Misplaced Pages

#610389

56-450: The Geneva seal in horology (watches), is a certification reserved for wrist watch movements made in the City or Canton of Geneva. Although it is concerned mainly with the finishing and decoration of the watch movement, it is considered a high accolade in the industry. Precision testing, though not mandatory, is an option in the inspection process. The term is often mistakenly translated from

112-419: A melatonin based photoperiod time measurement biological system – which measures the change in daylight within the annual cycle, giving a sense of the time in the year – and their circannual rhythms, providing an anticipation of environmental events months beforehand to increase chances of survival. There is debate over when the earliest use of lunar calendars was, and over whether some findings constituted as

168-402: A centre for Research and Development.) The Geneva Seal is the quality seal of the City and Canton of Geneva. It is a certification reserved for wrist and pocket watch movements made in the City or Canton of Geneva. Although it is concerned mainly with the finishing and decoration of the watch movement, it is considered a high accolade in the industry. Precision testing , however, is an option in

224-449: A dependable alternate, so as years progress the room of error between would grow until some other indicator would give indication. The Ancient Egyptian calendars were among the first calendars made, and the civil calendar even endured for a long period afterwards, surviving past even its culture's collapse and through the early Christian era. It has been assumed to have been invented near 4231 BC by some, but accurate and exact dating

280-428: A field of chronometry, it also forms a part of cognitive psychology and its contemporary human information processing approach. Research comprises applications of the chronometric paradigms – many of which are related to classical reaction time paradigms from psychophysiology – through measuring reaction times of subjects with varied methods, and contribute to studies in cognition and action. Reaction time models and

336-446: A grooved plate with a stud having a rounded collar and cap. Mobile studs are permitted. 4 Split or fitted indexes are allowed with a holding system except in extra-thin calibers where the holding system is not required. 5 Regulating systems with balance with radius of variable gyration are allowed insofar as they meet the conditions of article 3, subparagraph 1. 6 The wheels of the going train must be chamfered above and below and have

392-491: A lunar calendar. Most related findings and materials from the palaeolithic era are fashioned from bones and stone, with various markings from tools. These markings are thought to not have been the result of marks to represent the lunar cycles but non-notational and irregular engravings, a pattern of latter subsidiary marks that disregard the previous design is indicative of the markings being the use of motifs and ritual marking instead. However, as humans' focus turned to farming

448-453: A number of ways. All dependable methods – barring the exceptions of thermoluminescence , radioluminescence and ESR (electron spin resonance) dating – are based in radioactive decay , focusing on the degradation of the radioactive parent nuclide and the corresponding daughter product's growth. By measuring the daughter isotopes in a specific sample its age can be calculated. The preserved conformity of parent and daughter nuclides provides

504-400: A polished sink. In wheels 0.15 mm thick or less, a single chamfer is allowed on the bridge side. 7 In wheel assemblies, the pivot shanks and the faces of the pinion leaves must be polished. 8 The escape wheel has to be light, not more than 0.16 mm thick in large calibers and 0.13 mm in calibers under 18 mm, and its locking-faces must be polished. 9 The angle traversed by

560-406: A sequential and chronological sense, and Kairos , a concept based in a more abstract sense, representing the opportune moment for action or change to occur. Kairos (καιρός) carries little emphasis on precise chronology, instead being used as a time specifically fit for something, or also a period of time characterised by some aspect of crisis, also relating to the endtime. It can as well be seen in

616-418: A stimulus event either immediately before or after. This testing emphasises the mental events' time-course and nature and assists in determining the structural functions in human information processing. The dating of geological materials makes up the field of geochronometry, and falls within areas of geochronology and stratigraphy , while differing itself from chronostratigraphy . The geochronometric scale

SECTION 10

#1732772891611

672-466: A watch must be a Swiss watch and at least one of the major operations in fabrication— either assembly of the movement or insertion of the movement into the case— must have been performed in the Swiss canton of Genève so that at least 50% of the total cost of production is incurred there. Horology Chronometry or horology ( lit.   ' the study of time ' ) is the science studying

