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78-685: Before the 20th century, this Glossa ordinaria was misattributed to Walafrid Strabo . The main impetus for the composition of the gloss came from the school of Anselm of Laon (d. 1117) and his brother Ralph. Another scholar associated with Auxerre, Gilbert the Universal (d. 1134), is sometimes credited with the Gloss on much of the Old Testament, although only the gloss on the Book of Lamentations has been firmly attributed to him. The Gloss achieved

156-660: A deeper meaning. The word "dismissal" has come to imply a mission. In Catholic teaching, the holy sacrifice of the Mass is the fulfillment of all the sacrifices of the Old Covenant. In the New Covenant, the one sacrifice on the altar of Calvary is revisited during every Catholic Mass. Jesus Christ merited all graces and blessings for us by His death on the Cross. These merits form an inexhaustible fountain of grace to nourish

234-579: A longer prayer. The linen corporal is spread over the center of the altar, and the Liturgy of the Eucharist begins with the ceremonial placing on it of bread and wine. These may be brought to the altar in a procession, especially if Mass is celebrated with a large congregation. The unleavened, wheat bread (in the tradition of the Latin Church ) is placed on a paten , and the wine (from grapes)

312-574: A memorial of his Passion (see ch. XVI, De sacrificiis Novi Testamenti, et cur mutata sint per Christum sacrificia ). He leaves no doubt, referring to Christ's words in John 6 ("My flesh truly is food and my blood truly is drink"), that the Eucharist is "truly the body and blood of the Lord" (see Ch. XVII). In the last chapter, Walafrid describes a hierarchical body of both lay and ecclesiastical officers, using Pauline metaphors (1 Cor 12:11-27) to underline

390-447: A more-or-less standard form at Paris in the second half of the twelfth century. The Patrologia Latina , volumes 113 and 114, contain a version of the glossa which, as well as being misattributed to Strabo, represents a later manuscript tradition. There is currently available a facsimile of the first printed edition of a glossa , which was published at Strasbourg in 1480/1 which can be found here. There are now modern editions of

468-558: A number of preparatory rites, of which the singing or recitation of the Our Father is the first. In the context of this preparation, the petitions for the daily bread and the forgiveness of trespasses gain particular significance. After an invitation by priest to do so, priest and people together recite the Lord's Prayer. The priest adds to it a development of the final petition, known as the embolism : "Deliver us, Lord, we pray, from every evil, graciously grant peace in our days, that, by

546-515: A respectful greeting (for instance, a handshake or a bow between strangers, or a kiss/hug between family members). The third preparatory rite is that of fraction and commingling . The priest breaks the host and places a piece in the main chalice; this is important as it symbolizes that the Body and Blood of Christ are both present within one another. Meanwhile, the " Lamb of God " (" Agnus Dei " in Latin)

624-731: A revision of the Roman Missal, which was put into effect by Pope Paul VI in 1969. The following description of the celebration of Mass, usually in the local vernacular language, is limited to the form of the Roman Rite promulgated after the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) by Pope Paul VI in 1969 and revised by Pope John Paul II in 2002, largely replacing the usage of the Tridentine Mass form originally promulgated in 1570 in accordance with decrees of

702-599: A scheduled volunteer from among the congregation; when two non-Gospel readings are given, they may be given by two different lectors or by one, according to local preference. The final reading and high point of the Liturgy of the Word is the proclamation of the Gospel . This is preceded by the singing of the Gospel Acclamation, typically an Alleluia with a verse of Scripture, which may be omitted if not sung. Alleluia

780-451: A short life of Saint Blathmac , a high-born monk of Iona , murdered by the Danes in the first half of the 9th century; a life of Saint Mammes ; and a Liber de visionibus Wettini . This last poem, written in hexameters like the two preceding ones, was composed at the command of "Father" Adalgisus and was based upon a prose narrative by Haito , abbot of Reichenau from 806 to 822. It

858-480: A state of mortal sin ) to receive Christ in the Eucharist. Many of the other sacraments of the Catholic Church , such as confirmation , holy orders , and holy matrimony , are now generally administered within a celebration of Mass, but before the Second Vatican Council were often or even usually administered separately. The term Mass , also Holy Mass , is commonly used to describe the celebration of

