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52-799: The Commander-in-Chief of the Ghana Armed Forces is the president of Ghana , who is also the supreme military commander of the Border Guard Unit (BGU). The armed forces are managed by the Minister of Defence and the Chief of Defence Staff . In 1879, the Gold Coast Constabulary was established by personnel of the Hausa Constabulary of Southern Nigeria, to perform internal security and police duties in

104-844: A civilian President in 1993 and continued as president until 2001. The Armed Forces' first external operation was the United Nations Operation in the Congo in the early 1960s. The GAF operated in the Balkans , including with UNMIK . Ghanaian operations within Africa included the UNAMIR deployment which became entangled in the Rwandan genocide . In his book Shake Hands with the Devil , Canadian Forces commander Romeo Dallaire gave

156-532: A few specialist non-commissioned personnel to 50 or more personnel for engineering or other manpower intensive roles. The role of a flight lieutenant generally involves management of a team of specialist non-commissioned officers and airmen, within their specific branch. In the RAF Regiment , a flight lieutenant generally has the same role and responsibility as a captain in the British Army, in charge of

208-407: A nomination document signed by at least two registered voters in each district , and includes the name of a vice presidential running mate. The president serves a four-year term. The president is limited to two terms, whether successive or separated. The first president for whom the term limits applied was Jerry Rawlings in 2001. If the president dies, resigns, is permanently incapacitated, or

260-466: A part payment of $ 55m however it was revealed in 2020 that the jet was not delivered. There has been some speculation to whether or not the delivery was cancelled due to the government defaulting on its payment. Flight Lieutenant Flight lieutenant ( Flt Lt or F/L ) is a junior officer rank used by some air forces, with origins from the Royal Air Force . The rank originated in

312-522: A regiment flight of 30 men, and could be second-in-command of a squadron of up to 120 men. Flight lieutenant is the most common officer rank in the RAF; in April 2013, for example, there were 8,230 RAF officers, of whom 3,890 (47.3%) were flight lieutenants. In RAF informal usage, a flight lieutenant is sometimes referred to as a "flight lieuy". A Flight Lieutenant's starting salary is £42,008.48 as of 2019. In

364-463: A result, on February 24, 1966, a small number of Army personnel and senior police officials, led by Colonel Emmanuel Kotoka , commander of the Second Brigade at Kumasi , Major Akwasi Afrifa , (staff officer in charge of army training and operations), Lieutenant General (retired) Joseph Ankrah , and J.W.K. Harlley , (the police inspector general), successfully launched "Operation Cold Chop",

416-462: Is later. Promotion to squadron leader thereafter is strictly upon merit; officers promoted beyond flight lieutenant are appointed to a career commission, or service to age 60. Resigning a commission is generally dependent on the needs of the service, although an officer who has completed their return of service (service the RAF requires to justify its expense in originally training the officer) could leave after as little as four years. For aircrew, given

468-409: Is reached 2.5 years after commissioning, Engineering Branch (AS & CE) entrants with applicable bachelor's/master's degrees reach flight lieutenant at 2.5 and 1.5 years respectively, and for all other ground branch officers, 3.5 years. Aircrew are appointed to an Early Departure Payment Commission upon reaching their Operational Conversion Unit , which is a commission for 20 years or age 40, whichever

520-581: Is removed from office, the vice president automatically ascends as president for the balance of the term. If the vice president ascends to the presidency before more than half of the presidential term expires, the vice president is only allowed to run for a single full term as president. If both the president and vice president are unable to perform the duties of president, the Speaker of Parliament becomes acting president, and new elections must be held within three months. The president of Ghana must be sworn in by

572-527: Is staffed by GAF military personnel and also houses a medical education training facility. 37 Military Hospital is also accredited for post-graduate medical education teaching. Vyacheslav Lebedev , Chairman of the Supreme Court of Russia , expressed gratitude following his emergency treatment at the hospital. The Ghana Army operates a Cadet Corps for GAF Cadets whom go on to Military Education and Training and Recruit Training graduation from