728-547: Is delayed. The root word is correlated with the god Chronos in Ancient Greek mythology, who embodied the image of time, originated from out of the primordial chaos. Known as the one who spins the Zodiac Wheel, further evidence of his connection to the progression of time. However, Ancient Greek makes a distinction between two types of time, chronos, the static and continuing progress of present to future, time in

784-470: Is difficult in its era and the invention has been attributed to 3200 BC, when the first historical king of Egypt, Menes , united Upper and Lower Egypt . It was originally based on cycles and phases of the moon, however, Egyptians later realised the calendar was flawed upon noticing the star Sirius rose before sunrise every 365 days, a year as we know it now, and was remade to consist of twelve months of thirty days, with five epagomenal days. The former

840-620: Is periodic, its units working in powers of 1000, and is based in units of duration, contrasting with the chronostratigraphic scale. The distinctions between the two scales have caused some confusion – even among academic communities. Geochronometry deals with calculating a precise date of rock sediments and other geological events, giving an idea as to what the history of various areas is, for example, volcanic and magmatic movements and occurrences can be easily recognised, as well as marine deposits, which can be indicators for marine events and even global environmental changes. This dating can be done in

896-671: Is referred to as the Ancient Egyptians' lunar calendar, and the latter the civil calendar. Early calendars often hold an element of their respective culture's traditions and values, for example, the five day intercalary month of the Ancient Egyptian's civil calendar representing the birthdays of the gods Horus , Isis , Set , Osiris and Nephthys . Maya use of a zero date as well as the Tzolkʼin 's connection to their thirteen layers of heaven (the product of it and all

952-844: Is smaller but located nearby. Other good horological libraries providing public access are at the Musée international d'horlogerie in Switzerland, at La Chaux-de-Fonds , and at Le Locle . In France, Besançon has the Musée du Temps (Museum of Time) in the historic Palais Grenvelle. In Serpa and Évora , in Portugal , there is the Museu do Relógio. In Germany, there is the Deutsches Uhrenmuseum in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald , in

1008-571: Is the seal of the Canton of Geneva . This becomes evident when one translates its name from the German. The official languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian and Romantch (used in that order). But this issue about the translation is still a matter of debate because the term used by Timelab is the "Hallmark of Geneva". (Timelab is an organization which is composed of a centre for certifications (Hallmark of Geneva, COSC , Sport time-keeping) and

1064-730: Is the Museum of Timekeeping. A more specialised museum of horology in the United Kingdom is the Cuckooland Museum in Cheshire , which hosts the world's largest collection of antique cuckoo clocks . One of the more comprehensive museums dedicated to horology is the Musée international d'horlogerie , in La Chaux-de-Fonds in Switzerland, which contains a public library of horology. The Musée d'Horlogerie du Locle

1120-736: Is the examination of behavioural sequences and cycles within micro-organisms. Adapting to circadian and circannual rhythms is an essential evolution for living organisms, these studies, as well as educating on the adaptations of organisms also bring to light certain factors affecting many of species' and organisms' responses, and can also be applied to further understand the overall physiology, this can be for humans as well, examples include: factors of human performance, sleep, metabolism, and disease development, which are all connected to biochronometrical cycles. Mental chronometry (also called cognitive chronometry) studies human information processing mechanisms, namely reaction time and perception . As well as

1176-411: Is the production of light from a heated insulator and semi-conductor, it is occasionally confused with incandescent light emissions of a material, a different process despite the many similarities. However, this only occurs if the material has had previous exposure to and absorption of energy from radiation. Importantly, the light emissions of thermoluminescence cannot be repeated. The entire process, from

SECTION 20

#1732772891611

1232-519: Is the study of biological behaviours and patterns seen in animals with factors based in time. It can be categorised into Circadian rhythms and Circannual cycles . Examples of these behaviours can be: the relation of daily and seasonal tidal cues to the activity of marine plants and animals, the photosynthetic capacity and phototactic responsiveness in algae, or metabolic temperature compensation in bacteria. Circadian rhythms of various species can be observed through their gross motor function throughout

