprentice in much of his father's alchemical and scientific work and in fact often his diviner until Kelley appeared. He went on to become an alchemist and Hermetic author, whose works were published by Elias Ashmole . The antiquary John Aubrey describes Dee as "tall and slender. He wore
2574-617: The Bibliothèque Mazarine , which evolved from its origin as a royal library founded at the Louvre Palace by Charles V in 1368. At the death of Charles VI , this first collection was unilaterally bought by the English regent of France, the Duke of Bedford , who transferred it to England in 1424. It was apparently dispersed at his death in 1435. The invention of printing resulted in the starting of another collection in
2673-535: The Council of Nicaea in 325 AD, but by eleven, which would restore it to the birth of Christ. Another proposal of Dee's was to align the civil and liturgical years and have them both start on 1 January. Perhaps predictably, England chose to spurn suggestions that had papist origins, despite any merit they may have had. Dee has often been associated with the Voynich manuscript . Wilfrid Michael Voynich , who bought
2772-563: The Dissolution of the Monasteries , many priceless and ancient manuscripts that had belonged to the monastic libraries began to be disseminated among various owners, many of whom were unaware of the cultural value of the manuscripts. Sir Robert's genius was in finding, purchasing and preserving these ancient documents. After his death his grandson donated the library to the nation as its first national library. This transfer established
2871-711: The National Library Board at their own expense within four weeks from the publication date. Other countries, like the United States, do not follow this requirement. The United States does, however, require that any publisher submit two copies of a copyrightable work to United States Copyright Office at the Library of Congress – this is known as mandatory deposit – but the Library is selective about which works it retains. The international nature of
2970-768: The National Library and Archives of Québec . Since 1537, all works published in France must be deposited with the Bibliothèque nationale de France . Since 1997, it has also received deposits of digital works. Since 1661, the Swedish Royal Library has been entitled to a copy of all works published in Sweden. In Singapore , the National Library Board Act requires all publishers in Singapore to deposit two copies of every publication to
3069-554: The Real Biblioteca by Manuel Antonio Flórez , the Viceroy of New Granada . In the newly formed American republic, James Madison first proposed instituting a congressional library in 1783. The Library of Congress was established on 24 April 1800, when president John Adams signed an act of Congress providing for the transfer of the seat of government from Philadelphia to the new capital city of Washington. Part of
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3168-567: The Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth granted the Library the right to receive a free legal deposit copy of every book printed in the country. Following the failed Kościuszko Uprising , on the eve of Third Partition of Poland and the collapse of Polish statehood, the Library of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was closed down and taken to St Petersburg in 1794, on the decision of Empress Catherine II , where it formed
3267-534: The Star Chamber and exonerated himself, but was turned over to the Catholic bishop Edmund Bonner for religious examination. His strong, lifelong penchant for secrecy may have worsened matters. The episode was the most dramatic in a series of attacks and slanders that dogged Dee throughout his life. Clearing his name yet again, he soon became a close associate of Bonner. Dee presented Queen Mary in 1556 with
3366-928: The Welsh du ( black ). His grandfather was Bedo Ddu of Nant-y-groes, Pilleth , Radnorshire ; John retained his connection with the locality. His father Roland was a mercer and gentleman courtier to Henry VIII . Dee traced descent from Rhodri the Great , 9th century ruler of Gwynedd , and constructed a pedigree accordingly. His family had arrived in London with Henry Tudor's coronation as Henry VII. Dee attended Chelmsford Chantry School (now King Edward VI Grammar School ) from 1535 to 1542. He entered St John's College, Cambridge in November 1542, aged 15, graduating BA in 1545 or early 1546. His abilities recognised, he became an original fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge on its foundation by Henry VIII in 1546. At Trinity,
3465-671: The Welsh Marches and of valuable manuscripts kept at Wigmore Castle , knowing that the Lord Treasurer 's ancestors came from the area. In 1564, Dee wrote the Hermetic work Monas Hieroglyphica ("The Hieroglyphic Monad "), an exhaustive Cabalistic interpretation of a glyph of his own design, meant to express the mystical unity of all creation. Having dedicated it to Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor in an effort to gain patronage, Dee attempted to present it to him at
