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35-492: [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:   "Gerad Dhidhin"  –  news   · newspapers   · books   · scholar   · JSTOR ( November 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) 1st Sultan of

70-818: A Malik include: Malik has also been used in languages which adopted Arabic loanwords (mainly, not exclusively, in Muslim cultures), for various princely or lower ranks and functions. The word Malik is sometimes used in Arabic to render roughly equivalent titles of foreign rulers, for instance the chronicler Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad refers to King Richard I of England as Malik al-Inkitar . The following components are frequently part of titles, notably in Persian (also used elsewhere, e.g. in India's Moghol tradition): In

105-501: A kind of moral authority or spiritual power (as opposed to political power), and it is used in this sense several times in the Qur'an . In the early Muslim world , ultimate power and authority was theoretically held by the caliph, who was considered the leader of the caliphate. The increasing political fragmentation of the Muslim world after the 8th century, however, challenged this consensus. Local governors with administrative authority held

140-467: A kind of prince. The best of sultans was elected as khan by people at Kurultai . In a number of post-caliphal states under Mongol or Turkic rule, there was a feudal type of military hierarchy. These administrations were often decimal (mainly in larger empires), using originally princely titles such as khan , malik , amir as mere rank denominations. In the Persian empire , the rank of sultan

175-600: Is also sometimes used in derived meanings. The female version of Malik is Malikah ( Arabic : ملكة ; or its various spellings such as Malekeh or Melike ), meaning "queen". The name Malik was originally found among various pre-Arab and non-Muslim Semitic speakers such as the indigenous ethnic Assyrians of Iraq , Amorites , Jews , Arameans , Mandeans , other Syriac speaking ethnic groups, and pre-Islamic Arabs . It has since been spread among various predominantly Muslim and non-Semitic peoples in Central Asia ,

210-755: Is believed that they originated as a clan of warriors who later on settled as wealthy landlords. Malik Awans in Punjabi Ethnology are considered to be Honourable Warriors. The Muslim Malik community is settled all over Pakistan, and the Sikh Malik are settled in India. The Malik are also known as the Gathwala. The Gathwala are now designating themselves as Maliks. Due to the popularity of the Malik title, many Punjabi sub-castes, such as Gujarati⠀Punjabis and many others, have adopted title to gain acceptance in

245-472: Is different from Wikidata Articles containing Somali-language text Articles containing Arabic-language text Sultan The term is distinct from king ( ملك malik ), though both refer to a sovereign ruler. The use of "sultan" is restricted to Muslim countries, where the title carries religious significance, contrasting the more secular king , which is used in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Brunei , Malaysia and Oman are

280-542: Is known as Raja Isteri with the title of Pengiran Anak suffixed, should the queen consort also be a royal princess. These are generally secondary titles, either lofty 'poetry' or with a message, e.g.: By the beginning of the 16th century, the title sultan was carried by both men and women of the Ottoman dynasty and was replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known (notably khatun for women and bey for men). This usage underlines

315-831: Is the Semitic term translating to " king ", recorded in East Semitic and Arabic , and as mlk in Northwest Semitic during the Late Bronze Age (e.g. Aramaic , Canaanite , Hebrew ). Although the early forms of the name were to be found among the pre-Arab and pre-Islamic Semitic speakers of the Levant , Canaan , and Mesopotamia , it has since been adopted in various other, mainly but not exclusively Islamized or Arabized non-Semitic Asian languages for their ruling princes and to render kings elsewhere. It

350-552: The Late Bronze Age . Eventual derivatives include the Aramaic, Neo-Assyrian, Mandaic and Arabic forms: Malik , Malek , Mallick , Malkha , Malka , Malkai and the Hebrew form Melek . Moloch has traditionally been interpreted as the epithet of a god, known as "the king" like Baal was an epithet "the master" and Adon an epithet "the lord", but in the case of Moloch purposely mispronounced as Moleḵ instead of Meleḵ using

385-666: The Middle East , and South Asia . The earliest form of the name Maloka was used to denote a prince or chieftain in the East Semitic Akkadian language of the Mesopotamian states of Akkad , Assyria , Babylonia and Chaldea . The Northwest Semitic mlk was the title of the rulers of the primarily Amorite , Sutean , Canaanite , Phoenician and Aramean city-states of the Levant and Canaan from

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420-469: The Punjab , "Malik", literally meaning "King" or " Lord " is a title used by some well-reputed specific Punjabi aristocrat bloodlines with special lineage, more formally known as Zamindars . The Actual clans to hold and originate this esteemed title are the " Awan " Tribe, They are Martial Warrior Tribes which are also associated with different aspects throughout different generations and periods of history, It

455-529: The Sultanate of Women , as the position of main consort eroded over the course of the 17th century, with the main consort losing the title of "sultan", which was replaced by "kadin", a title related to the earlier "khatun". Henceforth, the mother of the reigning sultan was the only person of non imperial blood to carry the title "sultan". In Kazakh Khanate a Sultan was a lord from the ruling dynasty (a direct descendants of Genghis Khan ) elected by clans, i.e.