1288-594: Is used both by people who deal professionally with timekeeping apparatuses, as well as enthusiasts and scholars of horology. Horology and horologists have numerous organizations, both professional associations and more scholarly societies. The largest horological membership organisation globally is the NAWCC, the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors, which is US based, but also has local chapters elsewhere. Records of timekeeping are attested during

1344-909: The Black Forest , which contains a public library of horology. The two leading specialised horological museums in North America are the National Watch and Clock Museum in Columbia, Pennsylvania , and the American Clock and Watch Museum in Bristol, Connecticut . Another museum dedicated to clocks is the Willard House and Clock Museum in Grafton, Massachusetts . One of the most comprehensive horological libraries open to

1400-616: The Paleolithic , in the form of inscriptions made to mark the passing of lunar cycles and measure years. Written calendars were then invented, followed by mechanical devices. The highest levels of precision are presently achieved by atomic clocks , which are used to track the international standard second. Chronometry is derived from two root words, chronos and metron (χρόνος and μέτρον in Ancient Greek respectively), with rough meanings of "time" and "measure". The combination of

1456-460: The 12 criteria required for a movement to obtain the seal. In the text of the regulation, dated December 22, 1993, effective January 6, 1994, the requirements or specifications are set forth. Only mechanical watch works which were assembled and regulated in the city or canton of Geneva may be submitted; the manufacturer must certify this fact. There are twelve (12) criteria for the quality of all components and their finishing. The workmanship of all of

1512-580: The City or Canton of Geneva. A somewhat similar certification, the Qualité Fleurier or Fleurier Quality, which was begun on June 5, 2001, includes precision testing. Participants in this certification process include: Bovet Fleurier , Chopard , Parmigiani Fleurier and Vaucher Manufacture Fleurier . There are actually two pieces of legislation concerning the Geneva seal. The first is entitled Loi sur le contrôle facultatif des montres (law on

1568-522: The French as the "Geneva hallmark", as the word Poinçon  [ fr ] means "punch" and is the word used for hallmark. However, a hallmark is an official mark attesting to the fineness of a precious metal object. In this context the German translation of hallmark, which is "stempel" or "stamp" may be helpful to foster an understanding of and distinguish the terms. The motif of the Geneva Seal

1624-552: The Geneva office of COSC. The watches having successfully undergone the rate tests can claim the title chronometer. The regulations on the voluntary inspection of watches from Geneva, of April 5, 1957, is repealed. Apart from the Geneva Seal, some watches carry the name Geneva or Genève on their dials. The use of the name Geneva on a watch dial is governed by the Bureau de contrôle des Montres de Genève . To wear this badge,

1680-918: The London area include the Clockmakers' Museum , which re-opened at the Science Museum in October 2015, the horological collections at the British Museum , the Science Museum (London) , and the Wallace Collection . The Guildhall Library in London contains an extensive public collection on horology. In Upton, also in the United Kingdom, at the headquarters of the British Horological Institute , there

1736-500: The basis for the radioactive dating of geochronometry, applying the Rutherford Soddy Law of Radioactivity, specifically using the concept of radioactive transformation in the growth of the daughter nuclide. Thermoluminescence is an extremely useful concept to apply, being used in a diverse amount of areas in science, dating using thermoluminescence is a cheap and convenient method for geochronometry. Thermoluminescence

Geneva Seal - Misplaced Pages Continue

1792-409: The canton an office of voluntary control of the watches from Geneva; considering its regulation of this day concerning the organization of the office of voluntary control of the watches of Geneva, decrees: 1 The mechanical movements of watches constructed in accordance with the best practices of the watch industry and whose construction is in conformity with the directions given to the controller to set

1848-422: The course of a day. These patterns are more apparent with the day further categorised into activity and rest times. Investigation into a species is conducted through comparisons of free-running and entrained rhythms, where the former is attained from within the species' natural environment and the latter from a subject that has been taught certain behaviours. Circannual rhythms are alike but pertain to patterns within