3564-628: The academic trivium ) over philosophy and science (the more advanced quadrivium , composed of arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy). He was busy with writing and perhaps hoped for a better position at court. In 1555, Dee joined the Worshipful Company of Mercers , as his father had, through its system of patrimony . In that same year Dee was arrested and charged with the crime of "calculating", because he had cast horoscopes of Queen Mary and Princess Elizabeth . The charges were raised to treason against Mary. Dee appeared in
3663-476: The bibliographic control of all the books or book-like documents published in that particular country or talking about that particular country, in any way. The first part of the goal is usually achieved through the means of legal deposit laws or (as is the case of the United States) by a host of different programs such as a cataloguing in publication service. By this service, the Library of Congress gives
3762-455: The heliocentric theory. Dee applied Copernican theory to the problem of calendar reform. In 1583, he was asked to advise the Queen on the new Gregorian calendar promulgated by Pope Gregory XIII from October 1582. He advised that England accept it, albeit with seven specific amendments. The first was that the adjustment should not be the ten days that would restore the calendar to the time of
3861-839: The radical phase of the French Revolution when the private libraries of aristocrats and clergymen were seized. After the establishment of the French First Republic in September 1792, "the Assembly declared the Bibliotheque du Roi to be national property and the institution was renamed the Bibliothèque Nationale . After four centuries of control by the Crown, this great library now became
3960-628: The supernatural as a means to acquire knowledge. He sought to contact spirits through the use of a scryer , which he thought would act as an intermediary between himself and the angels. Dee's first attempts with several scryers were unsatisfactory, but in 1582 he met Edward Kelley (then calling himself Edward Talbot) who impressed him greatly with his abilities. Dee took Kelley into his service and began to devote all his energies to his supernatural pursuits. These "spiritual conferences" or "actions" were conducted with intense Christian piety, always after periods of purification, prayer and fasting . Dee
4059-890: The universal language of creation and achieve a pre-apocalyptic unity of mankind. A student of the Renaissance Neo-Platonism of Marsilio Ficino , he drew no distinctions between his mathematical research and his investigations of Hermetic magic, angel summoning and divination: all his activities were part of his quest for a transcendent understanding of divine forms underlying the visible world: Dee's "pure verities". Dee amassed one of England's biggest libraries. His scholarly status also took him into Elizabethan politics as an adviser and tutor to Elizabeth I and through relations with her ministers Francis Walsingham and William Cecil . He tutored and patronised Sir Philip Sidney ; his uncle Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester ; Edward Dyer ; and Sir Christopher Hatton . Dee
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4158-567: The 20th century, the Municipal Borough of Richmond (now the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames ) honoured John Dee by naming a street near Mortlake "Dee Road". Dee was a friend of Tycho Brahe and familiar with the work (translated into English by his ward and assistant, Thomas Digges ) of Nicolaus Copernicus . Many of his astronomical calculations were based on Copernican assumptions, although he never openly espoused
4257-536: The 26 cantons of Switzerland . The cantonal libraries [ de ] ( German : Kantonsbibliothek , French : Bibliothèque cantonale , Italian : Biblioteca cantonale , Romansh : Biblioteca chantunala ) are: National library A national library is a library established by a government as a country's preeminent repository of information. Unlike public libraries , these rarely allow citizens to borrow books. Often, they include numerous rare, valuable, or significant works. A national library
4356-492: The Dark Elders, his mentors. The film Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) has two scenes in which Queen Elizabeth consults Dr. Dee, played by David Threlfall . Phil Rickman casts Dee as the main detective, investigating the disappearance of the bones of King Arthur during the reign of Elizabeth I in the historical mystery The Bones of Avalon (2010). The play Burn Your Bookes (2010) by Richard Byrne examines
