Stalemate; Larrea-Gual Treaty
53-467: Brasilia Presidential Act The Gran Colombian–Peruvian War ( Spanish : Guerra grancolombo-peruana ) of 1828 and 1829 was the first international conflict fought by the Republic of Peru , which had gained its independence from Spain in 1821, and Gran Colombia , that existed between 1819 and 1830. The issues that led to war were Gran Colombian claims, dating from colonial times, concerning control of
106-521: A "gray area" with plausible claims by both Peru (successor to the Viceroyalty of Peru) and Colombia (successor to the Viceroyalty of New Granada) still in conflict. The federation of Gran Colombia, formed in 1819, was the kernel of Bolívar's grander scheme to unite the former Spanish colonies in Central and South America. Prior to becoming the titular head of Gran Colombia, Bolívar had been, briefly,
159-629: A budget of 7,354 pesos to convert the Libertad into a warship, initially armed with 22 12-pounder guns taken from the corvette Limeña . On 14 May 1828 the Chilean officer Carlos García del Postigo Búlnes was assigned as commander of the vessel. The schooner Guayaquileña was armed with twelve 12-pounder guns, and was under the command of Lieutenant Claudio Johnston. Among the officers on board were two future Ecuadorian presidents, ensign José María Urvina and midshipman Francisco Robles . The Pichincha
212-462: A ceremonial purpose, so that both countries could commemorate the conflict. One part of this plan was to establish a Peace Park ( Spanish : Parque de la Paz ), which would include a monument dedicated to the fallen during the conflict, and a road system to connect the area with the rest of the country. This purpose, however, has been interrupted by the slow process of demining the area, which remains covered in mines and other boobytraps. The process
265-601: A conditioning document that became known as the La Mar-Sucre Convention . La Mar, however, refused to give back Guayaquil or withdraw the Peruvian Navy, points that were part of the convention. La Mar proceeded to strengthen his army at his headquarters at Piura while Bolívar prepared to take command of the Colombian army, and hostilities seemed about to restart. The final turning point of the war
318-400: A half of intense talks, and after a pronouncement of international experts on the border line, the two countries, with the approval of their respective Congresses, agree to submit their differences to the decision of the guarantors of the 1942 Rio Protocol. They ratified the validity of the mentioned document, the arbitration award of Dias de Aguiar and other complementary documents. The treaty
371-533: A number of raids in the area of Guayaquil before directly attacking the defenses of that city from 22 November to 24 November 1828. In this campaign, he managed to eliminate the Colombian defenses afloat and to silence much of the enemy artillery , but, on the night of 23 November, the Peruvian frigate Presidente ran aground, and the Colombians took advantage of the situation to counterattack. At dawn, with
424-432: A sense, an artificial term, as the country was always referred to simply as Colombia. This is clear to anyone who examines the many treaties signed between Colombia and Peru before 1830. In Peru, however, the dissolution of Gran Colombia is seen as a country ceasing to exist, giving way to the formation of new nation-states. The significance of this view is that the treaties Peru had signed with Gran Colombia became void when
477-540: A state of war on Peru under allegations that it had fomented a rebellion against Colombian forces in Bolivia. Gran Colombia's leader, Simon Bolivar , also demanded the payment of a debt of several million pesos resulting from the Peruvian War of Independence ; and the cession of the northern provinces of Jaén and Maynas . The consequent Peruvian declaration of war against Gran Colombia occurred on 3 July 1828 when
530-420: Is evidence that Pedemonte and Mosquera were not even in the same place on the day in question, so they could not possibly have concluded any agreement at all. It also states that in the supposed date of signing of the protocol (11 August 1830), Pedemonte was no longer chancellor (August 9) and Mosquera had embarked on the schooner Guayaquileña on the 10th. Further, according to Peru, the protocol, if it did exist,
583-566: Is expected to finish in 2024. In 1999, the El Cóndor Biological Reserve [ es ] was established. The park is divided in two areas, one belonging to Ecuador and the other to Peru. As per the treaty, Ecuador would also be granted two 150 ha territories in the Peruvian towns of Pijuayal and Saramiriza for 50 years, where Trade and Navigation Centers ( Spanish : Centros de Comercio y Navegación , CECONA ) would be established in order to provide