1904-429: The dating of geological material ( geochronometry ). Horology is commonly used specifically with reference to the mechanical instruments created to keep time: clocks , watches , clockwork , sundials , hourglasses , clepsydras , timers , time recorders , marine chronometers , and atomic clocks are all examples of instruments used to measure time. People interested in horology are called horologists . That term

1960-420: The going train and escape wheel. On the bridge side, the jewels must be olive-drilled with polished sinks. The jewel of the center wheel on the main plate is not required. By way of clarification, a friction bearing (jewel) cut with an olive profile is one where the inside surface is rounded or beveled at the top and bottom of the hole providing a reservoir for lubricating oil. 3 The hairspring should be pinned in

2016-603: The human digits, twenty, making the 260-day year of the year) and the length of time between conception and birth in pregnancy. There are many horology museums and several specialized libraries devoted to the subject. One example is the Royal Greenwich Observatory , which is also the source of the Prime Meridian and the home of the first marine timekeepers accurate enough to determine longitude (made by John Harrison ). Other horological museums in

2072-412: The importance and reliance on understanding the rhythms and cycle of the seasons grew, and the unreliability of lunar phases became problematic. An early human accustomed to the phases of the moon would use them as a rule of thumb, and the potential for weather to interfere with reading the cycle further degraded the reliability. The length of a moon is on average less than our current month, not acting as

2128-414: The inherent relation between chronos and kairos, their function the Ancient Greek's portrayal and concept of time, understanding one means understanding the other in part. The implication of chronos, an indifferent disposition and eternal essence lies at the core of the science of chronometry, bias is avoided, and definite measurement is favoured. Biochronometry (also chronobiology or biological chronometry)

2184-404: The inspection process. Among the Geneva watchmakers who regularly submit their movements for the Geneva Seal certification are: Cartier , Chopard , Roger Dubuis , Vacheron Constantin , Louis Vuitton and Ateliers deMonaco . This quality seal has been authorized since the enactment of the enabling regulation in 1886. Pursuant to the law only watches may carry the seal. The seal is concerned with

2240-517: The inspector in the case of dubious watches presented for inspection 1 The good workmanship of all the parts of the caliber, including those of the additional mechanisms, must be in conformity with the requirements of the office of voluntary inspection of the watches from Geneva. Steel parts must have polished angles and their visible surfaces smoothed down. Screw heads must be polished, with their slots and rims chamfered. 2 The entire movement must jeweled with ruby jewels set in polished holes, including

2296-483: The inspectors serve to warrant the proper conduct of the inspections and the awarding of the seals. The original enabling statute, Loi sur le contrôle facultatif des montres (Law on the Voluntary Control of Watches), was enacted on November 6, 1886, and was amended on May 27, 1891, November 15, 1958, and December 9, 1959. It established, in the canton of Geneva, an office for the voluntary inspection of

Geneva Seal - Misplaced Pages Continue

2352-491: The light of an advantage, profit, or fruit of a thing, but has also been represented in apocalyptic feeling, and likewise shown as variable between misfortune and success, being likened to a body part vulnerable due to a gap in armor for Homer , benefit or calamity depending on the perspective. It is also referenced in Christian theology , being used as implication of God's action and judgement in circumstances. Because of

2408-511: The mainplate and one of the bridges, except if that is a technical impossibility. The site can vary according to the caliber. 2 By exception, it can be affixed on a finished movement. 1 At the request of the manufacturer, a rate bulletin can be obtained in complement to the Geneva seal. 2 Criteria of obtaining a rate bulletin are defined according to the NIHS standard 95-11 ( a/k/a ISO 3159) for chronometers. 3 These bulletins are obtained through

2464-486: The material's exposure to radiation would have to be repeated to generate another thermoluminescence emission. The age of a material can be determined by measuring the amount of light given off during the heating process, by means of a phototube, as the emission is proportional to the dose of radiation the material absorbed. Time metrology or time and frequency metrology is the application of metrology for timekeeping, including frequency stability . Its main tasks are

2520-406: The measurement of time and timekeeping . Chronometry enables the establishment of standard measurements of time, which have applications in a broad range of social and scientific areas. Horology usually refers specifically to the study of mechanical timekeeping devices, while chronometry is broader in scope, also including biological behaviours with respect to time (biochronometry), as well as