4455-513: The Louvre inherited by Louis XI in 1461. Francis I transferred the collection in 1534 to Fontainebleau and merged it with his private library. The appointment of Jacques Auguste de Thou as librarian in the 17th century, initiated a period of development that made it the largest and richest collection of books in the world. The library opened to the public in 1692, under the administration of Abbé Louvois , Minister Louvois's son. Abbé Louvois
4554-627: The National Libraries Section of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) to discuss their common tasks, define and promote common standards and carry out projects helping them to fulfil their duties. National libraries of Europe participate in The European Library . This is a service of The Conference of European National Librarians (CENL). The list below
4653-799: The National Library of Wales. In Australia, the Copyright Act 1968 and other state acts require that a copy of every book published in Australia be deposited with the National Library of Australia , the relevant state library for the state in which the book was published, and some states other libraries such as parliamentary and university libraries. A similar system also exists in Canada with respect to its national library, known as Library and Archives Canada , and in Québec with respect to
4752-611: The New World . His manuscript Brytannicae reipublicae synopsis (1570) outlined the state of the Elizabethan Realm and was concerned with trade, ethics and national strength. His 1576 General and Rare Memorials pertayning to the Perfect Arte of Navigation was the first volume in an unfinished series planned to advocate for the establishment of English colonies abroad. In a symbolic frontispiece, Dee included
4851-526: The New World over that of Spain 's. He also asserted that Brutus of Britain and King Arthur, as well as Madog, had conquered lands in the Americas, so that their heir, Elizabeth I of England, had a prior claim there. Some ten years after Dee's death, the antiquarian Robert Cotton bought land round Dee's house and began digging for papers and artifacts. He found several manuscripts, mainly records of Dee's angelic communications. Cotton's son gave these to
4950-805: The United Kingdom, the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 restates the Copyright Act 1911 , that one copy of every book published there must be sent to the national library (the British Library ); five other libraries (the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, the Cambridge University Library , the National Library of Scotland , the Trinity College Library, Dublin , and the National Library of Wales ) are entitled to request
5049-431: The basis of the National Library of Russia . Before taken to Russia the collections numbered about 400,000 volumes, including about 13,000 medieval and modern manuscripts. Between 1795 and 1918 no central institution existed collecting printed and handwritten works from the lands that had once formed Poland. Some smaller libraries aimed to fill the gap it left, albeit on a smaller scale. The National Library of Poland
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#17327653988035148-549: The book publishing industry ensures that all significant English language publications from elsewhere in the world are also included. It also has the Federal depository libraries , which must receive a copy of all of the publications of the Government Printing Office . In addition to having a law requiring publishers to deposit books, those countries with legal deposits usually have many other incentives for
5247-580: The clever stage effects he produced for a production of Aristophanes ' Peace earned him lasting repute as a magician. In the late 1540s and early 1550s, he travelled around Europe, studying at Louvain (1548) and Brussels and lecturing in Paris on Euclid . He studied under Gemma Frisius and became friends with the cartographers Gerardus Mercator and Abraham Ortelius . Dee also met, worked and learnt from other continental mathematicians, such as Federico Commandino in Italy . He returned to England with
5346-432: The collections from Rapperswil and Paris created by Polish émigré communities. During World War II the most valuable part of the National Library's holdings – almost 800,000 registered items (including c. 50,000 manuscripts destroyed by German Nazis) – were lost forever. The first national library to establish in the Americas became the National Library of Colombia having been founded on 9 January 1777, as
5445-607: The deep and serious rifts between the Roman Catholic Church, the Reformed Church of England, and the Protestant movement in England. Queen Elizabeth I used him several times as her court astronomer, not solely because he practised Hermetic arts, but as a deeply religious and learned, trustworthy man. A revaluation of Dee's character and significance came in the 20th century, largely through the work of
