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93-584: The EU Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025 acknowledges the Index as a key benchmark for gender equality in the EU and sets out its intention to introduce annual monitoring of gender equality, building on the Gender Equality Index. The first Gender Equality Index was published in 2013, followed by 2015 and 2017. Since 2019 the Index is published annually and contains two parts. While the first part displays

186-470: A 15-year-old girl who was ruthlessly dragged on the ground for over 50 feet and then was raped by 10 Burmese soldiers. Human trafficking refers to the acquisition of persons by improper means such as force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them. The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children states, "Trafficking in persons" shall mean

279-794: A British constitutional delay which resulted in Brexit being delivered in 2020 rather than the initially planned 2019. The concept of the EU 28 has been used since 1 January 2014, also according to the Eurostat methodological manual on city statistics, 2017 edition. Local data are also computed at the NUTS level. Eurostat is also engaged in cooperation with third countries through the European Statistical System, Enlargement Policy, and European Neighbourhood Policy. In 2021, European Statistical System includes 4 EFTA countries, that

372-578: A bride is killed at home by her husband or husband's family due to his dissatisfaction over the dowry provided by her family. Dowry death refers to the phenomenon of women and girls being killed or committing suicide due to disputes regarding dowry. Dowry violence is common in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. In India, in 2011 alone, the National Crime Records Bureau reported 8,618 dowry deaths, while unofficial figures suggest

465-459: A country that has received major international criticism for the way it has dealt legally with the issue of violence against women is Finland; with authors pointing out that a high level of equality for women in the public sphere (as in Finland) should never be equated with equality in all other aspects of women's lives. The American Psychiatric Association planning and research committees for

558-692: A definition of what such violence is, and a proposal to combat it. The Istanbul Convention ( Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence ) of the Council of Europe describes VAW as "a violation of human rights and a form of discrimination against women" and defines VAW as "all acts of gender-based violence that result in or are likely to result in physical, sexual, psychological, or economic harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life". The 1979 Convention on

651-841: A few decades ago: for instance, in France, married women received the right to work without their husband's permission in 1965. In Spain, during the Franco era, a married woman required her husband's consent ( permiso marital ) for nearly all economic activities, including employment, ownership of property and traveling away from home; the permiso marital was abolished in 1975. Concerns exist about violence related to marriage – both inside marriage (physical abuse, sexual violence, restriction of liberty) and in relation to marriage customs ( dowry , bride price , forced marriage , child marriage , marriage by abduction , violence related to female premarital virginity ). Claudia Card, professor of philosophy at

744-1052: A form of violence against women. Women from certain lower castes have been involved in prostitution as part of a tradition, called Intergenerational prostitution . In pre-modern Korea, women from the lower caste Cheonmin , known as Kisaeng , were trained to provide entertainment, conversation, and sexual services to men of the upper class. Women with illegal resident status are disproportionately involved with prostitution. For example, in 1997, Le Monde diplomatique stated that 80% of prostitutes in Amsterdam were foreigners and 70% had no immigration papers. Militarism produces special environments that allow for increased violence against women. War rapes have accompanied warfare in virtually every known historical era. War rapes are rapes committed by soldiers, other combatants, or civilians during armed conflict or war or during military occupation, distinguished from sexual assaults and rapes committed amongst troops in military service. It also covers

837-491: A fully electronical way of publishing, Statistics Explained, like Misplaced Pages based on Mediawiki open source software and with a largely similar structure and navigation. Statistics Explained is not only a dissemination format, however, but also a wiki working platform for producing flagship publications like the Eurostat Yearbook. Microdata, which in principle allows the identification of the statistical unit (e.g.,

930-406: A husband calls his wife to his bed (i.e. to have sexual relation) and she refuses and causes him to sleep in anger, the angels will curse her till morning';" and several comments on the issue of marital rape made by Muslim religious leaders have been criticized. Dating abuse, or dating violence, is the perpetration of coercion, intimidation, or assault in the context of dating or courtship . It