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#1732776142823636-753: Is of a political nature, being characterized by anti-Fujimorism . In 2018, after several years of postponing the project, an Ecuadorian inter-institutional team traveled to Pijuayal to establish the boundaries of the land where the first CECONA would work, according to authorities from the Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Defense and Military Geographic Institute of Ecuador, prior to the Cabinet Binational and Presidential Meeting between Lenín Moreno and Martín Vizcarra held in Quito on October 25 and 26 of that year, where in addition to highlighting
689-481: The 28 July Plaza [ es ] , eventually spiraling into riots between members of the group and local police and military units headed by José Villanueva Ruesta [ es ] , that left 5 people dead and several vehicles and buildings burnt by protesters. The event is annually commemorated by members of the group, where it is known as the Day of Dignity ( Spanish : Día de la Dignidad ). The event
742-714: The Armistice of Piura recognised the annexation of Guayaquil to Gran Colombia, and the Gran Colombia recognized Tumbes, Jaén and Maynas as Peruvian territories. On September 22 of that year, the war between Peru and Gran Colombia officially came to an end when the armistice was ratified. A formal peace treaty, known as the Larrea-Gual Treaty or the Gual-Larrea Treaty, was signed on the very same day, September 22, 1829. The uti possidetis principle
795-453: The Battle of Saraguro on the 13 February 1829, and then it pushed north into Guayas , the district surrounding the city of Guayaquil. En route, forces under La Mar and General Agustín Gamarra occupied Cuenca as well. Holding Cuenca was, however, short-lived. The Venezuelan general, Antonio José de Sucre , and his compatriot, General Juan José Flores , mounted a counterattack and defeated
848-533: The Gran Colombians . Guayaquil would remain under Peruvian occupation until 21 July 1829. Peruvian President José de La Mar had been born in the city of Cuenca, in present-day Ecuador, which was, in 1828, part of the disputed territory and de facto part of Gran Colombia. Shortly after the Peruvian Navy's siege of Guayaquil was concluded, the Peruvian Army seized the city of Loja by winning
901-632: The Loreto region , that from there goes down to the Zarumilla River through Tiwinza to the north of Peru. Battle of Punta Malpelo The Battle of Punta Malpelo was a naval encounter between a Peruvian corvette and two Gran Colombian vessels on 31 August 1828, near the port of Guayaquil, and was the first major combat of the Peruvian Navy as an independent force of the newborn Peruvian nation. In June 1828, Gran Colombia declared
954-783: The Naval Combat of Cruces happened. This naval confrontation took place between the Peruvian ships Presidente, Libertad and Peruviana and the Gran Colombians Guayaquileña and Adela during the Great Colombian-Peruvian War. The blockade of Guayaquil by the Navy of Peru was decisive in gaining maritime superiority and marks the end of the naval campaign of the war. The Peruvian squadron, commanded by Admiral Martin George Guisse , made
1007-618: The Viceroyalty of New Granada . Borders at the time were imprecise, especially in the eastern unsettled areas, beyond the Andean cordillera, because of a lack of geographical knowledge and the low importance accorded to these unpopulated and largely inaccessible territories. The first controversy between the Viceroyalty of Peru and the Real Audiencia de Quito erupted in 1802, when the military and ecclesiastic administration of Maynas
1060-531: The Colombian embassy in Lima sent to Bogotá. The copy in question was obtained from a diplomat's personal collection. However, it has not been satisfactorily authenticated, and it remains in dispute. The Mosquera-Pedemonte protocol is mentioned in a Colombian document titled Legislative Act No. 3, published 31 October 1910. This document explains how the borders between Colombia and its neighbors had been established. With respect to its border with Peru, it indicates that
1113-633: The Gran-Colombians suffered 24 killed and 36 wounded. The Libertad was a corvette originally named General Brown , purchased from Chile in January 1826 for 25 thousand pesos under the name General Salom , that started its service for the Peruvian Navy as a transport vessel, and on 6 March 1827 was finally named Libertad . On 8 January 1828, the Commander-in-Chief of the Peruvian Navy, Rear Admiral José Pascual de Vivero, established