490-704: The 16th century when the Ottoman Empire conquered the Mamluk Empire and became the indisputable leading Sunni Muslim power across most of the Middle East , North Africa , and Eastern Europe . The 16th-century Ottoman scholar and jurist, Ebüssuûd Mehmet Efendi , recognized the Ottoman sultan ( Suleiman the Magnificent at the time) as the caliph and universal leader of all Muslims. This conflation of sultan and caliph became more clearly emphasized in

525-614: The 19th century during the Ottoman Empire's territorial decline, when Ottoman authorities sought to cast the sultan as the leader of the entire Muslim community in the face of European ( Christian ) colonial expansion . As part of this narrative, it was claimed that when Sultan Selim I captured Cairo in 1517, the last descendant of the Abbasids in Cairo formally passed on the position of caliph to him. This combination thus elevated

560-632: The Nizam's Hindu retainers different titles were used, the equivalent of Molk being Vant. The Arabic term came to be adopted as a term for " tribal chieftain " in the tribal areas of northwestern Pakistan . In tribal Pashtun society in Pakistan, the Maliks serve as de facto arbiters in local conflicts, interlocutors in state policy-making, tax-collectors, heads of village and town councils and delegates to provincial and national jirgas and Parliament. In

595-425: The Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative. Western tradition knows the Ottoman ruler as "sultan", but Ottomans themselves used "padişah" (emperor) or "hünkar" to refer to their ruler. The emperor's formal title consisted of "sultan" together with "khan" (for example, Sultan Suleiman Khan). In formal address, the sultan's children were also entitled "sultan", with imperial princes (Şehzade) carrying

630-637: The Sunni Muslim world. As protectors of the line of the Abbasid caliphs, the Mamluks recognized themselves as sultans and the Muslim scholar Khalil al-Zahiri argued that only they could hold that title. Nonetheless, in practice, many Muslim rulers of this period were now using the title as well. Mongol rulers (who had since converted to Islam) and other Turkish rulers were among those who did so. The position of sultan and caliph began to blend together in

665-994: The Warsangali Sultanate Gerad Abdulahi Kooge Mohamud Harti جراد عبد الله كوجى محمود هرتى 1st Sultan of the Warsangali Sultanate Sovereign of the House of North East of Somaliland Sultanate Sultan of Sultans of Somaliland Reign 1298–1311 Successor Gerad Hamar Gale (1311–1328) Dynasty Warsangali Dynasty Religion Islam Garaad Dhidhin ( Somali : Abdulaahi Kooge Maxamuud Harti , Arabic : عبد الله كوجى محمود هرتى ( Abdullah bin Kouj bin Mahmoud bin Hartiyy )) also known as Garaad Abdulahi ,

700-665: The capital of the Abbasid caliphs . The early Seljuk leader Tughril Bey was the first leader to adopt the epithet "sultan" on his coinage . While the Seljuks acknowledged the caliphs in Baghdad formally as the universal leader of the Muslim community , their own political power clearly overshadowed the latter. This led to various Muslim scholars – notably Al-Juwayni and Al-Ghazali – attempting to develop theoretical justifications for

735-567: The crisis that followed the destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258, which eliminated the remnants of Abbasid political power. Henceforth, the surviving descendants of the Abbasid caliphs lived in Cairo under the protection of the Mamluks and were still nominally recognized by the latter. However, from this time on they effectively had no authority and were not universally recognized across

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770-621: The early evolution of the term is complicated and difficult to establish. The first major figure to clearly grant himself this title was the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud (r. 998–1030 CE) who controlled an empire over present-day Afghanistan and the surrounding region. Soon after, the Great Seljuks adopted this title after defeating the Ghaznavid Empire and taking control of an even larger territory which included Baghdad ,

805-461: The great Indian Muslim salute state of Hyderabad , a first rank- vassal of the Mughal padshah (emperor) imitating his lofty Persian court protocol, the word Molk became on itself one of the titles used for ennobled Muslim retainers of the ruling Nizam 's court, in fact the third in rank, only below Jah (the highest) and Umara , but above Daula , Jang , Nawab , Khan Bahadur and Khan ; for

840-541: The largest Shi'a Muslim state of this era, mainly used the Persian title shah , a tradition which continued under subsequent dynasties. The term sultan , by contrast, was mainly given to provincial governors within their realm. A feminine form of sultan , used by Westerners, is sultana or sultanah and this title has been used legally for some (not all) Muslim women monarchs and sultan's mothers and chief consorts. However, Turkish and Ottoman Turkish also uses sultan for imperial lady, as Turkish grammar uses