1023-474: A legal right to "punish" their wives. The criminal code states at Paragraph 41 that there is no crime if an act is committed while exercising a legal right; examples of legal rights include: "The punishment of a wife by her husband, the disciplining by parents and teachers of children under their authority within certain limits prescribed by law or by custom". In the West, married women faced discrimination until just

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1116-535: A mechanism for the subjugation of women, whether in society in general or in an interpersonal relationship . The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women states, "violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women" and "violence against women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared with men." Kofi Annan , Secretary-General of

1209-576: A minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. Because of the illegal nature of trafficking, reliable data on its extent is very limited. The WHO states "Current evidence strongly suggests that those who are trafficked into the sex industry and as domestic servants are more likely to be women and children." A 2006 study in Europe on trafficked women found that

1302-604: A percentage of the EU average The Eurostat statistical work is structured into Themes and Sub-themes. General statistical activities related to the European Statistical system are: Currently, and since Brexit on February the first 2020, Eurostat data are aggregated at the EU-27 level, known as EU-27. Before Brexit Eurostat data was aggregated at the EU-28 level, known as EU-28. Since Brexit occurred on February

1395-563: A person in the labour force survey or a company for innovation statistics), is treated as strictly confidential. Under tight security procedures various anonymised datasets are provided to research institutions for validated research projects. Eurostat has been based in the Joseph Bech building , in the northeast of the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City , since the building was opened in 1998. The Directorate-General will relocate to

1488-401: A range of actions with unwelcome sexual overtones, including verbal transgressions. Sexual violence is a broader term referring to the use of violence to obtain a sexual act, including, for example, trafficking. Sexual assault is usually defined as unwanted sexual contact and when this involves sexual penetration or sexual intercourse it is referred to as rape . Women are most often

1581-659: A set of contextual factors, which can provide insights on some of the causes and circumstances surrounding violence against women. The 2022 Index has a thematic focus on the COVID-19 pandemic and care . Based on EIGE's survey on the socioeconomic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender equality with over 40 000 respondents across the EU, the focus explores the division of informal childcare, long-term care (LTC) and housework between women and men. Conducted in June and July 2021,

1674-409: Is violent acts primarily committed by men or boys against women or girls . Such violence is often considered a form of hate crime , committed against persons specifically because they are of the female gender , and can take many forms. VAW has a very long history, though the incidents and intensity of such violence have varied over time and between societies. Such violence is often seen as

1767-481: Is 3 EEA countries and Switzerland. EU Enlargement Policy includes "candidate countries" in the process of joining the EU and other potential candidates. In 2021, European Neighbourhood Policy covers 16 countries such as 6 ENP-East countries — Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine — and 10 ENP-South countries — Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Syria and Tunisia. The trade and cooperation agreement between

1860-463: Is a custom prevalent in many societies that in its extreme can lead to the rejection of daughters. Sex-selective abortion of females is more common among the higher income population, who can access medical technology . After birth, neglect and diverting resources to male children can lead to some countries having a skewed ratio with more boys than girls, with such practices killing an approximate 230,000 girls under five in India each year. In China,

1953-475: Is abducted by the would-be groom, who is often helped by his friends. The victim is often raped by the would be groom, after which he may try to negotiate a bride price with the village elders to legitimize the marriage. Forced and child marriages are practiced by some inhabitants of Tanzania. Girls are sold by their families to older men for financial benefits, and often girls are married off as soon as they hit puberty, which can be as young as seven years old. To

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2046-715: Is about as common as violence against women in heterosexual relationships. Women are much more likely than men to be murdered by an intimate partner. In the United States, in 2005, 1181 women were killed by their intimate partners, compared to 329 men. It is estimated that 30% or more of the women who are admitted to the ER could be victims of domestic violence In England and Wales about 100 women are killed by partners or former partners each year while 21 men were killed in 2010. In 2008, in France, 156 women were killed by their intimate partner, compared to 27 men. According to