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#17327761428231166-614: The Peruvian government, under President Jose de La Mar , ordered a mobilization of its ground and naval forces. On 2 July 1828, the Peruvian corvette Libertad armed with 24 guns and a crew of 124 men under Captain Carlos Garcia del Postigo (a Chilean-born officer under the service of the Peruvian Navy ), sailed towards Guayaquil with orders to cross the Gulf and guard the entrance to the Guayaquil River. On 31 August 1828,
1219-637: The Peruvian vessel was intercepted by two Gran-Colombian warships, the schooner Guayaquileña and the corvette Pichincha , commanded by Irish-born Captain Thomas C. Wright. Captain Wright, aboard the Guayaquileña , inquired to the commander of Libertad about his activities in Gran-Colombian waters, but suddenly the Peruvian corvette opened fire, starting a close-quarter artillery duel, during which
1272-524: The Peruvians almost boarded the Guayaquileña ; meanwhile, the Pichincha stayed away and didn't participate in the combat. At the peak of the struggle, the Gran-Colombians ships suddenly retreated towards Guayaquil and were pursued closely by the Libertad . The pursuit ceased when the Libertad was forced to return to tend the wounded and bury the dead. The Peruvians lost 15 killed and 28 wounded, while
1325-573: The Peruvians near the city of Cuenca, at the Battle of Portete de Tarqui on the 26 February and the 27 February 1829. It is necessary to point out that at the Battle of the Portete de Tarqui, only one advance guard of the Peruvian troops was beaten. The 900 Peruvian infantry had been surrounded by the entire Grancolombian army of more than 4,500 men. The bulk of the Peruvian forces remained intact and managed to retreat in order and form their divisions in
1378-532: The Spanish administrative borders as they were in 1809. This presented considerable difficulty due to a lack of geographical knowledge, and also because much of the territory in question was unpopulated (or sparsely populated) and unexplored. According to the principle, the territory of the Viceroyalty of Lima would then become part of Peru , and the territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada part of Colombia . However, much of what would become Ecuador fell into
1431-469: The Spanish crown decided that the military affairs of the Province of Guayaquil, whose capital was the port city of the same name, would be run from Lima, Peru. Further, in 1810, all administrative and economic affairs for the Province of Guayaquil were turned over to the Viceroyalty of Peru, a situation that would endure until 1819 (and the formation of Gran Colombia, which included Guayaquil.) Even before
1484-506: The adoption of a Constitution on 23 September 1830.) Even though it is unlikely that Ecuador might have concocted a historical treaty of this nature, the Peruvian arguments cannot be dismissed out of hand. However, considering the uti possidetis juris principle Ecuador would maintain the borders ratified right before Gran Colombia's dissolution. Ecuador has produced a copy of the Pedemonte-Mosquera protocol, made in 1870, that
1537-432: The arrival of high tide, the frigate was refloated under fire. One of the last enemy sniper shots hit Guisse, mortally wounding him. Control of the squadron was assumed by his first lieutenant, José Boterín, who continued the siege. The city finally surrendered on 19 January 1829. After this victory, the corvette Arequipeña and the brig Congreso repaired to Panama to rescue a Peruvian merchant ship that had been captured by
1590-479: The battles for the freedom of the South American colonies were over, Simón Bolívar established the uti possidetis juris principle as the basis for the territorial demarcation of the new nation-states that were to be born of the ancient colonial jurisdictions. In essence, the principle, as it applied to the international borders of that time, meant that the borders of the new countries should correspond to
1643-529: The borders are "those adopted by Mosquera-Pedemonte, in development of the treaty of 22 September 1829." Brasilia Presidential Act The Brasilia Presidential Act ( Spanish : Acta Presidencial de Brasilia , Portuguese : Ato Presidencial de Brasília ), also known as the Fujimori–Mahuad Treaty ( Spanish : Tratado Fujimori–Mahuad ), is an international treaty signed in Brasilia by
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1696-432: The cavalry could come in for backup as La Serna was taken as prisoner. The Girón Agreement between Peru and Gran Colombia recognized as borders the "same ones as the corresponding Viceroyalties before independence." Since this status quo ante solution was based on borders that had never been adequately defined, future territorial disputes between Peru and Ecuador and Colombia were virtually inevitable. On 10 July 1829,
