Franco-Scottish victory
49-581: Gilbert Kennedy may refer to: Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis (1515–1558), Scottish landowner, soldier, politician and judge; served as Treasurer of Scotland Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy (1405–1489), Scottish lord Gilbert Kennedy, 4th Earl of Cassilis (c. 1541–1576), Scottish peer Gilbert Kennedy, 2nd Earl of Cassilis (died 1527), British peer Gilbert Kennedy (rower) (1866–1921), English rower Gilbert G. Kennedy (1844–1909), Scottish amateur sportsman [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
98-765: A diplomat in France in 1558. The sum of £6,720 Scots was not repaid in 1586, and Cagnioli claimed it from his grandson, John Kennedy, 5th Earl of Cassilis . In 1558 he was present, as one of the eight Commissioners appointed by the Scottish Parliament , at the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots , to the Dauphin of France , to whom the Scottish deputies unanimously refused the Crown matrimonial . The Court of France appeared deeply mortified by this disappointment, and
147-1171: A gold chain, made by the Edinburgh goldsmith John Mosman . The hostages at both courts were well entertained and most had returned home by August 1550. In France, Henry II organised a triumphal entry to Rouen on 1 October 1550. Mary of Guise and Mary, Queen of Scots took part. There were banners depicting the French victories in Scotland; and a herald recited: Voila Dondy, Edimpton, Portugray, Où Termes prist & Essé le degrè, Pour devenir chevalier de ton ordre. Sire, voyez ceste Ysle de Chevaulx, Voyez aussy le fort chasteau de Fargues, O quants assaulx, escarmouches & cargues, Voila aussi le fort pres de Donglass, Et plus deca ou est assis ce bourg, Est le chasteau conquis de Rossebourg. Here are Dundee , Haddington , Broughty Craig, Where de Thermes , with d'Essé, became knights of your order . Sire, see Inchkeith , Also see strong Fast Castle , So much assault, skirmish and hassle, Here also close to Dunglass , Further
196-473: A pardon. In July 1549 with English losses in France the assurance system ceased. Henrisoun, observing recent developments, questioned "Whether it were better to conquer hearts without charges, or burn, and build forts at great charges, which will never conquer Scotland?" At the end of the war, the French celebrated their successful intervention at fêtes like the entry to Rouen. The details of these events were published in illustrated festival books. In England
245-642: A part for the loan of his horse to the said Routlege". Cassilis held the office of Treasurer of Scotland in 1554, of Extraordinary Lord of Session between 1546 and 1558. During the war with England known as the Rough Wooing , Cassilis fought in the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh on 10 September 1547. Two years later, during the siege of Haddington he organised the demolition of East Linton Bridge to hinder English troops. Cassilis borrowed money from Timothy Cagnioli , an Italian financier, for his expenses as
294-458: A short stint in the Tower of London , was placed under the care of Thomas Cranmer , Archbishop of Canterbury . Scottish historian Gilbert Burnet (1643-1715) believed that it was this relationship with Cranmer that led Kennedy toward Protestantism , as certainly he was one of the first of the Scottish nobility to adopt Reformed views. However, since his time with Cranmer lasted only one month, it
343-440: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis ( / ˈ k æ s əl z / KASS -əlz ; 12 May 1515 – 15 November 1558) was a Scottish landowner, soldier, politician, and judge. He served as Treasurer of Scotland . He was the son of Gilbert Kennedy, 2nd Earl of Cassilis , and succeeded to
392-584: Is likely that his earlier contact with Buchanan had been a stronger influence in this regard. Sir Thomas Wharton, Warden of the English West March, wrote to the Privy Council of King Henry VIII, on the tenth of December 1542, regarding ransoms for prisoners taken at the battle, including the Earl of Cassilis, who was taken by Batill Routlege. Credit was also given to John Musgrave who "claimeth
441-634: The Earl of Angus and George Douglas of Pittendreich who had been imprisoned in Blackness Castle . Although they had been supporters of the English marriage, Arran now needed the support of Clan Douglas against an English invasion. Following this attack, Sir William Eure and Ralph Eure made raids across the border from Berwick upon Tweed , burning houses and buying the loyalty of Scots who became " assured men ". Against these English invasions,