2139-481: Is also when one partner tries to maintain abusive power and control . Dating violence is defined by the CDC as "the physical, sexual, psychological, or emotional violence within a dating relationship, including stalking". Widows have been subjected to forced remarriage called widow inheritance , where they are forced to marry a male relative of their late husband. Another practice is the banned remarriage of widows, which

2232-419: Is considered a sin ) and states, "The wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does. And likewise, the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does. Do not deprive one another." Some conservative religious figures interpret this as rejecting to possibility of marital rape. Islam makes reference to sexual relations in marriage too, notably: "Allah's Apostle said, 'If

2325-419: Is illegal but is widely tolerated and accepted as a husband's prerogative. The criminalization of spousal rape is recent, having occurred during the past few decades. Traditional understanding and views of marriage , rape , sexuality , gender roles and self determination have started to be challenged in most Western countries during the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the criminalization of marital rape during

2418-468: Is legal in India and Korea. A more extreme version is the ritual killing of widows, as seen in India and Fiji. Sati is the burning of widows, and although sati in India is today an almost defunct practice, isolated incidents have occurred in recent years, such as the 1987 sati of Roop Kanwar , as well as several incidents in rural areas in 2002 and 2006. A traditional idea upheld in some places in Africa

2511-467: Is measured by the proportion of women and men on corporate boards of the largest nationally registered and national Central banks . The Index also presents data in the sub-domain of social power, which includes data on decision-making in research-funding organisations, media and sports. The domain of health measures gender equality in three health-related aspects: health status, healthy/unhealthy behaviour and access to health services. Health status looks at

2604-486: Is not addressed enough in this law, and only establishes a minimum age of 18 for the boys of Tanzania. A minimum age needs to be enforced for girls to stop these practices and provide them with equal rights and a less harmful life. The custom of dowry , which is common in South Asia, especially in India, is the trigger of many forms of violence against women. Bride burning is a form of violence against women in which

2697-417: Is often used interchangeably with violence against women , and some articles on VAW reiterate these conceptions by stating that men are the main perpetrators of this violence. Moreover, the definition stated by the 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women also supported the notion that violence is rooted in the inequality between men and women when the term violence is used together with

2790-513: Is serious violence in the marriage that is "usually the husband battering the wife". In these cases the emergency room or a legal authority often is the first to notify the clinician . Most importantly, marital violence "is a major risk factor for serious injury and even death and women in violent marriages are at much greater risk of being seriously injured or killed ( National Advisory Council on Violence Against Women 2000)". The authors conclude with what they call "very recent information" on

2883-450: Is that an unmarried widow is unholy and “disturbed” if she is unmarried and abstains from sex for some period of time. This fuels the practice of widow cleansing where the unmarried widow is required to have sexual intercourse as a form of ritual purification, which is commenced with a ceremony for the neighborhood to witness that she is now purified. Unmarried widows are most likely to be accused and killed as witches . Witch trials in

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2976-426: Is the one most frequently at risk, and clinicians must be aware that supporting assertiveness by a battered wife may lead to more beatings or even death. Marital or spousal rape was once widely condoned or ignored by law and is now widely considered unacceptable violence against women, repudiated by international conventions, and increasingly criminalized. Still, in many countries, spousal rape either remains legal or

3069-499: Is unwanted or obsessive attention by an individual or group toward another person, often manifested through persistent harassment , intimidation , or following/monitoring of the victim. Stalking is often understood as "a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear.". Although stalkers are frequently portrayed as being strangers, they are most often known people, such as former or current partners, friends, colleagues or acquaintances. In

3162-856: The Iraqi Ministry of Human Rights announced that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant had killed over 150 women and girls in Fallujah who refused to participate in sexual jihad . During the Rohingya genocide (2016–present), the Armed Forces of Myanmar , along with the Myanmar Border Guard Police and Buddhist militias of Rakhine , committed widespread gang rapes and other forms of sexual violence against

3255-606: The Jean Monnet 2 building , in the Kirchberg's European district, following the completion of the first phase of the building, expected in February 2023. 49°38′00″N 6°10′11″E  /  49.633320°N 6.169780°E  / 49.633320; 6.169780 Violence against women Violence against women ( VAW ), also known as gender-based violence and sexual and gender-based violence ( SGBV ),