1749-693: The conflict took place on August 31 of that year in the Malpelo naval battle , which ended with a Peruvian victory when the Peruvian corvette Libertad, under the command of Carlos García del Postigo, patrolled in international waters west of the Gulf of Guayaquil. The Peruvian corvette blocked that port, but was attacked by the Gran Colombian ships, Pichincha and Guayaquileña, in Punta Malpelo. The Colombians were forced to retire with great loss of life on board their ships. Then, on November 22, 1828,
1802-583: The countersignatory ceased to exist. The three new states, the Republic of New Granada (which later changed its name to Republic of Colombia ), the Republic of Venezuela , and the Republic of Ecuador , in the Peruvian view, started with a clean diplomatic slate. An alternative view is that Ecuador and Venezuela separated from the Gran Colombia Federation and inherited all of the treaty obligations that Gran Colombia had assumed, at least to
1855-591: The country an outlet to the Amazon River . Protests from local tribes have slowed down the process, however. One notable protest took place on October 24, 1998, two days before the signing of the treaty. The event started as a peaceful protest organized by the Committee of Peace and Development , and attended by the Loreto Patriotic Front ( Spanish : Frente Patriótico de Loreto ) in
1908-474: The delimitation of boundaries, other border integration projects were reviewed, such as the final demining of the old undelimited areas, and the Puyango-Tumbes binational irrigation project. In May 1999, the last milestone out of 30 was placed, which finally ended a conflict of more than a century and a half, which brought together the integration between the two countries through the 0°0' parallel in
1961-414: The extent that they apply to their respective territories. There are indications that Colombia itself maintained this position, because clearly, Gran Colombia and its successor state, the Republic of Colombia, shared a capital city, a subset of the same territory, and much the same citizenry. It would be unnatural to disavow their common histories. The question of the status of treaties and accords dating to
2014-629: The military result at the Battle of Portete de Tarqui and the Gual-Learra Treaty then in effect, settled the placement of the border between the two nations definitively and for all time. Ecuador has used the Pedemonte-Mosquera Protocol as its primary legal support for land claims against Peru. However, Peru disputes its credibility and its very existence. Peru notes that the original document has never been produced by Colombia or by Ecuador. Peru also claims that there
2067-621: The news from Bolivia (that the Colombian army had been expelled), President Bolívar resolved to declare war against Peru on 3 June 1828. Antonio José de Sucre , who had been the President of Bolivia since 1826, resigned his office (under duress) and was appointed Commander of the Gran Colombian Army. The declaration of war occurred on July 3, 1828, when President José de La Mar and President Simón Bolívar ordered mobilizations of their land and naval forces. The first confrontation of
2120-518: The placement of the landmarks and declared the Protocol unenforceable and void in 1960. With the dispute still unsolved, both countries went to war again in the 1981 Paquisha War , with the Cenepa War occurring in 1995. After the end of the conflict, negotiations began between representatives Fernando de Trazegnies for Peru and Édgar Terán [ es ] for Ecuador. After a year and
2173-427: The plain with their cavalry and artillery at the exit of the gorge, pending a new confrontation with the army of Gran Colombia. The results of this battle were not decisive. Without reinforcement by land, the Peruvian occupation of Guayaquil was destined to fail, but the Gran Colombia's assertion of rights to the territories of Jaén and Maynas was similarly frustrated. On the 28 February 1829, La Mar and Sucre signed
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2226-550: The president of the newly independent state of Bolivia, his namesake. Bolivia had formerly been a part of the Viceroyalty of the "Rio de La Plata", known as Upper Peru, and, once Bolívar relinquished the presidency of Bolivia to his revolutionary compatriot, Antonio José de Sucre Alcalá, in 1826, the Peruvians saw an opportunity. Early in 1828, Peru launched a campaign against Bolivia to end the Bolivarian influence where it finally forced Colombians to leave Bolivia. Furious about