5544-473: The domestic libraries of Voltaire and Diderot , which she had purchased from their heirs. Voltaire's personal library is still one of the highlights of the collection. The plan of a Russian public library was submitted to Catherine in 1766 but the Empress did not approve the project for the imperial library until 27 May [ O.S. 16 May] 1795, eighteen months before her death. The cornerstone of
5643-485: The early 1580s, Dee was discontented with his progress in learning the secrets of nature and his diminishing influence and recognition in court circles. Failure of his ideas concerning a proposed calendar revision, colonial establishment and ambivalent results for voyages of exploration in North America had nearly brought his hopes of political patronage to an end. He began subsequently to turn energetically towards
5742-484: The existence and name of a national library could not yet be ascertained. Other states, constituent countries and dependent states are listed only if they have a national library. The Heritage Library A state library is established by a state to serve as the preeminent repository of information for that region. Autonomous communities libraries The member states of the Swiss Confederation are
5841-611: The foreign-language department came from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the form of Załuski's Library (420,000 volumes), nationalized by the Russian government at the time of the partitions . The Polish-language books from the library (numbering some 55,000 titles) were returned to Poland by the Russian SFSR in 1921. Although Germany was only constituted as a state in 1871, the first national library
5940-610: The formation of the British Library. The first true national library was founded in 1753 as part of the British Museum . This new institution was the first of a new kind of museum – national, belonging to neither church nor king, freely open to the public and aiming to collect everything. The museum's foundations lay in the will of the physician and naturalist Sir Hans Sloane , who gathered an enviable collection of curiosities over his lifetime which he bequeathed to
6039-406: The founding of a national library, but his proposal was not taken up. In England, Sir Richard Bentley 's Proposal for Building a Royal Library published in 1694 stimulated renewed interest in the subject. Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington , a wealthy antiquarian , amassed the richest private collection of manuscripts in the world at the time and founded the Cotton Library . After
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#17327653988036138-415: The historians Charlotte Fell Smith and Dame Frances Yates . Both brought into focus the parallel roles of magic, science, and religion in the Elizabethan Renaissance . Fell Smith writes: "There is perhaps no learned author in history who has been so persistently misjudged, nay, even slandered, by his posterity, and not a voice in all the three centuries uplifted even to claim for him a fair hearing. Surely it
6237-430: The idea of the Library dates back to 1732 (presented in Programma literarium by Józef Załuski). The library was one of the first national libraries and largest public libraries of eighteenth-century Europe. Following the death of its founders the library became the property of the Polish state and from 1774 was named the Library of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ( Polish : Biblioteka Rzeczypospolitej ). In 1780
6336-426: The impoverished yet popular Polish nobleman Albert Łaski , who, after overstaying his welcome at court, invited Dee to accompany him back to Poland . With some prompting by the "angels" (again through Kelley) and by dint of his worsening status at court, Dee decided to do so. He, Kelley and their families left in September 1583, but Łaski proved to be bankrupt and out of favour in his own country. Dee and Kelley began
6435-447: The largest libraries in England at the time. As a political advisor, he advocated the foundation of English colonies in the New World to form a " British Empire ", a term he is credited with coining. Dee eventually left Elizabeth's service and went on a quest for additional knowledge in the deeper realms of the occult and supernatural. He aligned himself with several individuals who may have been charlatans, travelled through Europe, and
6534-419: The legislation appropriated $ 5,000 "for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress ... and for fitting up a suitable apartment for containing them." Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and three maps, was housed in the new Capitol . The Imperial Public Library was established in 1795 by Catherine the Great , whose private collections included
6633-419: The library of the University of Limerick , the library of Dublin City University , and the British Library . Four copies are to be delivered to the National University of Ireland for distribution to its constituent universities. Further, on demand in writing within twelve months of publication a copy is to be delivered to the Bodleian Library, Cambridge University Library, the National Library of Scotland, and