3348-568: The Rohingya Muslim women and girls. A January 2018 study estimated that the military and local Rakhine Buddhists perpetrated gang rapes and other forms of sexual violence against 18,000 Rohingya Muslim women and girls. The Human Rights Watch stated that gang rapes and sexual violence were committed as part of the military's ethnic cleansing campaign, while the United Nations Special Representative of

3441-564: The Rwandan Genocide as a war crime. According to one report, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 's capture of Iraqi cities in June 2014 was accompanied by an upsurge in crimes against women, including kidnapping and rape. The Guardian reported that ISIL's extremist agenda extended to women's bodies and that women living under their control were being captured and raped. Fighters are told that they are free to have sex and rape non-Muslim captive women. Haleh Esfandiari from

3534-499: The United States suffered attempted rape or rape sometime in their lives. More than a third of the victims were raped before the age of 18. Women who are sex workers end up in the profession for several reasons. Some were victims of sexual and domestic abuse. Many women have said they were raped as working girls. They may be apprehensive about coming forward and reporting their attacks. When reported, many women have said that

3627-480: The Witch trials in the early modern period or the sexual slavery of the comfort women . The Gender Equality Commission of the Council of Europe identifies nine forms of violence against women based on subject and context rather than life cycle or time period: The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a typology of violence against women based on their cultural life cycles. Sexual harassment includes

3720-554: The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars has highlighted the abuse of local women by ISIL militants after they captured an area. "They usually take the older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell them. The younger girls... are raped or married off to fighters," she said, adding, "It's based on temporary marriages, and once these fighters have had sex with these young girls, they just pass them on to other fighters." In December 2014

3813-463: The institutions of the European Union (EU) and to promote the harmonisation of statistical methods across its member states and candidates for accession as well as EFTA countries. The organisations in the different countries that cooperate with Eurostat are summarised under the concept of the European Statistical System. Eurostat operates pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 223/2009. Since

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3906-626: The militias that supported them led to 200,000 women being raped over a period of nine months. Rape during the Bosnian War was used as a highly systematized instrument of war by Serb armed forces, predominantly targeting women and girls of the Bosniak ethnic group for physical and moral destruction. Estimates of the number of women raped during the war range from 50,000 to 60,000; as of 2010 only 12 cases have been prosecuted. The 1998 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda recognized rape in

3999-483: The 2000s. In Canada, marital rape was made illegal in 1983, when several legal changes were made, including changing the rape statute to sexual assault and making the laws gender neutral. In Ireland, spousal rape was outlawed in 1990. In the US, the criminalization of marital rape started in the mid-1970s, and in 1993, North Carolina became the last state to make marital rape illegal. In England and Wales , marital rape

4092-483: The 2019 edition of the Gender Equality Index centers on Work-life balance . It cuts across three broad areas: paid work, unpaid work (care), and education and training by providing indicators in six specific areas: parental leave policies; informal care for older adults or people with disabilities, as well as long-term care services; caring for children and childcare services; transport and public infrastructure; flexible working arrangements; and lifelong learning. In 2022,

4185-441: The COVID-19 pandemic. The thematic focus of the 2020 Gender Equality Index examines Digitalisation and the future of work from a gender perspective. It discusses patterns in the use of new technologies, the digital transformation of the world of work and broader consequences of digitalisation such as artificial intelligence or online harassment in a work setting and their respective gender implications. The first thematic focus in

4278-445: The COVID-19 pandemic. For the first time since its inception, the Gender Equality Index is recording decreases in scores in the domains of work and knowledge with higher gender inequalities in employment (full-time equivalent employment rate (FTE) and duration of working life), education (tertiary graduation and participation in formal or informal education and training) as well as health status and access to health services. Gender gaps in

4371-639: The Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) of the United Nations General Assembly makes recommendations relating to VAW, and the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action mentions VAW. However, the 1993 United Nations General Assembly resolution on the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women was the first international instrument to explicitly define VAW and elaborate on