490-776: The Eight Years' War , was part of the Anglo-Scottish Wars of the 16th century. Following its break with the Catholic Church , England attacked Scotland, partly to break the Auld Alliance and prevent Scotland being used as a springboard for future invasion by France , partly to weaken Scotland, and partly to force the Scottish Parliament to confirm the existing marriage alliance between Mary, Queen of Scots (born 8 December 1542), and
539-552: The Treaty of Greenwich was conditionally accepted by the Scottish government led by Regent Arran . However, Arran was slow to advance the marriage due to strong internal factions favouring an alternative alliance with France and the continuance of the Catholic religion in Scotland. The English diplomat Ralph Sadler reported Adam Otterburn 's comment on the Scottish opinion of the marriage: Our people do not like of it. And though
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#1732798301535588-605: The Treaty of Haddington , Mary was taken to safety in France in August 1548 and betrothed to the Dauphin Francis . Piero Strozzi began to fortify Leith with 300 Scottish workmen. Strozzi had been shot in the leg at Haddington and was carried around the works in a chair by four men. With the fortification of Dunglass , English commanders including Thomas Holcroft began to write of the "King's Pale" in Scotland, anticipating that Edward VI would receive feudal rents from
637-521: The Admiral of France ; François de Vendôme, Vidame de Chartres , were sent to London. For England: Henry Brandon ; Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford ; George Talbot ; John Bourchier, 5th Baron FitzWarren ; Henry Fitzalan ; Henry Stanley . Francois de Seguenville-Fumel, sieur de Thors, brought the peace treaty and ratifications to Scotland in April 1550. Mary of Guise and Regent Arran gave De Thors
686-542: The Battle of Solway Moss on licence, hoping they would build consensus for the royal marriage. In March 1544, Henry sent Richmond Herald to the Privy Council of Scotland to demand their return. Major hostilities began with an attack on Edinburgh on 3 May 1544 , led by the Earl of Hertford and Viscount Lisle . Hertford had instructions to burn Edinburgh and issue Henry's proclamation of 24 March 1544, which laid
735-653: The Cardinal was published in London with an account of the death of George Wishart, with a preface encouraging religious reform by Robert Burrant . In October 1548, Sir John Mason and other clerks were rewarded £20 for their archival researches into "records of matters of Scotland" for these tracts. Lord Methven understood the effect of the English propaganda and raised his concern with Mary of Guise in June 1548. The Protestant Fife lairds who had killed David Beaton and held
784-623: The Castilians, and garrisoned the castle against Regent Arran, hoping for English military support. Henry VIII died in January 1547 and the war continued under the Lord Protector Somerset for Edward VI. The English had established a fort at Langholm in the Scottish borders; unable to secure its return by diplomatic leverage, Regent Arran reduced it by force on 17 July 1547 following an unsuccessful attempt in June. At
833-543: The Earl of Cassilis, with two others of the Commissioners, dying in one night, on 28 November 1558, at Dieppe , a report was raised that they had been poisoned, which was further countenanced by the death of a fourth Commissioner, Lord Fleming , at Paris , on 16 December 1558. However, according to the Dictionary of National Biography , this report was untrue, as the actual dates of death of these persons were not
882-458: The Earl of Hertford into Scotland . A contribution by a Scot in England, John Elder , remained unpublished. It was intended to preface a detailed description and map of Scotland. Elder claimed that the northern lords of Scotland, who were 'red-shanks' of Irish descent, would be loyal to Henry VIII, and reject the French culture imposed by Cardinal Beaton and the Scottish court. (Elder later became
931-460: The English and became " assured men ". A sample bond for assurance was drafted by a Scot, Henry Balnaves , at St Andrews Castle in December 1546. That mostly happened in the war zones of the border and around English garrisons. After the war ended, many Scots were accused of assurance or collaboration as a crime; 192 citizens of Dundee were acquitted in 1553, and the whole town of Dumfries received