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936-432: A whole congregation expressing its faith and devotion in song. Therefore the active participation of the whole people, which is shown in singing, is to be carefully promoted. ...It should first of all include acclamations, responses to the greetings of the priest and ministers and to the prayers of litany form, and also antiphons and psalms, refrains or repeated responses, hymns and canticles." The communion rite begins with

1014-521: A word originating in the Greek word for giving thanks: "Let us give thanks to the Lord, our God." The faithful join in this sentiment, saying: "It is right and just." The priest continues with one of many thematic Eucharistic Prayer prefaces, which lead to the Sanctus acclamation: "Holy, Holy, Holy Lord God of hosts. Heaven and earth are full of your glory. Hosanna in the highest. Blessed is he who comes in

1092-469: Is dedicated to Grimald, brother of Wetti, his teacher. As Walafrid tells his audience, he was only eighteen when he sent it, and he begs his correspondent to revise his verses, because, "as it is not lawful for a monk to hide anything from his abbot", he fears he may deserve to be beaten. In the vision, Wettin saw Charlemagne suffering torture in Purgatory because of his sexual incontinence. The name of

1170-500: Is put in a chalice and mixed with a little water, As the priest places each on the corporal, he says a silent prayer over each individually, which, if this rite is unaccompanied by singing, he is permitted to say aloud, in which case the congregation responds to each prayer with: "Blessed be God forever." Then the priest washes his hands, "a rite in which the desire for interior purification finds expression." The congregation, which has been seated during this preparatory rite, rises, and

1248-598: Is replaced during Lent by a different acclamation of praise. All stand while the Gospel is chanted or read by a deacon or, if none is available, by a priest. The reading is traditionally introduced with the phrase "a reading from the Holy Gospel according to" followed by the evangelist's name. To conclude the Gospel reading, the priest or deacon proclaims: "The Gospel of the Lord" and the faithful respond, "Praise to you, Lord Jesus Christ." The priest or deacon then kisses

1326-682: Is the Liber de cultura hortorum which was later published as the Hortulus , dedicated to Grimald. It is an account of a little garden in Reichenau Island that he used to tend with his own hands, and is largely made up of descriptions of the various herbs he grows there and their medicinal and other uses, including beer brewing. Sage holds the place of honor; then comes rue , the antidote of poisons; and so on through melons , fennel , lilies , poppies , and many other plants, to wind up with

1404-627: Is the central liturgical service of the Eucharist in the Catholic Church , in which bread and wine are consecrated and become the body and blood of Christ . As defined by the Church at the Council of Trent , in the Mass "the same Christ who offered himself once in a bloody manner on the altar of the cross, is present and offered in an unbloody manner". The Church describes the Mass as

1482-469: Is the chalice of my blood, the blood of the new and eternal covenant, which will be poured out for you and for many for the forgiveness of sins. Do this in memory of me." In many places, a consecrated bell is rung after the elevation of each element. The tradition of raising the host and chalice high after the Consecration has its origin in the ad orientem celebration of the Mass, and is done so that

1560-519: Is yours, Almighty Father, for ever and ever," to which the faithful sing or chant the great Amen. This Amen is the faithful's assent to all that God has wrought through the consecration and representation of the sacrifice of Christ. Both the doxology and Great Amen are preferably sung or chanted. This is in line with the Instruction on Music in the Liturgy which says: "One cannot find anything more religious and more joyful in sacred celebrations than

1638-680: The Apostles' Creed , which is particularly associated with baptism and is often used in Masses for children. The Liturgy of the Word concludes with the Universal Prayer or Prayer of the Faithful. The priest begins it with a brief introduction, then a deacon, a cantor, or another lay person announces some intentions for prayer, to which the congregation responds with a short invocation such as "Lord hear our prayer." The priest concludes with

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1716-1292: The Coptic Catholic Church , the Eritrean Catholic Church and the Ethiopian Catholic Church ; the Antiochene Rite used by the Maronite Church , the Syriac Catholic Church and the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church ; the East Syriac Rite used by the Chaldean Catholic Church and the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church ; and the Armenian Rite used by the Armenian Catholic Church . Within the Latin Church ,