4464-616: The European Union and the United Kingdom — since 1 January 2021 — includes a provision on statistical cooperation that foresees the establishment of a specific future arrangement. The most important statistics are made available via press releases. They are placed on the Eurostat website at 11:00 in the morning. This is also the time that the press release content may be distributed to the public by press agencies. Eurostat disseminates its statistics free of charge via its Internet and its statistical databases that are accessible via

4557-407: The Gender Equality Index score for the EU is 68.6 points out of 100 , a 0.6‑point increase since the 2021 Index and only 5.5 points higher than in 2010. This marks an advance but at a slow pace. Progress in gender equality is largely driven by the domain of power, which conversely has the greatest gender inequalities in the EU. Without this domain, the Index score would have fallen due to the impact of

4650-594: The House of Lords , in the case of R v. R in 1991. In the Netherlands, marital rape was also made illegal in 1991. One of the last Western countries to criminalize marital rape was Germany, in 1997. The relationship between some religions ( Christianity and Islam ) and marital rape is controversial. The Bible at 1 Corinthians 7:3-5 explains that one has a "conjugal duty" to have sexual relations with one's spouse (in sharp opposition to sex outside marriage , which

4743-410: The Index score. The core domains are further divided into 14 sub-domains capturing key gender-equality issues in the respective area. Two additional domains – violence and intersecting inequalities – belong to the Index structure. They are not included in the core Index, because they focus on specific phenomena that apply only to a selected group of the population. The conceptual framework is presented in

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4836-565: The Internet. The statistics are hierarchically ordered in a navigation tree. Tables are distinguished from multi-dimensional datasets from which the statistics are extracted via an interactive tool. In addition various printed publications are available either in electronic form free on the internet or in printed form via the EU Bookshop. Only larger publications are charged for as printed copies. Since September 2009 Eurostat has pioneered

4929-698: The Secretary General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Pramila Patten, said that Rohingya women and girls were made the "systematic" target of rapes and sexual violence because of their ethnic identity and religion . Other forms of sexual violence included sexual slavery in military captivity, forced public nudity, and humiliation. Some women and girls were raped to death while others were found traumatised with raw wounds after they had arrived in refugee camps in Bangladesh. Human Rights Watch reported of

5022-469: The U.S., a survey by NVAW found that only 23% of female victims were stalked by strangers. Stalking by partners can be very dangerous, as sometimes it can escalate into severe violence, including murder. Police statistics from the 1990s in Australia indicated that 87.7% of stalking offenders were male and 82.4% of stalking victims were female. An acid attack is the act of throwing acid at someone with

5115-703: The United Nations , declared in a 2006 report posted on the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) website: Violence against women and girls is a problem of pandemic proportions. At least one out of every three women around the world has been beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime with the abuser usually someone known to her. A number of international instruments that aim to eliminate violence against women and domestic violence have been enacted by various international bodies. These generally start with

5208-558: The United States and in the UK allowed for domestic violence and in the UK, before 1891, the husband had the right to inflict moderate corporal punishment on his wife to keep her "within the bounds of duty". Today, outside the West, many countries severely restrict the rights of married women: for example, in Yemen , marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission. In Iraq husbands have

5301-685: The University of Wisconsin-Madison, writes: Women are more likely to be victimized by someone that they are intimate with, commonly called " intimate partner violence " (IPV). Instances of IPV tend not to be reported to police and thus many experts find it hard to estimate the true magnitude of the problem. Though this form of violence is often considered as an issue within the context of heterosexual relationships, it also occurs in lesbian relationships, daughter-mother relationships, roommate relationships and other domestic relationships involving two women. Violence against women in lesbian relationships

5394-665: The WHO, globally, as many as 38% of murders of women are committed by an intimate partner. A UN report compiled from a number of different studies conducted in at least 71 countries found domestic violence against women to be most prevalent in Ethiopia . A study by Pan American Health Organization conducted in 12 Latin American countries found the highest prevalence of domestic violence against women to be in Bolivia . In Western Europe,