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624-593: The 1966 Ghanaian coup d'état , against the Nkrumah regime. The group formed the National Liberation Council , which ruled Ghana from 1966 to 1969. The Armed Forces seized power again in January 1972, after the reinstated civilian government cut military privileges and started changing the leadership of the army's combat units. Lieutenant Colonel Ignatius Kutu Acheampong (temporary commander of

676-690: The 37 Military Hospital in Accra and the Kumasi Military Hospital in the north. The 37 Military Hospital has recently undergone expansion and its facilities include a twenty-four-hour Emergency Department (ED). The GAF main military hospital has been organized into departments and divisions, which created structure within the establishment. The Divisions and Departments (the units) are developed and joined according to medical, paramedical and administrative lines and each of these units has its own departmental head. The GAF military hospital

728-472: The Air Training Corps , a flight lieutenant is usually the officer commanding of a squadron , appointed under a Cadet Forces Commission. Retired flight lieutenants are the first rank that may continue to use their rank after they have left active service. The rank insignia consists of two narrow blue bands on slightly wider black bands. This is worn on both the lower sleeves of the tunic or on

780-643: The Armed Forces Revolutionary Council , which governed until September 1979. However, in 1981, Rawlings deposed the new civilian government again, in the 1981 Ghanaian coup d'état . This time Rawlings established the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC). The PNDC remained in government until January 7, 1993. In the last years of the PNDC, Jerry Rawlings assumed civilian status; he was elected as

832-773: The First World War , all of which served during the East Africa campaign. During the Second World War , the regiment raised nine battalions, and saw action in Kenya's Northern Frontier District, Italian Somaliland, Abyssinia and Burma as part of the 2nd (West Africa) Infantry Brigade . Gold Coast soldiers returning from the Far East carried different perspectives from when they had departed. The Ghana Armed Forces were formed in 1957. Major General Stephen Otu

884-513: The Ghana Armed Forces . The current president of Ghana is Nana Akufo-Addo , who won the 2020 presidential election against former president, John Dramani Mahama , by a margin of 4.23%. He was sworn into office for his second term on 7 January 2021. According to Chapter 8, Article 62 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, a person shall not be qualified for election as the president of Ghana unless: Presidential candidates must lodge

936-687: The Ghana Military Police , Defence Signal Regiment (Ghana) , FRO, Forces Pay Office, 37 Military Hospital , Defence Mechanical Transport Battalion (Def MT Bn), Base Ordnance Depot, Base Ammunition Depot, Base Supply Depot, Base Workshop, Armed Forces Printing Press (AFPP), Armed Forces Fire Service (AFFS), the Ghana Armed Forces Central Band , Ghana Armed Forces Institution (GAFI), 1 Forces Movement Unit ( Tema Port), 5 Forces Movement Unit, Base Engineer Technical Services (BETS), 5 Garrison Education Centre (5 GEC),

988-771: The National Democratic Congress (NDC) and Ghana Union Movement (GUM) , has jointly urged the Akufo-Addo administration to refrain from deploying the Ghana Armed Forces to restore the democratically elected president of Niger , Mohamed Bazoum , who was ousted from power by General Abdourahamane Tchiani . However, Hon. Kennedy Ohene Agyapong , the Chairperson of the Interior and Defense Committee in Parliament, has expressed his endorsement of

1040-607: The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) in 1914. It fell into abeyance when the RNAS merged with the Royal Flying Corps during the First World War but was revived in 1919 in the post-war RAF. The rank is used by air forces of many countries that have historical British influence . Flight lieutenant is immediately senior to flying officer and immediately below squadron leader . It is usually equivalent to

1092-584: The chief justice before Parliament and the citizens of Ghana. The president-elect must repeat the following: "I, _______________ having been elected to the high office of President of the Republic of Ghana do (in the name of the Almighty God swear) (solemnly affirm) that I will be faithful and true to the Republic of Ghana; that I will at all times preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of