6732-405: The main goals of many a national library is the "export aspect" and the collaborative sides of the universal bibliographic control of all the books in the world. This is done by the exchanges and accords mentioned in the previous section, and also by fostering the creation of standard conceptual tools such as library classification systems and cataloguing rules. The most commonly used of these tools
6831-401: The manuscript in 1912, suggested that Dee may have owned it and sold it to Rudolph II . Dee's contacts with Rudolph were less extensive than had been thought, however, and Dee's diaries show no evidence of a sale. However, he was known to have owned a copy of the Book of Soyga , another enciphered book. The British Museum holds several items once allegedly owned by Dee and associated with
6930-416: The most learned men of his day. His Mortlake library was the largest in the country before it was vandalised, and created at enormous, sometimes ruinous personal expense; it was seen as one of the finest in Europe, perhaps second only to that of De Thou . As well as being an astrological and scientific advisor to Elizabeth and her court, he was an early advocate of colonisation of North America , envisioning
7029-462: The nation for £20,000. Sloane's collection included some 40,000 printed books and 7,000 manuscripts , as well as prints and drawings. The British Museum Act 1753 also incorporated the Cotton library and the Harleian library . These were joined in 1757 by the Royal Library, assembled by various British monarchs . The first exhibition galleries and reading room for scholars opened on 15 January 1759, and in 1757, King George II granted it
7128-689: The property of the French people." The library was founded by King Philip V in 1711 as the Royal Library or Palace Public Library. The Royal Letters Patent that he granted, the predecessor of the current legal deposit requirement, made it mandatory for printers to submit a copy of every book printed in Spain to the library. In 1836, the Crown transferred the library to the Ministry of Governance and it
7227-410: The public. His "Mathematical Preface" to Euclid was meant to promote the study and application of mathematics by those without a university education, and was popular and influential among the "mechanicians": a growing class of technical craftsmen and artisans. Dee's preface includes demonstrations of mathematical principles that readers could perform themselves without special education or training. In
7326-557: The right to a copy of every book published in the country, thereby ensuring that the museum's library would expand indefinitely. Anthony Panizzi became the Principal Librarian at the British Museum in 1856, where he oversaw its modernization. During his tenure, the library's holdings increased from 235,000 to 540,000 volumes, making it the largest library in the world at the time. Its famous circular Reading Room
7425-404: The same country. Some national libraries may be thematic or specialized in some specific domains, beside or in replacement of the 'main' national library. Some national entities, which are not independent but wish to preserve their particular culture, have established a national library with all the attributes of such institutions, such as legal deposit . Many national libraries cooperate within
7524-556: The same country. Some subnational states that wish to preserve their particular cultures have established comparable libraries with all the attributes of national libraries, such as legal deposit . Many national libraries cooperate within the National Libraries Section of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) to discuss their common tasks, define and promote common standards and carry out projects helping them to fulfill their duties. National libraries of Europe participate in The European Library . This
7623-458: The scholar Méric Casaubon , who published them in 1659, with a long introduction critical of their author, as A True & Faithful Relation of What passed for many Yeers between Dr. John Dee (A Mathematician of Great Fame in Q. Eliz. and King James their Reignes) and some spirits . As the first public revelation of Dee's spiritual conferences, the book was popular. Casaubon, who believed in the reality of spirits, argued in his introduction that Dee
7722-516: The spiritual conferences: In December 2004, both a shew stone (used for divining) formerly belonging to Dee and a mid-17th-century explanation of its use written by Nicholas Culpeper were stolen from the Science Museum in London, but recovered shortly afterwards. To 21st-century eyes, Dee's activities straddle magic and modern science , but to apply a hard and fast distinction between these two realms or epistemological world views