5487-419: The course of violent marriages, which suggests that "over time a husband's battering may abate somewhat, but perhaps because he has successfully intimidated his wife. The risk of violence remains strong in a marriage in which it has been a feature in the past. Thus, treatment is essential here; the clinician cannot just wait and watch." The most urgent clinical priority is the protection of the wife because she

5580-561: The definitions disregard violence against men and that the term gender , as used in gender-based violence , only refers to women. Other critics argue that employing the term gender in this particular way introduces notions of inferiority and subordination for femininity and superiority for masculinity. There is no widely accepted current definition that covers all the dimensions of gender-based violence. Violence against women can fit into several broad categories. These include violence carried out by individuals as well as by states. Some of

5673-833: The differences in life expectancy of women and men together with self-perceived health and healthy life years. This is complemented by a set of health behaviour factors, based on recommendations from the World Health Organisation on healthy behaviour, namely fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption. Access to health services is measured by the percentage of people who report unmet medical and/or dental needs. Since women and men are not homogeneous groups, this domain looks at other characteristics that may affect gender equality. Five social factors or ‘intersections’ were selected for further investigation: family type, age, country of birth, disability, and education. This allows for analysis of

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5766-518: The early modern period (between the 15th and 18th centuries) were common in Europe and in the European colonies in North America. Today, there remain regions of the world (such as parts of Sub-Saharan Africa , rural North India , and Papua New Guinea ) where belief in witchcraft is held by many people, and women accused of being witches are subjected to serious violence. Son preference

5859-581: The face and body. Such attacks are common in South Asia, in countries such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India; and in Southeast Asia, especially in Cambodia. A forced marriage is a marriage in which one or both parties are married against their will. Forced marriages are common in South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. The customs of bride price and dowry , which exist in many parts of

5952-508: The first 2020, data has to be computed for the EU-27 because by definition Brexit makes the UK a third country to the EU. Nonetheless, to avoid confusion with the previous EU-27 group of 27 member states — which was used in the series of statistical data before the accession of member state number 28 — another name for the current EU 27 without the UK is defined as EU27_2019 in February 2019 and EU27_2020 since March 2020 according to Eurostat. The name changed from EU27_2019 to EU27_2020 due to

6045-749: The first edition of the Index and was updated in 2017. The Gender Equality Index is calculated using the main EU-wide surveys and data collection covering all the EU Member States. Data sources include Eurostat (education statistics, European Union Labour Force Survey , European Health Interview Survey, European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions , Structure of Earnings Survey), Eurofound (European Working Conditions Survey, European Quality of Life Survey), and EIGE (Women and Men in Decision-Making). The domain of work compares

6138-478: The following decades. With a few notable exceptions, it was during the past 30 years that most laws against marital rape have been enacted. Some countries in Scandinavia and in the former Communist Bloc of Europe made spousal rape illegal before 1970, but most Western countries criminalized it only in the 1980s and 1990s. In many parts of the world the laws against marital rape are very new, having been enacted in

6231-507: The forms of violence perpetrated by individuals are: rape , domestic violence , sexual harassment , acid throwing , reproductive coercion , female infanticide , prenatal sex selection , obstetric violence , online gender-based violence and mob violence ; as well as harmful customary or traditional practices such as honor killings , dowry violence , female genital mutilation , marriage by abduction and forced marriage . There are forms of violence that may be perpetrated or condoned by

6324-487: The forthcoming DSM-5 (2013) have canvassed a series of new Relational disorders , which include Marital Conflict Disorder Without Violence or Marital Abuse Disorder (Marital Conflict Disorder With Violence) . Couples with marital disorders sometimes come to clinical attention because the couple recognize long-standing dissatisfaction with their marriage and come to the clinician on their own initiative or are referred by an astute health care professional. Secondly, there

6417-405: The government, such as war rape ; sexual violence and sexual slavery during conflict, forced sterilization ; forced abortion ; violence by the police and authoritative personnel; stoning and flogging . Many forms of VAW, such as trafficking in women and forced prostitution are often perpetrated by organized criminal networks. Historically, there have been forms of organized WAV, such as