2576-406: The minimum level required for good workmanship are punched. 2 It is required that the assembly and adjustment are carried out in the canton of Geneva. The guarantee of work carried out is attested by a signed form by the submitter or manufacturers. This form must accompany the movements presented for inspection. 3 Movements carrying the punch of Geneva must be numbered. The superintendents assist

2632-557: The movement's components, including those of complications must meet the requirements of the office of optional inspection. Only upon fulfillment of all the criteria may the watch receive the seal. December 22, 1993 (effective January 6, 1994) Rules on the Voluntary Inspection of Watches from Geneva The COUNCIL of STATE of the Republic and canton of Geneva, considering the law of November 6, 1886, instituting in

2688-406: The pallet lever is to be limited by fixed banking walls and not pins or studs. 10 Shock protected movements are accepted. 11 The ratchet and crown wheels must be finished in accordance with registered patterns. 12 Wire springs are not allowed. The controller and his agents are only in charge of punching. They must comply to the decisions of the oversight commission. 1 The punch is affixed on

2744-474: The process of expressing the temporostructural organisation of human processing mechanisms have an innate computational essence to them. It has been argued that because of this, conceptual frameworks of cognitive psychology cannot be integrated in their typical fashions. One common method is the use of event-related potentials (ERPs) in stimulus-response experiments. These are fluctuations of generated transient voltages in neural tissues that occur in response to

2800-427: The quality and finishing of the watch movement, although it also addresses the precision of the timekeeping mechanism. The seal is awarded to watches only after an "official examination" to discern whether the watch movement possesses all the required characteristics required for the accolade. The characteristics require, at a minimum, that the watch was made in or made on commission by a qualified Genevoise craftsman from

2856-477: The realization of the second as the SI unit of measurement for time and the establishment of time standards and frequency standards as well as their dissemination . Early humans would have used their basic senses to perceive the time of day, and relied on their biological sense of time to discern the seasons in order to act accordingly. Their physiological and behavioural seasonal cycles mainly being influenced by

SECTION 50

#1732772891611

2912-417: The scale of a year, patterns like migration, moulting, reproduction, and body weight are common examples, research and investigation are achieved with similar methods to circadian patterns. Circadian and circannual rhythms can be seen in all organisms, in both single and multi-celled organisms. A sub-branch of biochronometry is microbiochronometry (also chronomicrobiology or microbiological chronometry), and

2968-475: The two is taken to mean time measuring. In the Ancient Greek lexicon, meanings and translations differ depending on the source. Chronos, used in relation to time when in definite periods, and linked to dates in time, chronological accuracy, and sometimes in rare cases, refers to a delay. The length of the time it refers ranges from seconds to seasons of the year to lifetimes, it can also concern periods of time wherein some specific event takes place, or persists, or

3024-520: The voluntary inspection of watches [from Geneva]). This is the enabling statute. The second piece of legislation is entitled Règlement sur le contrôle facultatif des montres de Genève (Regulations for the Voluntary Inspection of Watches from Geneva); these are the regulations setting out the criteria for the award of the seal. These laws have undergone revisions since their initial enactments. The latest revisions were in January 1994. The methodology of

3080-592: The voluntary inspection requires that the watches are submitted to the Geneva Watchmaking School. The "Office for the Voluntary Inspection of Watches from Geneva" has, as a matter of law, been located at the school since the inception of the seal. In order to avoid the appearance of impropriety the inspectors must be Swiss citizens, must take an oath to discharge the duties of their office with fidelity and must not have any conflicts of interest, i.e.: they must not trade in watches. These obligations on

3136-531: The watches from Geneva at the School of Horology to examine and mark watch movements. In general, the watches may be marked if following an examination, they are recognized to have all qualities of good workmanship likely to ensure a uniform rate and durability and whose work, at a minimum was done on commission by workmen living the canton of Geneva. The actual regulations, requirements or criteria are contained in another piece of legislation. These regulation contain

#610389