1794-579: The Council of Trent in its closing session (1545–46). The 1962 form of the Tridentine Mass, in the Latin language alone, may be employed where authorized by the Holy See or, in the circumstances indicated in the 2021 document Traditionis custodes , by the diocesan bishop. In the modern form the priest usually (though not obligatorily) faces the people ( versus populum ); in the earlier form

1872-599: The Mass , Walafrid does not enter into the dispute over the doctrine of transubstantiation as taught by his famous contemporary Radbertus . Walafrid merely notes that Christ handed on to his disciples the sacraments of his Body and Blood in the substance of bread and wine (as opposed to the many and various sacrifices of the Old Covenant/Testament) and taught them to celebrate them, under what Walafrid regards as these most fitting appearances ( speciebus ), as

1950-515: The Pater noster , provided that they could pray it in Latin . In some locations members of the congregation have either adopted the orans posture like the priest or have held each other's hands. The United States bishops conference states: "No position is prescribed in the Roman Missal for an assembly gesture during the Lord's Prayer." Some recognized experts on the rubrics of the Roman Rite,

2028-616: The Roman Rite Mass is by far the most widely used liturgical rite. The history of the development of the Mass of this rite comprises the Pre-Tridentine Mass , the Tridentine Mass and the post-Vatican II Mass . The Pre-Tridentine Mass of the Roman Rite was adopted even north of the Alps (but often modified by non-Roman influences) even before the time of Charlemagne , who wished it to be used throughout his empire, but

2106-750: The Sign of the Cross , saying: "In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit", to which the faithful answer: "Amen." Then the priest "signifies the presence of the Lord to the community gathered there by means of the Greeting. By this Greeting and the response of the faithful, the mystery of the Church gathered together is made manifest." The greetings are derived from the Pauline epistles . Then

2184-491: The rose , "which in virtue and scent surpasses all other herbs, and may rightly be called the flower of flowers." The poem De Imagine Tetrici takes the form of a dialogue; it was inspired by an equestrian statue depicting a nude emperor on horseback believed to be Theodoric the Great which stood in front of Charlemagne's palace at Aachen . Codex Sangallensis 878 may be Walafrid's personal breviarium , begun when he

2262-517: The supernatural life of souls . At Calvary, Christ not only merited all graces for people but also established certain channels whereby these graces may be obtained. These channels are the Sacrifice of the Mass and the other Sacraments. The first Mass was instituted by Christ at the Last Supper, on the first Holy Thursday. The first Holy Sacrifice of the Mass was celebrated on the eve of

2340-484: The "source and summit of the Christian life", and teaches that the Mass is a sacrifice , in which the sacramental bread and wine , through consecration by an ordained priest , become the sacrificial body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ as the sacrifice on Calvary made truly present once again on the altar . The Catholic Church permits only baptised members in the state of grace (Catholics who are not in

2418-563: The Apostles during Eastertide . The first reading is followed by a Responsorial Psalm , a complete Psalm or a sizeable portion of one. A cantor , choir or lector leads, and the congregation sings or recites a refrain. "That the people may be able to sing the Psalm response more readily, texts of some responses and Psalms have been chosen for the various seasons of the year or for the various categories of Saints. These may be used in place of

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2496-539: The Church, gathered in the Holy Spirit , glorifies and entreats God the Father and the Lamb. ...It is sung or said on Sundays outside Advent and Lent, and also on Solemnities and Feasts, and at particular celebrations of a more solemn character." The Gloria is omitted at requiem Masses (funerals and Masses for the dead) on ordinary feast-days of saints , weekdays, and Votive Masses . It is also optional, in line with

2574-697: The Eastern churches have seen as the climax of the Consecration), praying that the Holy Spirit might transform the elements of bread and wine and thereby the people into one body in Christ. The whole portion of the Antiphon recalling Christ's passion, death, and resurrection, is called the Anamnesis . Intercessions for both the living and the souls in Purgatory follow. When there are priests concelebrating