6510-648: The incidence of rapes recorded by police during 2008 varied between 0.1 per 100,000 people in Egypt and 91.6 per 100,000 people in Lesotho with 4.9 per 100,000 people in Lithuania as the median . Around the world, rape is often not reported or handled properly by law enforcement for a wide variety of reasons. In 2011, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that "nearly 20% of all women" in

6603-431: The intention of injuring or disfiguring them. Women and girls are the victims in 75–80% of cases and are often connected to domestic disputes, including dowry disputes, refusal of a proposal of marriage, or sexual advances. The acid is usually thrown at the faces, burning the tissue, often exposing and sometimes dissolving the bones. The long-term consequences of these attacks include blindness and permanent scarring of

6696-560: The involvement of women and men in caring for their children or grandchildren, older people and people with disabilities, as well as their involvement in cooking and housework in comparison to time spent on social activities. The domain of power measures gender equality in decision-making positions across the political, economic and social spheres. The sub-domain of political power examines the representation of women and men in national parliaments, government and regional/local assemblies. The sub-domain of gender balance in economic decision-making

6789-473: The legal framework for the European statistics. The amending Regulation (EU) 2015/759 of 29 April 2015 clarifies that heads of NSIs coordinate national level activities for European statistics and decide on processes, methods, standards and procedures of their respective statistics. Previous Eurostat regulations were a Decision on Eurostat (2012/504/EU), and the earlier Decision on Eurostat (97/281/EC). [REDACTED] European regions by GDP, expressed as

6882-429: The monitoring and evaluation of the institutional response to this phenomenon. To provide the most complete and reliable picture of violence against women in the EU, a three-tier structure of measurement was defined including: (1) a set of indicators on the extent of violence against women that will form the composite measure; (2) a set of additional indicators covering a broader range of forms of violence against women; (3)

6975-467: The numbers to be at least three times higher. The relation between violence against women and marriage laws, regulations and traditions has also been discussed. Roman law gave men the right to chastise their wives, even to the point of death. The US and English law subscribed until the 20th century to the system of coverture , that is, a legal doctrine under which, upon marriage, a woman's legal rights were subsumed by those of her husband. Common-law in

7068-465: The older men, these young brides act as symbols of masculinity and accomplishment. Child brides endure forced sex, causing health risks and growth impediments. Primary education is usually not completed for young girls in forced marriages. Married and pregnant students are often discriminated against, expelled, and excluded from school. The Law of Marriage Act currently does not address issues with guardianship and child marriage. The issue of child marriage

7161-405: The position of women and men in the European Union's labour market. It measures gender gaps in participation in the labour market, sectoral segregation patterns and quality of work (such as flexibility of working time and career prospects). The domain of money examines inequalities in financial resources and the economic situation of women and men. It measures gaps in earnings and income, as well as

7254-426: The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at

7347-416: The risk of poverty and income distribution. The domain of knowledge shows differences between women and men in terms of education and training. This domain measures gaps in participation in tertiary and lifelong education as well as segregation in educational fields. The domain of time measures inequalities in the allocation of time that women and men spend on different activities. It measures gender gaps in

7440-543: The risk of poverty and the distribution of income between women and men have remained constant. The Gender Equality Index has been criticized for not including the gender-equality of conscription . Eurostat Eurostat (European Statistical Office; DG ESTAT) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission located in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City , Luxembourg. Eurostat's main responsibilities are to provide statistical information to

7533-406: The scores of the domains, the second part has a different dedicated thematic focus each year. Apart from the Gender Equality Index report, EIGE also publishes country factsheets with dedicated analyses of scores and indicators for every EU Member State. The Gender Equality Index is a composite measure which consists of six core domains – work, money, knowledge, time, power, health – counting towards

7626-425: The situation of different sub-groups separately as well as gender gaps within these groups. From a policy perspective, it becomes possible to identify which groups of women and men are least/most disadvantaged and to indicate further better-targeted policy measures. The domain of violence provides a set of indicators that can assist Member States in assessing the extent and nature of violence against women and enable