980-521: The English army landed at Granton , then occupied Leith. Hertford parleyed with Adam Otterburn , the Provost of Edinburgh , but he had been instructed not to make terms or accept a surrender. The next day the troops entered Edinburgh's Canongate , and set the city on fire. Edinburgh Castle was defended by cannon fire commanding the Royal Mile . Hertford decided not to lay siege but thoroughly burn
1029-464: The English heir apparent Edward (born 12 October 1537), son of King Henry VIII , under the terms of the Treaty of Greenwich of July 1543. An invasion of France was also contemplated. Henry declared war in an attempt to force the Scottish Parliament to agree to the planned marriage between Edward, who was six years old at the start of the war, and the infant queen, thereby creating a new alliance between Scotland and England. Upon Edward's accession to
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#17327983015351078-470: The Governor and some of the nobility have consented to it, yet I know that few or none of them do like of it; and our common people do utterly mislike of it. I pray you give me leave to ask you a question: if your lad was a lass, and our lass were a lad, would you then be so earnest in this matter? ... And lykewise I assure you that our nation will never agree to have an Englishman king of Scotland. And though
1127-667: The Regent opposed by the Douglas faction in the east and Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox in the west, with a Battle at Glasgow . The Scots faced the anger of Henry VIII, after the Parliament of Scotland renounced the Treaty of Greenwich in December 1543. Five days later, on 20 December, war was declared in Edinburgh by the messenger Henry Ray, Berwick Pursuivant . Henry VIII released some Scottish noblemen who had been captured at
1176-546: The Regent's son, James Hamilton hostage at St Andrews Castle gambled on English assistance. In East Lothian , three friends of the Protestant preacher George Wishart , John Cockburn of Ormiston , Ninian Cockburn , and Alexander Crichton of Brunstane lent their support to England. Lord Gray and the Master of Ruthven were also happy to deal with the English. Other Scots were induced to sign bonds and take payments from
1225-648: The Scots won a victory at the Battle of Ancrum Moor in February 1545. Scotland was included in the Treaty of Camp, or Treaty of Ardres, of 6 June 1546, which concluded the Italian War of 1542–1546 . This brought 18 months of peace between England and Scotland. In May 1546, Fife lairds had murdered the Francophile Cardinal Beaton at St Andrews Castle . These Protestant lairds became known as
1274-472: The Scots. Conditions of the peace included the return of prisoners and the demolition and slighting of border fortifications. As part of the treaty, six French and English hostages or pledges were to be exchanged on 7 April. These were, for France: Mary of Guise's brother, the Marquis de Mayenne ; Louis de la Trémoille ; Jean de Bourbon, Comte d'Enghien ; François de Montmorency ; Jean d'Annebaut, son of
1323-537: The blame on Cardinal Beaton's "sinister enticement" of Regent Arran. Hertford considered establishing an English garrison at Leith but the English Privy Council vetoed this plan. Henry VIII also asked him to destroy St Andrews , but Hertford pointed out the extra distance would be troublesome. After burning St Monans on the north side of the Firth of Forth and taking fishing boats for landing-craft,
1372-472: The city. According to the English contemporary account, all the houses within the suburbs and city walls were burnt including Holyroodhouse and the Abbey . The English ships at Leith were loaded with looted goods and sailed with the captured Unicorn and Salamander . The army returned to England by land, burning towns and villages along the way. Soon after the English force had landed, Regent Arran released
1421-587: The conflict: long-standing debates about the rights of the English crown in Scotland, the perceived injustice of the Scottish rejection of the Treaty of Greenwich, and the merit of the Protestant religion. The English commander at Broughty, Andrew Dudley , hoped to distribute Bibles printed in English, which were not freely available in Scotland. Scotland countered the English propaganda with the Complaynt of Scotland , probably printed in France in 1549. Another work, Ane Resonyng by William Lamb , did not make it to