2652-550: The Eucharist in the Latin Church , while the various Eastern Catholic liturgies use terms such as Divine Liturgy , Holy Qurbana , and Badarak , in accordance with each one's tradition. Pope Benedict XVI 's 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum authorized under certain conditions, more widely than before, continued use of the 1962 form of the Roman Rite , which it called the Extraordinary Form of

2730-546: The Eucharist. An English translation was published in 1989 The Roman Missal also says special celebrations of Mass should observe the guidelines for them. This includes Masses with children, in the "Directory for Masses with Children", by the Sacred Congregation for Divine Worship, 1 November 1973. The most frequently celebrated form of the Roman Rite Mass is that in the post–Vatican II editions of

2808-489: The Latin Church. Before the invention of printing, each diocese of the Latin Church could and often did have its own particular Rite of Mass, generally but not necessarily based on the Roman Rite; but Pius V made his revision of the Roman Missal mandatory throughout the Latin Church, permitting continuance of other rites only if they had been in existence for at least 200 years. The Second Vatican Council also decreed

2886-479: The Lord and implore his mercy, it is usually executed by everyone, that is to say, with the faithful and the choir or cantor taking part in it." The Kyrie may be sung or recited in the vernacular language or in the original Greek . It is the only portion of the Mass in Greek instead of Latin or Latinised Hebrew. "The Gloria in Excelsis (Glory to God in the highest) is a most ancient and venerable hymn by which

2964-512: The Mass they join the main celebrant in the central prayers, up to the intercessions, which they may divide among themselves. The Antiphon ends with an emphatic doxology for which the priest elevates the paten with the Host and the deacon (if there is one) elevates the chalice, and the priest(s) proclaim of Christ that "through him, with him, in him, in the unity of the Holy spirit, all glory and honor

3042-706: The Missal. A separate Book of the Gospels , also called the Evangeliary, is recommended for the reading from the Gospels , but where this book is not available the Lectionary, which also includes the Gospels, is used. The Roman Missal refers to another liturgical book, the Ceremonial of Bishops , saying the norms found in it are to be observed when a bishop celebrates the Mass, or presides without celebrating

3120-482: The Passion. The unbloody sacrifice of the Last Supper is a memorial of Christ's bloody sacrifice on the cross. Thus, the Mass is a unifying event of the Last Supper and Christ's sacrifice on Calvary. The Mass contains the four essential elements of a true sacrifice: priest, victim, altar, and sacrifice. Its Priest, Jesus Christ, uses the ministry of an earthly representative; its Victim, Jesus Christ, truly present under

3198-645: The Priest pronounces the prayer usually called the “ Collect ” and through which the character of the celebration finds expression." On Sundays and solemnities, three Scripture readings are given. On other days there are only two. If there are three readings, the first is from the Old Testament (a term wider than Hebrew Scriptures , since it includes the Deuterocanonical Books ), or the Acts of

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3276-407: The Roman Missal. Authorization for use of the earlier (1962) form may be granted by the Holy See or, as indicated in the 2021 document Traditionis custodes , by the diocesan bishop. The Eucharistic celebration is "one single act of worship" but consists of different elements, which always include "the proclamation of the Word of God; thanksgiving to God the Father for all his benefits, above all

3354-418: The Roman Rite, while it called the post–Vatican II form promulgated by Pope Paul VI in 1969 and revised by Pope John Paul II in 2002 the Ordinary Form . On 16 July 2021 Pope Francis in his apostolic letter Traditionis custodes restricted the celebration of the Tridentine Mass of the Roman Rite and declared that "the liturgical books promulgated by Saint Paul VI and Saint John Paul II, in conformity with

3432-436: The academic year, etc.). The priest enters in procession into the nave with altar servers, and with a deacon if there is one. The deacon may carry the Evangelion (Gospel book), which he will place on the altar ; and one altar server, called the crucifer , carries a processional cross at the front of the procession. Other servers may carry blessed candles, incense and a thurible . During this procession, ordinarily,

3510-435: The appearances of bread and wine; its altar; and the Sacrifice is a mystic representation of the blood-shedding of Calvary. Thus, the Mass is offered for four ends: adoration, atonement, thanksgiving, and petition. God Schools Relations with: The classic study of the Mass is that of Josef Andreas Jungmann , the two-volume Mass of the Roman Rite or Missarum Solemnia. Paul F. Bradshaw and Maxwell E. Johnson trace