875-462: The only sovereign states which retain the title "sultan" for their monarchs. In recent years, the title has been gradually replaced by "king" by contemporary hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law. A notable example is Morocco , whose monarch changed his title from sultan to king in 1957. The word derives from the Arabic and Semitic root salaṭa "to be hard, strong". The noun sulṭān initially designated

910-460: The political authority of the Seljuk sultans within the framework of the formal supreme authority of the recognized caliphs. In general, the theories maintained that all legitimate authority derived from the caliph, but that it was delegated to sovereign rulers whom the caliph recognized. Al-Ghazali, for example, argued that while the caliph was the guarantor of Islamic law ( shari'a ), coercive power

945-533: The same words for both women and men (such as Hurrem Sultan and Sultan Suleiman Han ( Suleiman the Magnificent )). The female leaders in Muslim history are correctly known as "sultanas". However, the wife of the sultan in the Sultanate of Sulu is styled as the "panguian" while the sultan's chief wife in many sultanates of Indonesia and Malaysia are known as "permaisuri", "Tunku Ampuan", "Raja Perempuan", or "Tengku Ampuan". The queen consort in Brunei especially

980-579: The sultan's religious or spiritual authority, in addition to his formal political authority. During this later period, the title of sultan was still used outside the Ottoman Empire as well, as with the examples of the Somali aristocrats , Malay nobles and the sultans of Morocco (such as the Alaouite dynasty founded in the 17th century). It was, however, not used as a sovereign title by Shi'a Muslim rulers. The Safavid dynasty of Iran , who controlled

1015-559: The title before their given name, and imperial princesses carrying it after. For example: Şehzade Sultan Mehmed and Mihrimah Sultan , son and daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. Like imperial princesses, the living mother and main consort of the reigning sultan also carried the title after their given names, for example: Hafsa Sultan , Suleiman's mother and first valide sultan , and Hürrem Sultan , Suleiman's chief consort and first haseki sultan . The evolving usage of this title reflected power shifts among imperial women, especially between

1050-474: The title of amīr ( أمير , traditionally "commander" or " emir ", later also "prince") and were appointed by the caliph, but in the 9th century some of these became de facto independent rulers who founded their own dynasties, such as the Aghlabids and Tulunids . Towards the late 10th century, the term "sultan" begins to be used to denote an individual ruler with practically sovereign authority, although

1085-513: The vowels of Hebrew bosheth "shame". Primarily a malik is the ruling monarch of a kingdom , called mamlaka ; that term is however also used in a broader sense, like realm, for rulers with another, generally lower titles, as in Sahib al-Mamlaka . Malik is also used for tribal leaders, e.g. among the Pashtuns . Some Arab kingdoms are currently ruled by a Malik: Other historic realms under

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1120-485: Was required to enforce the law in practice and the leader who exercised that power directly was the sultan. The position of sultan continued to grow in importance during the period of the crusades , when leaders who held the title of "sultan" (such as Salah ad-Din and the Ayyubid dynasty ) led the confrontation against the crusader states in the Levant . Views about the office of the sultan further developed during

1155-630: Was roughly equivalent to that of a modern-day captain in the West; socially in the fifth-rank class, styled ' Ali Jah . Apparently derived from the Arabic malik , this was the alternative native style of the sultans of the Kilwa Sultanate in Tanganyika (presently the continental part of Tanzania). Mfalume is the (Ki) Swahili title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan: This

1190-991: Was the founder of the Warsangali Sultanate in the late 13th century in the territory of present-day North Somalia . References [ edit ] ^ Ledesma, Pablo Arconada (2023-03-27). Historia de Somalia (in Spanish). Los Libros De La Catarata. p. 1932. ISBN   978-84-1352-680-5 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerad_Dhidhin&oldid=1256908468 " Categories : Ethnic Somali people Somali sultans 13th-century Somali people 13th-century Muslims 14th-century Muslims 14th-century Somali people Somalian Muslims Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles needing additional references from November 2024 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description Short description

1225-686: Was the native ruler's title in the Tanzanian state of Uhehe. In Indonesia (formerly in the Dutch East Indies ): In Malaysia : In Brunei : In China : In the Philippines : In Thailand : Sultans of sovereign states Sultans in federal monarchies Sultan with power within republics Malik Malik ( Phoenician : 𐤌𐤋𐤊 ; Hebrew : מֶלֶךְ ; Arabic : ملك ; variously Romanized Mallik , Melik , Malka , Malek , Maleek , Malick , Mallick , Melekh )

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