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1144-500: The photographing of Ghana Armed Forces (GAF) Ghana Military Police (GMP) police or GAF military personnel and vehicles while on duty, strategic sites such as Kotoka International Airport when in use, and the seat of the Ghanaian government, Jubilee House . President of Ghana The president of the Republic of Ghana is the elected head of state and head of government of Ghana , as well as commander-in-chief of

1196-737: The Armed Forces Museum, Army Signals Training School, and the Armed Forces Secondary Technical School (AFSTS). By 2016 the Forces Pay Office had been upgraded to the Forces Pay Regiment. The Armed Forces uses imported weaponry and locally manufactured secondary equipment. M16 rifles , AK-47s , Type 56 assault rifles , ballistic vests and personal armor are standard issue, while much of the secondary equipment used by

1248-833: The Army and Air Force are manufactured internally by the Defence Industries Holding Company (DIHOC). External suppliers include Russia, Iran, and China. The Armed Forces are heavily committed to international peacekeeping operations. Ghana prefers to send its troops to operations in Africa. However the United Nations has used Ghanaian forces in countries as diverse as Afghanistan , Iraq , Kosovo , Georgia , Nepal , Cambodia and Lebanon . Currently, Ghanaian armed forces are posted to United Nations peacekeeping missions in: Ghana armed forces provided

1300-865: The British colony of the Gold Coast . In this guise, the regiment earned its first battle honour as part of the Ashanti campaign. The Gold Coast Constabulary was renamed in 1901 as the Gold Coast Regiment, following the foundation of the West African Frontier Force , under the direction of the Colonial Office of the British Government . The regiment raised a total of five battalions for service during

1352-820: The First Brigade around Accra) led the bloodless 1972 Ghanaian coup d'état that ended the Second Republic. Thus the National Redemption Council was formed. Acheampong became head of state, and the NRC ruled from 1972 to 1975. On October 9, 1975, the NRC was replaced by the Supreme Military Council (SMC). Council members were Colonel Acheampong, (chairman, who was also promoted straight from Colonel to General ), Lt. Gen. Fred Akuffo , (the Chief of Defence Staff ), and

1404-836: The GAF Military Academy for Army Recruit and Seaman Recruit prior to enlistment into the Army, Navy or Air Force. Training institutions include the Ghana Military Academy and the Ghana Army-sponsored Cadet Corps . Also located in Accra is the internationally funded Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre , which is not part of the Armed Forces but provides a wide-ranging of peace operations training, including to GAF personnel. The Ghana Armed Forces Command and Staff College (GAFCSC) dates back to 1963. It

1456-507: The Ghana Army. The Ghana Navy's mission is to provide defence of Ghana and its territorial waters, fishery protection, exclusive economic zone , and internal security on Lake Volta . It is also tasked with resupplying GA (Ghana Army) peacekeepers in Africa, fighting maritime criminal activities such as Piracy , disaster and humanitarian relief operations, and evacuation of Ghanaian citizens and other nationals from troubled spots. In 1994

1508-820: The Ghanaian soldiers high praise for their work during that deployment. During the Liberian Civil War , Ghanaian activities helped pave the way for the Accra Comprehensive Peace Agreement , among others. Additional operations in Asia have included Iran and Iraq in the Iran–Iraq War , Kuwait and Lebanon civil war among others. A total of 3,359 Ghana Army soldiers and 283 Ghana Military Police operated as part of UNTAC in Cambodia . The UNTAC operation lasted two years, 1992−1993. After

1560-564: The Navy was re-organized into an Eastern command, with headquarters at Tema , and a Western command, with headquarters at Sekondi-Takoradi . The Ghana Armed Forces, in addition to owning its own arms industry weapons and military technology and equipment manufacturer (DIHOC − Defence Industries Holding Company), operates its own private bank . The military private bank is sited at Burma Camp and serves Ghanaian military personnel and their civilian counterparts. The GAF has two hospitals,

1612-415: The Republic of Ghana; and that I dedicate myself to the service and well-being of the people of the Republic of Ghana and to do right to all manner of persons. I further (solemnly swear) (solemnly affirm) that should I at any time break this oath of office; I shall submit myself to the laws of the Republic of Ghana and suffer the penalty for it. (So help me God)". After the oath of office has been taken by