7719-617: The situation where women are forced into prostitution or sexual slavery by an occupying power. During World War II, the Japanese military established brothels filled with " comfort women ", girls and women who were forced into sexual slavery for soldiers, exploiting women for the purpose of creating access and entitlement for men. Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War by members of the Pakistani military and

7812-669: The stigma was too great and that the police told them they deserved it and were reluctant to follow police policy. Decriminalizing sex work is argued to help sex workers in this aspect. In some countries, it is common for older men to engage in "compensated dating" with underage girls. Such relationships are called enjo kōsai in Japan and are also common in Asian countries such as Taiwan, South Korea, and Hong Kong. The WHO condemned "economically coerced sex (e.g. school girls having sex with "sugar daddies" ( Sugar baby in return for school fees)" as

7905-533: The subject. Other definitions of VAW are set out in the 1994 Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence Against Women and by the 2003 Maputo Protocol . In addition, the term gender-based violence refers to "any acts or threats of acts intended to hurt or make women suffer physically, sexually, or psychologically, and which affect women because they are women or affect women disproportionately". Gender-based violence

7998-415: The survey also looks at the pandemic's impact on working arrangements, access to services, work-life balance and the well-being of carers. The 2021 Index thematic focus on Health explores gender differences in three dimensions – health status (including mental health), health behaviours and access to health services. It also provides a gender and intersectional analysis of sexual and reproductive health and

8091-709: The swearing in of the von der Leyen Commission in December 2019, Eurostat is allocated to the portfolio of the European Commissioner for the Economy , Paolo Gentiloni . The Director-General of Eurostat is Mariana Kotzeva , former Deputy Director-General of Eurostat and President of the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria . The Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of 11 March 2009 on European statistics establishes

8184-590: The term gender-based . In Recommendation Rec(2002)5 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the protection of women against violence , the Council of Europe stipulated that VAW "includes, but is not limited to, the following": These definitions of VAW as being gender-based are seen by some to be unsatisfactory. These definitions understand society as patriarchal, signifying unequal relations between men and women. Opponents of such definitions argue that

8277-414: The victim's own family and relatives. Violence or intimidation of the victim may be perpetrated by the rapist or by friends and relatives of the rapist, as a way of preventing the victims from reporting the rape, punishing them for reporting it, or forcing them to withdraw the complaint; or it may be perpetrated by the relatives of the victim as a punishment for "bringing shame" to the family. Internationally,

8370-407: The victims of rape, usually perpetrated by men known to them. The rate of reporting, prosecution, and convictions for rape vary considerably in different jurisdictions and reflect, to some extent, society's attitudes toward such crimes. It is considered the most underreported violent crime. Following a rape, a victim may face violence or threats of violence from the rapist and, in many cultures, from

8463-725: The women were subjected to serious forms of abuse, such as physical or sexual violence, that affected their physical and mental health. Forced prostitution is prostitution that takes place as a result of coercion by a third party. In forced prostitution, the party/parties who force the victim to be subjected to unwanted sexual acts exercise control over the victim. Single women and women who are economically independent have been vilified by certain groups of men. In Hassi Messaoud in Algeria in 2001, mobs targeted single women , attacking 95 and killing at least six and, in 2011, similar attacks happened again throughout Algeria. Stalking

8556-460: The world, contribute to this practice. A forced marriage is also often the result of a dispute between families, where the dispute is 'resolved' by giving a female from one family to the other. The custom of bride kidnapping continues to exist in some Central Asian countries, such as Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and the Caucasus, or in parts of Africa, especially Ethiopia. A girl or woman

8649-710: Was made illegal in 1991. The views of Sir Matthew Hale, a 17th-century jurist, published in The History of the Pleas of the Crown (1736), stated that a husband cannot be guilty of the rape of his wife because the wife "hath given up herself in this kind to her husband, which she cannot retract"; in England and Wales, this would remain law for more than 250 years, until it was abolished by the Appellate Committee of

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