7821-584: The term British Empire , but Humphrey Llwyd has also been credited with the first use in his Commentarioli Britannicae Descriptionis Fragmentum , published eight years earlier in 1568. Dee posited a formal claim to North America on the back of a map drawn in 1577–1580; he noted that "circa 1494 Mr. Robert Thorn his father, and Mr. Eliot of Bristow, discovered Newfound Land." In his Title Royal of 1580, he wrote that Madog ab Owain Gwynedd had discovered America, intending thereby to boost England's claim to
7920-532: The throne in 1558, Dee became her astrological and scientific advisor. He chose her coronation date and even became a Protestant. From the 1550s to the 1570s, he served as an advisor to England's voyages of discovery, providing technical aid in navigation and political support to create a " British Empire ", a term he was the first to use. Dee wrote in October 1574 to William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley seeking patronage. He said he had occult knowledge of treasure in
8019-425: The time of his ascension to the throne of Hungary . The work was esteemed by many of Dee's contemporaries, but cannot be interpreted today in the absence of the secret oral tradition of that era. His 1570 "Mathematical Preface" to Henry Billingsley 's English translation of Euclid's Elements argued for the importance of mathematics as an influence on the other arts and sciences. Intended for an audience outside
8118-641: The town of Leipzig, seat of the annual Leipzig Book Fair, the Kingdom of Saxony and the Börsenverein der Deutschen Buchhändler (Association of German booksellers) agreed to found a German National Library in Leipzig. Starting 1 January 1913, all publications in German were systematically collected (including books from Austria and Switzerland). The principle of legal deposit applies in some countries. In
8217-464: The universities, it proved to be Dee's most widely influential and frequently reprinted work. In 1577, Dee published General and Rare Memorials pertayning to the Perfect Arte of Navigation , a work setting out his vision of a maritime empire and asserting English territorial claims on the New World . Dee was acquainted with Humphrey Gilbert and close to Sir Philip Sidney and his circle. By
8316-523: Was a popular figure in literary works by his contemporaries and he has continued to feature in popular culture, particularly in fiction or fantasy set during his lifetime or dealing with magic or the occult. Edmund Spenser may be referring to Dee in The Faerie Queene (1596). William Shakespeare may have modelled the character of Prospero in The Tempest (1610–1611) on Dee. Dee
8415-550: Was accused of spying for the English Crown . Upon his return to England, he found his home and library vandalised. He eventually returned to the Queen's service, but was turned away when she was succeeded by James I . He died in poverty in London, and his gravesite is unknown. Dee was born in Tower Ward , London, to Rowland Dee, of Welsh descent, and Johanna, daughter of William Wild. His surname "Dee" reflects
8514-701: Was acting as the unwitting tool of evil spirits when he believed he was communicating with angels. This book is mainly responsible for the image, prevalent for the next two-and-a-half centuries, of Dee as a dupe and deluded fanatic. About the time the True and Faithful Relation was published, members of the Rosicrucian movement claimed Dee as one of their number. There is doubt, however, that an organized Rosicrucian movement existed in Dee's lifetime, and no evidence he ever belonged to any secret fraternity. His reputation as
8613-667: Was also here". The Polish king, a devout Catholic and cautious of supernatural mediators, began their meeting(s) by affirming that prophetic revelations must match the teachings of Christ, the mission of the Holy Catholic Church, and the approval of the Pope. In 1587, at a spiritual conference in Bohemia , Kelley told Dee that the angel Uriel had ordered the men to share all their possessions, including their wives. By this time, Kelley had gained some renown as an alchemist and
8712-627: Was buried in the Manchester Cathedral burial grounds in March 1604. Michael, born in Prague, died on his father's birthday in 1594. Theodore, born in Třeboň , died in Manchester in 1601. His sons Arthur and Rowland survived him, as did his daughter Katherine, "his companion to the end". No records exist for his youngest daughters Madinia (sometimes Madima), Frances and Margaret after 1604, so it
8811-501: Was central to human learning. The centrality of mathematics to Dee's vision makes him to that extent more modern than Francis Bacon , though some scholars believe Bacon purposely downplayed mathematics in the anti-occult atmosphere of the reign of James I. Although Dee's understanding of the role of mathematics differs much from ours, its promotion outside the universities was an enduring achievement. For most of his writings, Dee chose English, rather than Latin, to make them accessible to