3588-426: The book. If a deacon participates, he reads the Gospel. If a deacon is not present, the celebrating priest or a concelebrant, if there is one, proclaims it. At least on Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation , a homily , a sermon that draws upon some aspect of the readings or of the liturgy, is then given. Ordinarily the priest celebrant himself gives the homily, but he may entrust it to a concelebrating priest or to

3666-403: The customary Penitential Act, the blessing and sprinkling of water may take place as a reminder of Baptism." This ceremony, in which the congregation is cleansed with holy water , is known as the Asperges . "After the Penitential Act, the Kyrie, Eleison (Lord, have mercy) is always begun, unless it has already been part of the Penitential Act. Since it is a chant by which the faithful acclaim

3744-419: The deacon, but never to a lay person. In particular cases and for a just cause, a bishop or priest who is present but cannot concelebrate may give the homily. On days other than Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation, the homily, though not obligatory, is recommended. On Sundays and solemnities, all then profess their Christian faith by reciting or singing the Nicene Creed or, especially from Easter to Pentecost,

3822-500: The decrees of Vatican Council II, are the unique expression of the lex orandi of the Roman Rite." The term "Mass" is derived from the concluding words of the Roman Rite Mass in Latin: Ite, missa est ('Go, it is the dismissal', officially translated as 'Go forth, the Mass is ended'). The Late Latin word missa substantively corresponds to the classical Latin word missio . In antiquity, missa simply meant "dismissal". In Christian usage, however, it gradually took on

3900-409: The entire celebration", then begins with a dialogue between priest and the faithful. This dialogue opens with the normal liturgical greeting, "The Lord be with you", but in view of the special solemnity of the rite now beginning, the priest then exhorts the faithful: "Lift up your hearts." The faithful respond with: "We lift them up to the Lord." The priest then introduces the great theme of "Eucharist",

3978-412: The entrance chant or hymn is sung. If there is no singing at the entrance, the entrance antiphon is recited either by some or all of the faithful or by a lector; otherwise it is said by the priest himself. When the procession arrives at the sanctuary, all bow toward the altar. The priest and other ordained ministers kiss the altar. Then, when the priest arrives at his chair, he leads the assembly in making

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4056-410: The faith of your Church, and graciously grant her peace and unity in accordance with your will. Who live and reign for ever and ever," the priest wishes the faithful the peace of Christ: "The peace of the Lord be with you always." The deacon or, in his absence, the priest may then invite those present to offer each other the sign of peace. The form of the sign of peace varies according to local custom for

4134-606: The following books: Genesis; Lamentations (prothemes and ch 1); Ecclesiastes; Song of Songs; the Epistles of John ; the Book of Revelation  ; and others. It is a parallel tradition to the Jewish Mikraot Gedolot . Many important works would also have their own glossa ordinaria, such as that of Accursius for Justinian 's Corpus or that of Johannes Teutonicus Zemeke and Bartholomew of Brescia of Gratian . Walafrid Strabo Walafrid , alternatively spelt Walahfrid , nicknamed Strabo (or Strabus , i.e. " squint -eyed") (c. 808 – 18 August 849),

4212-410: The formation of liturgical forms or "rites" generally associated with influential episcopal sees . The Catholic Church encompasses a considerable number of such liturgical rites. Apart from the Latin liturgical rites , Mass in the Catholic Church is celebrated according to the Byzantine Rite in various languages based on Greek texts of the Church of Constantinople ; the Alexandrian Rite used by

4290-408: The fourth century Christianity was granted the status of a legal religion and was even viewed with favour by the Roman Emperors, the Christian celebrations took on a more formal appearance and were embellished by the use of vestments, lights and incense. Ex tempore prayers by the presider gave way to texts previously approved by synods of bishops as a guarantee of the orthodoxy of the content, leading to

4368-432: The gift of his Son; the consecration of bread and wine, which signifies also our own transformation into the body of Christ; and participation in the liturgical banquet by receiving the Lord's body and blood". Within the fixed structure of the Roman-Rite Mass outlined below, the "proper" or daily-varying parts are the Scripture readings and responsorial psalm , the antiphons at the entrance and communion processions, and