1470-445: The encouragement of collaborators, and so on. More recently, Marcus Merriman titled his book The Rough Wooings to emphasise the division of the conflict into two or three distinct phases. In November 1542, a Scottish army suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss and James V died soon after. He was succeeded by his six-day old daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots . A plan for an English marriage for Mary proposed by
1519-536: The invasion to the next beacon if it came in daylight. The towns of Lothian, the borders and the Forth valley were ordered to ensure that all men between sixty and sixteen living in sight of the beacons were ready to respond to the signal. An English invasion in September 1547 won a major encounter at the Battle of Pinkie close to Musselburgh , and put much of southern Scotland under military occupation. Haddington
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1568-458: The island of Inchkeith on 19 June 1549. The English abandoned Haddington on 19 September 1549. Hostilities ended with Scotland comprehended in the Treaty of Boulogne [ fr ] of 24 March 1550, which was primarily between France and England. Peace was declared in England on Saturday 29 March 1550; a week earlier the Privy Council had sent secret orders to English commanders telling them not to move cannon that would be abandoned to
1617-483: The occupied area of Southern Scotland, extending from Dunglass to Berwick, and Lauder to Dryburgh. Landowners would be replaced by Scottish " assured men " or English men. By May 1549, the English army on the frontier included 3,200 soldiers with 1,700 German and 500 Spanish and Italian mercenaries. With more financial and military assistance from France brought by Paul de Thermes , the Scots were able to maintain resistance. André de Montalembert , sieur d'Essé, captured
1666-456: The press. The first English work was written before the Battle of Solway Moss: A Declaration, conteyning the iust causes and consyderations, of this present warre with the Scottis, wherein alsoo appereth the trewe & right title, that the kings most royall maiesty hath to the soveraynitie of Scotlande . A journal of Hertford's raid on Edinburgh of 1544 was printed as The Late expedicion of
1715-408: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Kennedy&oldid=736119579 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1764-569: The same time, a French naval force took St Andrews Castle from the Castilians. On 24 July Arran ordered seven signal beacons to be prepared to warn of an expected English invasion by sea. The first was at St Abb's Head , the second at Dowhill near Fast Castle , next on the Doun Law near Spott , North Berwick Law , ' Dounprenderlaw ', at Arthur's Seat or Edinburgh Castle, and at ' Binning's Craig' near Linlithgow . The keepers of these 'bailes' were instructed to have horsemen ready to carry news of
1813-660: The same, with Cassilis dying in November. Henry II of France had appointed Gilbert as Gentleman in Ordinary of his Chamber on 4 May 1558, and this honour was transferred to his heir, Gilbert, 4th Earl of Cassilis on 10 February 1559. In 1540 the Earl married Margaret Kennedy (d. 1580), a daughter of Thomas Kennedy of Bargany and widow of Hugh Wallace of Craigie , and they had five children. Rough Wooing The Rough Wooing ( Scottish Gaelic : An t-Suirghe Chnaparra ; December 1543 – March 1551), also known as
1862-550: The seigneur de Lanssac , representing Henry II of France . The English delegation included Sir Robert Bowes , Sir Leonard Beckwith, Sir Thomas Challoner and Richard Sampson , Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry . The terms included: the English abandoning their holdings in Scotland; the border and Debatable Lands to revert to original lines and usage; Edrington and fishing rights on the Tweed returned to Scotland; all captives, pledges, and hostages to be returned. Edward VI ratified
1911-583: The side where sits the burgh the castle conquered is Roxburgh . A separate peace negotiation between Scotland and the Holy Roman Empire was required, chiefly so that trade and piracy disputes could be resolved. In August 1550, Regent Arran taxed forty of the chief trading burghs of Scotland to fund an embassy to Charles V . This treaty was concluded in Antwerp by Thomas, Master of Erskine on 1 May 1551. The Treaty of Norham in 1551 formally ended