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1664-821: The University of Ghana and GIMPA. The Single Spine Salary Structure (SSSS) is the payment made to the Ghana Arm Forces. The salary structure started in 2010 has increased the income of the military. Payment structure with the Single Spine differs from each officer depending on their ranking . Ghanaian statutory law officially prohibits civilians and foreign nationals from wearing military apparel such as camouflage clothing, or clothing which resembles military dress. Officially, fines and/or short prison sentences can be passed against civilians seen in military dress in public. In addition, Ghanaian law prohibits

1716-466: The army, navy, air force and Border Guard Unit commanders. In July 1978, in a sudden move, the other SMC officers forced Acheampong to resign, replacing him with Lt. Gen. Akuffo. The SMC apparently acted in response to continuing pressure to find a solution to the country's economic dilemma; inflation was estimated to be as high as 300% that year. The council was also motivated by Acheampong's failure to dampen rising political pressure for changes. Akuffo,

1768-433: The elected president, these following insignia are handed over to the president. These devices are used to display the rank of his/her office and are used on special occasions. Chapter 8 of the Constitution of Ghana states the duties and the powers of the president. The president is required to: Also, the president is given the powers: The president may execute or cause to be executed treaties, agreements or conventions in

1820-633: The first Force Commander of the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group ( ECOMOG ), Lieutenant General Arnold Quainoo . Quainoo led the force from July 1990 to September 1990. Ghana Armed Forces peacekeepers have many roles: patrolling , as military police , electoral observers , de-miners ( bomb disposal units and clearance divers ), ceasefire monitors, humanitarian aid workers, and even special forces or frogmen against insurgents . A group of opposition political parties and civil society organizations, comprising

1872-479: The global environment. The Ghana Armed Forces have been engaged in peacekeeping operations since 1960. This meant broadening the array of courses provided by GAFCSC. Consequently, the college aimed to establish partnerships with the University of Ghana and GIMPA to offer diverse peacekeeping and other courses. With the attainment of Institutional Accreditation, the college is now prepared to conduct its own courses, while still maintaining its collaborative association with

1924-727: The large expense required for training, this return of service is generally the length of their initial commission anyway, unless they re-role to a different branch having failed an element of flying training. Most aircrew reach their squadrons as flight lieutenants due to the length of training time required (up to four years for fast jet pilots) and the significant holds in the training pipeline. The majority of squadron line pilots are flight lieutenants, with some squadron executives or Career Commission aircrew reaching Squadron Leader. Aside from aircrew, whose work typically does not require active leadership for units of airmen, ground branch officers can expect to operate units that can range in size from

1976-410: The long running Cambodia civil war ignited by external interventions, a resolution was accepted by the four warring factional parties. Operation UNTAC was the largest Ghanaian external operation since Ghana's first external military operation, ONUC in the Congo in the 1960s. Operation UNTAC and its contingent UNAMIC had a combined budget of more than $ 1.6 billion. In 2012, closer military cooperation

2028-483: The name of the Republic of Ghana. The president shall take precedence over the populace of the Republic of Ghana and may refer important policy matters to a national referendum, declare war, conclude peace and other treaties, appoint senior public officials, and grant amnesty (with the concurrence of the Parliament of Ghana ). In times of serious internal or external turmoil or threat, or economic or financial crises,

2080-560: The nation's deployment of troops to Niger. The Ghana Air Force is headquartered in Burma Camp in Accra , and operates from bases in Accra (main transport base), Tamale (combat and training base)and Sekondi-Takoradi (training base). The GHF military doctrine and stated mission is to perform counterinsurgency operations within Ghana or externally and to provide logistical support to

2132-457: The naval rank title. For example, the current rank of flight lieutenant would have been "air lieutenant". Although the Admiralty objected to this simple modification of their rank titles, it was agreed that the RAF might base many of its officer rank titles on navy officer ranks with differing pre-modifying terms. It was also suggested that RAF captains might be entitled flight-leaders. However,