4446-406: The help of your mercy, we may be always free from sin and safe from all distress, as we await the blessed hope and the coming of our Savior, Jesus Christ." The faithful then recite the doxology , "For the kingdom, the power, and the glory are yours, now and forever". During the joint recitation of the Lord's Prayer the priest is exceptionally directed to extend his hands in the orans position. In

4524-407: The history of eucharistic liturgies from first-century shared meals of Christian communities, which became associated with the Last Supper , to second and third-century rites mentioned by Pliny the Younger and Ignatius of Antioch and described by Justin Martyr and others, in which passages from Scripture were read and the use of bread and wine was no longer associated with a full meal. When in

4602-467: The importance of such a body as an organic unity. In so doing, he articulates a view on the nature of public office, ideally based on a sense of responsibility with respect to society as a whole. While Johannes Fried is wary of associating this idealised scheme too much with current ideas about state and court in Louis' reign, Karl Ferdinand Werner and Stuart Airlie are rather more sympathetic to its relevance for contemporary thought at court: what gives

4680-424: The importance of the Mass in the Catholic tradition under the headings: The Roman Missal contains the prayers , antiphons and rubrics of the Mass. The Lectionary presents passages from the Bible arranged in the order for reading at each day's Mass. Compared with the scripture readings in the pre–Vatican II Missal, the modern Lectionary contains a much wider variety of passages, too extensive to include in

4758-408: The liturgists Edward McNamara and Peter Elliott , deplore the adoption of either of these postures by the congregation as a body, and both are subject to controversy. The Rite of Peace , the pax , is the second preparatory rite for reception of Holy Communion. After praying: "Lord Jesus Christ, who said to your Apostles: Peace I leave you, my peace I give you; look not on our sins, but on

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4836-399: The liturgy, the priest normally adopts this posture only when praying aloud and alone while the congregation is silent. Other prayers said by the priest with the people, like the Sanctus in every Mass, are said with joined hands. This exception was introduced by Pope Pius XII , who only in the context of his Holy Week liturgical reforms permitted the congregation to join the priest in praying

4914-493: The name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest." In some countries, including the United States , the faithful kneel immediately after the singing or recitation of the Sanctus. If a person is unable to kneel, he makes a profound bow after the Consecration – the Institution Narrative that recalls Jesus' words and actions at his Last Supper : "Take this, all of you, and eat of it: for this is my body which will be given up for you. ...Take this, all of you, and drink from it: for this

4992-402: The people may more readily see the Host. It is also customary on solemnities and other days for the altar servers to offer incense to the Host and chalice during the elevation. The priest then announces: "The mystery of faith," and the faithful respond with an acclamation , using one of three prescribed formulae. The Eucharistic Prayer includes the Epiclesis (which since early Christian times

5070-494: The perceived degree of solemnity of the occasion, at Ritual Masses such as those celebrated for Marriage ("Nuptial Mass"), Confirmation or Religious Profession , at Masses on the Anniversary of Marriage or Religious Profession, and at Masses for Various Needs and Occasions. "Next the Priest calls upon the people to pray and everybody, together with the Priest, observes a brief silence so that they may become aware of being in God’s presence and may call to mind their intentions. Then

5148-421: The priest gives an exhortation to pray: "Pray, brethren, that my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God, the almighty Father." The congregation responds: "May the Lord accept the sacrifice at your hands, for the praise and glory of his name, for our good, and the good of all his holy Church." The priest then pronounces the variable prayer over the gifts. The Eucharistic Prayer , "the centre and high point of

5226-503: The priest invites those present to take part in the Penitential Act , of which the Missal proposes three forms, the first of which is the Confiteor . One form includes tropes acclaiming God's deeds on our behalf, and the priest has some freedom in formulating these. This is concluded with the priest's prayer of absolution, "which, however, lacks the efficacy of the Sacrament of Penance." It does absolve venial sins , however. "From time to time on Sundays, especially in Easter Time, instead of