1960-553: The throne in 1547 at the age of nine, the war continued for a time under the direction of the Duke of Somerset , before Somerset's removal from power in 1549 and replacement by the Duke of Northumberland , who wished for a less costly foreign policy than his predecessor. It was the last major conflict between Scotland and England before the Union of the Crowns in 1603. In Scotland, the war
2009-569: The titles of 5th Lord Kennedy and 3rd Earl of Cassillis in August 1527. On 6 February 1540/41 he had a charter of the Fief of Cassilis. As a young man, Kennedy studied at the University of St. Andrews and in Paris under the Scottish humanist George Buchanan for five years. In November 1542, Kennedy, in his late twenties at the time, was taken prisoner at the Battle of Solway Moss , and after
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2058-473: The treaty on 30 June and Mary on 14 August 1551. The English objective to forward a union between Scotland and England had wavering support among some sectors of the Scots population. These Scots may not have relished French domination of Scottish affairs or may have seen the alliance with England as furthering the Protestant cause. A number of books and pamphlets were published in England as propaganda to encourage such feelings. They focused on three aspects of
2107-626: The tutor of Lord Darnley .) Somerset began a new round in 1547 shortly before the Battle of Pinkie by publishing the Scot James Henrisoun 's An Exhortacion to the Scottes to conforme themselfes to the honourable, Expedient & godly Union betweene the two realmes of Englande & Scotland . It was followed by Somerset's printed Proclamation of 4 September 1547, and the Epistle or Exhortation of February 1548. The Pinkie campaign
2156-410: The war and the English military presence withdrew from Scotland. By October 1551, Mary of Guise herself was welcomed in England and she travelled from Portsmouth to meet Edward VI in London. The peace, concluded at Norham Castle and church on 10 June 1551, was negotiated by Thomas Erskine, Master of Erskine, Lord Maxwell, Sir Robert Carnegie of Kinnaird , and Robert Reid , Bishop of Orkney with
2205-521: The war: "We liked not the manner of the wooing, and we could not stoop to being bullied into love", or as William Patten reported, "I lyke not thys wooyng." The historian William Ferguson contrasted this jocular nickname with the savagery and devastation of the war: English policy was simply to pulverise Scotland, to beat her either into acquiescence or out of existence, and Hertford's campaigns resemble nothing so much as Nazi total warfare ; " blitzkrieg ", reign of terror, extermination of all resisters,
2254-561: The whole nobility of the realm would consent, yet our common people, and the stones in the street would rise and rebel against it. In Scotland, the French-leaning faction of Cardinal Beaton met at Linlithgow in July 1543 to oppose Regent Arran, and signed the " Secret Bond " against the marriage. Mary and her mother, Mary of Guise, moved from Linlithgow Palace to the security of Stirling Castle . A kind of civil war continued with
2303-450: Was called the "Eight" or "Nine Years' War". The idea of the war as a " wooing " was popularised many years later by Sir Walter Scott , in order to hide the extreme nature of the war, and the phrase "Rough Wooing" appeared in several history books from the 1850s onwards. The phrase appears to derive from a famous remark attributed to George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly by Patrick Abercromby in his edition of Jean de Beaugué 's history of
2352-486: Was described by William Patten in The Expedition into Scotland of the most worthy Prince, Edward Duke of Somerset . A Welshman, Nicholas Bodrugan, added his Epitome of the title of the kynges majestie of Englande , which looks back to Geoffrey of Monmouth to justify English claims and seeks to reassure Scottish fears that the civil law of England was harsher than Scots law. David Lindsay's poem The Tragedy of
2401-520: Was occupied , along with Broughty Castle near Dundee. Beginning on 5 April 1548, Sir Robert Bowes built a fort at Lauder . Increased French military support for the Scots included the services of military engineers like Migliorino Ubaldini who strengthened Edinburgh Castle and Dunbar . An English commander William Grey, 13th Baron Grey de Wilton burnt Musselburgh on 9 June 1548 and Dunbar on 12 June. On 16 June 10,000 French troops arrived at Leith, and besieged Haddington with artillery. Following
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