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2184-483: The new SMC chairman, promised publicly to hand over political power to a new government to be elected by July 1, 1979. The decree lifting the ban on party politics went into effect on January 1, 1979, as planned. However, in June, just before the scheduled resumption of civilian rule, a group of young armed forces officers, led by Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings , mounted the 1979 Ghanaian coup d'état . They put in place

2236-543: The newly created RAF adopted its officer rank titles from the British Army , with Royal Naval Air Service lieutenants (titled as flight lieutenants and flight commanders) and Royal Flying Corps captains becoming captains in the RAF. In response to the proposal that the RAF should use its own rank titles, it was suggested that the RAF might use the Royal Navy 's officer ranks , with the word "air" inserted before

2288-540: The president from office. The official presidential aircraft is a Dassault Falcon 900 , registration 9G-EXE, which was acquired in 2010. The aircraft was overhauled for six months in 2022, and returned to service in February 2023. The presidential aircraft uses the colour scheme of the flag of Ghana in stripes, with the Ghanaian coat of arms on the tail. In 2011, the government purchased an Embraer 190 making

2340-427: The president may assume emergency powers "for the maintenance of national security or public peace and order". The president shall be removed from office if found, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, Chapter 8 section 69 (ii) – prejudicial or inimical to the economy or the security of the Republic of Ghana. The president shall cease to hold office on the date the Parliament of Ghana votes to remove

2392-679: The rank of lieutenant in the navy and of the rank of captain in other services. The equivalent rank in the former Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF), Women's Royal Air Force (WRAF) and Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service (PMRAFNS) (until 1980) was flight officer . The rank was used in the Royal Canadian Air Force from 1920 until the 1968 unification of the Canadian Forces , when army-type rank titles were adopted. Canadian flight lieutenants then became captains . In official Canadian French usage,

2444-410: The rank structure (currently, for instance, most squadron commanders in the RAF are Wing Commanders , a reflection on the comparative combat power between the modern air force and its predecessor). The RAF's promotion system is automatic up until flight lieutenant. Every officer will attain the rank provided they complete their professional training and do not leave early. For aircrew, flight lieutenant

2496-610: The rank title flight lieutenant was chosen as flights were typically commanded by RAF captains and the term flight lieutenant had been used in the Royal Naval Air Service. The RAF rank of flight lieutenant was introduced in August 1919 and it has been used continuously since then. Although in the early years of the RAF a flight lieutenant commanded an aircraft flight, with the increasing combat power of aircraft and therefore squadrons, command and control has shifted up

2548-405: The rank title was capitaine d'aviation . The rank originated in the Royal Navy as a rank title for naval lieutenants serving in the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). Promotions to the rank were first gazetted on 30 June 1914. It fell into abeyance when the RNAS merged with the Royal Flying Corps during the First World War but was revived in 1919 in the post-war RAF. On 1 April 1918,

2600-862: Was agreed with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation . In 2013, the Armed Forces agreed closer military cooperation with the China People's Liberation Army , and with the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran . The Ghana Army is structured as follows: In 1996, the Support Services Brigade was reorganized and transferred from the Army to be responsible to the Armed Forces GHQ. From that point its units included 49 Engineer Regiment ,

2652-444: Was appointed Chief of Defence Staff in September 1961. From 1966, the Armed Forces were extensively involved in politics, mounting several coups. Kwame Nkrumah had become Ghana's first prime minister when the country became independent in 1957. As Nkrumah's rule wore on, he began to take actions which disquieted the leadership of the armed forces, including the creation and expansion of the President's Own Guard Regiment (POGR). As

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2704-408: Was to provide training for Ghana Armed Forces (GAF) officers and affiliated officers from Africa, focusing on command and staff duties. Throughout its history, it has hosted and educated individuals from neighboring African states. It focuses on military and defense courses, culminating in the issuance of the Pass Staff College (PSC) certificate. The range of programs expanded, driven by the demands of

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