5304-425: The priest most often faces in the same direction as the people, towards the apse of the church, a stance that since the twentieth century is often called ad orientem , although not necessarily eastward. As mentioned, the Eucharistic liturgy is celebrated in the Catholic Church also in other Latin liturgical rites and in those of the Eastern Catholic Churches . The Catechism of the Catholic Church discusses

5382-412: The ruler alluded to is not directly stated in the text, but "Carolus Imperator" form the initial letters of the relevant passage. Many of Walafrid's other poems are, or include, short addresses to kings and queens (Lothar I, Charles, Louis, Pippin , Judith , etc.) and to friends ( Einhard ; Grimald; Rabanus Maurus; Tatto; Ebbo, Archbishop of Reims ; Drogo, bishop of Metz ; etc.). His most famous poem

5460-403: The text actually distributed incorporated many Gallican additions . Roman missionaries, such as Boniface and Augustine of Canterbury introduced the Roman Mass to Germany and England. It was accepted also in Ireland, but met greater opposition in Spain and Milan. In accordance with the decrees of the Council of Trent (1545–1563), Pope Pius V in 1570 enforced use of the Tridentine Mass in

5538-448: The text added interest is that it was written by a courtier (Walafrid), representing a "view from the centre". Walafrid's chief historical works are the rhymed Vita sancti Galli (The Life of Saint Gall ), which, though written down nearly two centuries after this saint's death, is still the primary authority for his life, and a much shorter life of Saint Othmar , abbot of St. Gall (died 759). Walafrid's poetical works also include

5616-630: The text corresponding to the reading whenever the Psalm is sung." The second reading is from the New Testament , typically from one of the Pauline epistles . The reader begins most reading with the introductory statement "a reading from the Book of..." or "a reading from the Letter to...," and concludes each reading by proclaiming that the reading is "the word of the Lord,"; the congregation responds by saying "Thanks be to God." The lector will usually be

5694-405: The texts of the three prayers known as the collect , the prayer over the gifts, and the prayer after communion. These convey themes from the liturgical season, the feast days of titles or events in the life of Christ, the feast days and commemorations of the saints, or for Masses for particular circumstances (e.g., funeral Masses, Masses for the celebration of Confirmation, Masses for peace, to begin

5772-528: Was a student at Fulda . Johannes Trithemius , Abbot of Sponheim (1462–1516), credited him with the authorship of the Glossa Ordinaria or Ordinary Glosses on the Bible . The work dates, however, from the 12th century, but Trithemius' erroneous ascription remained current well into the 20th century. The work is now attributed to Anselm of Laon and his followers. Holy Mass The Mass

5850-508: Was an Alemannic Benedictine monk and theological writer who lived on Reichenau Island in southern Germany . Walafrid Strabo was born about 805 in Swabia . He was educated at Reichenau Abbey , where he had for his teachers Tatto and Wetti , to whose visions he devotes one of his poems. Then he went on to the monastery of Fulda , where he studied for some time under Rabanus Maurus before returning to Reichenau, of which monastery he

5928-565: Was made abbot in 838. For unclear reasons, he was expelled from his house and went to Speyer . According to his own verses, it seems that the real cause of his flight was that, notwithstanding the fact that he had been tutor to Charles the Bald , he espoused the side of his elder brother Lothair I on the death of Louis the Pious in 840. He was, however, restored to his monastery in 842, and died in 849 on an embassy to his former pupil. His epitaph

6006-562: Was written between 840 and 842 for Reginbert the Librarian . It deals in 32 chapters with ecclesiastical usages, churches, altars, prayers, bells, pictures, baptism and the Holy Communion . Incidentally, he introduces into his explanations the current German expressions for the things he is treating of, with the apology that Solomon had set him the example by keeping monkeys as well as peacocks at his court. In his exposition of

6084-539: Was written by Rabanus Maurus, whose elegiacs praise him for being the faithful guardian of his monastery. Walafrid Strabo's works are theological, historical and poetical. There is an exposition of the first 20 psalms (published by Pez. in Thes. Anecdota nova , iv.) and an epitome of Rabanus Maurus's commentary on Leviticus . An Expositio quatuor Evangeliorum is also ascribed to Walafrid. His De exordiis et incrementis quarundam in observationibus ecclesiasticis rerum

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