8910-439: Was convinced of the benefits they could bring to mankind. The character of Kelley is harder to assess: some conclude that he acted with cynicism, but delusion or self-deception cannot be ruled out. Kelley's "output" is remarkable for its volume, intricacy and vividness. Dee records in his journals that angels dictated several books to him this way, through Kelley, some in a special angelic or Enochian language. In 1583, Dee met
9009-476: Was dead and James I gave him no support. Dee spent his final years in poverty at Mortlake, forced to sell off various possessions to support himself and his daughter, Katherine, who cared for him until his death in Mortlake late in 1608 or early in 1609 aged 81. Both the parish registers and Dee's gravestone are missing. In 2013 a memorial plaque to Dee was placed on the south wall of the present church. Dee
9108-432: Was later analysed by Polish historians (Ryszard Zieliński, Roman Żelewski, Roman Bugaj) and writers (Waldemar Łysiak). While Dee was generally seen as a man of deep knowledge, he was mistrusted for his connection with the English monarch, Elizabeth I, for whom some thought Dee was a spy. Dee did indeed pen a covert letter to spymaster Francis Walsingham in which he said "I am forced to be brief...That which England suspected
9207-767: Was married three times and had eight children. He married his first wife, Katherine Constable in 1565. They had no children, and she died in 1574. He married his second wife, whose name is unknown, in 1575. She died in 1576, again with no children. In 1578, when he was 51, he married the 23-year-old Jane Fromond (1555–1604), who had her own connection with the Elizabethan court as a lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth FitzGerald, Countess of Lincoln until she married Dee. They had 7 or 8 children, namely: Arthur Dee (1579–1651), Michael Dee (died 1594), Rowland Dee, Katherine Dee, Madinia Dee, Frances Dee, Margaret Dee, and possibly Theodore Dee (1588–1601). Dee referred to Thomas Jones, who
9306-443: Was more sought-after than Dee in this regard: it was a line of work that had prospects for serious and long-term financial gain, especially among the royal families of central Europe. Dee, however, was more interested in communicating with angels, who he believed would help him solve the mysteries of the heavens through mathematics, optics, astrology, science, and navigation. Perhaps Kelley in fact wished to end Dee's dependence on him as
9405-501: Was opened in 1857. Panizzi undertook the creation of a new catalogue, based on the "Ninety-One Cataloguing Rules" (1841) which he devised with his assistants. These rules served as the basis for all subsequent catalogue rules of the 19th and 20th centuries, and are at the origins of the ISBD and of digital cataloguing elements such as Dublin Core . In France, the first national library was
9504-632: Was re-founded after Poland regained its independence in 1918, and formally opened in 1928 under the Decree of the President of the Republic of Poland . Following the Treaty of Riga of 1921, most of the manuscripts of Zaluski Library and a large proportion of the prints were returned to Warsaw from Soviet Russia . National Library of Poland also included the collections of other Warsaw-based libraries and
9603-562: Was renamed as National Library of Spain . A year later, women were allowed access to the library for the first time, after a petition from writer Antonia Gutiérrez was granted by Queen Regent Maria Christina . The National Library of Poland continues the tradition of the Załuski Library . The Załuski Library was opened to readers in Warsaw on 8 August 1747, thanks to Józef Załuski's cooperation with his brother Andrzej Załuski , but
9702-778: Was set up in the context of the German revolutions of 1848 . Various booksellers and publishers offered their works to the Frankfurt Parliament for a parliamentary library. The library, led by Johann Heinrich Plath, was termed the Reichsbibliothek (" Reich library"). After the failure of the revolution the library was abandoned and the stock of books already in existence was stored at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg. In 1912,
9801-649: Was succeeded by the Abbé Bignon , or Bignon II as he was termed, who instituted a complete reform of the library's system. Catalogues were made which appeared from 1739 to 1753 in 11 volumes. The collections increased steadily by purchase and gift to the outbreak of the French Revolution , at which time it was in grave danger of partial or total destruction, but owing to the activities of Antoine-Augustin Renouard and Joseph Van Praet it suffered no injury. The library's collections swelled to over 300,000 volumes during
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