2279-611: The process of placing the respective milestones, the countries disagreed due to a geographical error in the Cordillera del Cóndor. They decided to go to the arbitration of the Brazilian Braz Dias de Aguiar, with which the works continued. However, due to the limited knowledge of the region, ambiguous terms such as " divortium aquarum " or " nascent river X " were used, discrepancies reappeared and in 1948, when only 78 kilometers were missing by demarcation, Ecuador suspended
2332-546: The revolutionary period (1809–1819) and Gran Colombia period (1819–1830) has a profound effect on international relations to the present day. To illustrate the current relevance of the Gran Colombia–Peru War, Ecuador asserts that there was an agreement signed in Lima between the foreign ministers of Peru and Gran Colombia on 11 August 1830. Known as the Pedemonte-Mosquera protocol , the agreement, based on
2385-456: The territories of Jaén and Maynas . The Royal Audience of Quito ( Spanish : Real Audiencia de Quito ) was established in 1563 by a royal decree of the King of Spain. Its territories included, to the north, Pasto , Popayán , Cali , Buenaventura , and Buga in what is now Colombia. The Royal Audience of Quito was initially part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1717, when it became part of
2438-645: The then President of Ecuador, Jamil Mahuad and then President of Peru, Alberto Fujimori , which effectively put an end to the Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute . After the 1941 Ecuadorian–Peruvian War , both countries, with the mediation of the United States, Argentina, Chile and Brazil, signed in Rio de Janeiro the Rio Protocol , that settled the boundary line between Peru and Ecuador. During
2491-516: The treaty, and had been operating since April 13, 1995, with its headquarters in Patuca, Ecuador. The document recognized Peruvian sovereignty in Tiwinza, leasing Ecuador 1 km within the area as private property. Anyone born in the territory would be recognized as a Peruvian citizen, but the area would nevertheless remain under lease to Ecuador. As per the treaty, the area would exclusively serve
2544-539: Was affirmed, but the text also acknowledged that small concessions by each side may become desirable in order to define a "more natural and precise border", which was the basis for avoiding further conflict. The parties agreed to form a binational commission to establish a permanent border. The term Gran Colombia is used today to refer to the federation that was formed between the Republics of Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia and Panama before 1830. However, Gran Colombia is, in
2597-428: Was never ratified by either country's congress. Besides, to the Peruvian way of thinking, even if the protocol was signed, the Gran Colombia Federation had been effectively dissolved well before 11 August 1830, so any agreement concluded on that day was undertaken by a man without portfolio, that is, a diplomat representing no nation at all. (Ecuador was born as a country on 13 May 1830 and began its separate existence with
2650-403: Was signed at Itamaraty Palace on October 26, 1998, with the signatories being as follows: The peace agreement was followed by the formal demarcation of the border on 13 May 1999 and the end of the multi-national Military Observer Mission for Ecuador and Peru (MOMEP) troop deployment on 17 June 1999. The mission was composed of military representatives of the mediator countries that also signed
2703-427: Was transferred to the Viceroyalty of Peru by royal decree. To this day, there is some dispute as to whether this was a territorial concession as well. This lack of clarity formed the basis for territorial disputes between Ecuador and Peru when, a few years later, these two nations obtained their independence from Spain. Jaén and Tumbez were not included in this royal decree of 1802. A similar event occurred in 1803, when
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#17327761428232756-543: Was under the command of Captain Archibald Taylor. After this encounter the Peruvian Navy , composed at that time of 16 warships and transports, among them the frigate Presidente , started a naval blockade ordered by the Peruvian government on 19 September 1828, of the entire Gran Colombian Pacific coasts. This was from Machala (Ecuador) to Panama . Thanks to this action the Gran Colombian Navy
2809-454: Was when Bolivar and Sucre's 6,000 men battled against Viceroy La Serna's men of 9,000 on the plain of Ayacucho, near the city of Huamanga. On December 8th, the royalists took up position on the hills overlooking the plain and on the morning of December 9th, La Serna moved down from the hills to start the battle. Although the size of the armies were uneven, Bolivars men took victory in just two hours when La Serna's men broke rank and deserted before
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