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48-503: Granite Harbor extends from Cape Archer at the south tip of Evans Piedmont Glacier to Cape Roberts on the north of Wilson Piedmont Glacier . Its main inflow is Mackay Glacier , which terminates in Mackay Glacier Tongue , extending into the bay. Features to the north of this glacier include Tiger Island, Benson Glacier , Lion Island, Hunt Glacier, Dreikanter Head, Marston Glacier, Kar Plateau and Point Retreat. Features to

96-657: A pyramidal peak is created. In some cases, this peak will be made accessible by one or more arêtes. The Matterhorn in the European Alps is an example of such a peak. Where cirques form one behind the other, a cirque stairway results, as at the Zastler Loch in the Black Forest . As glaciers can only originate above the snowline, studying the location of present-day cirques provides information on past glaciation patterns and on climate change. Although

144-925: A German word meaning three-edged. 76°54′S 162°30′E  /  76.900°S 162.500°E  / -76.900; 162.500 . A glacier draining eastward from Mount Marston and Doublefinger Peak and entering Granite Harbor between Dreikanter Head and the Kar Plateau. The New Zealand Northern Survey Party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1956–58) ascended this glacier en route to Mount Marston in October 1957. They named it for its proximity to that mountain. 76°56′S 162°20′E  /  76.933°S 162.333°E  / -76.933; 162.333 . A small, mainly snow-covered plateau with an almost vertical rock scarp marking its southern side, standing on

192-577: A larger leeward deposition zone, furthering the process of glaciation. Debris (or till) in the ice also may abrade the bed surface; should ice move down a slope it would have a 'sandpaper effect' on the bedrock beneath, on which it scrapes. Eventually, the hollow may become a large bowl shape in the side of the mountain, with the headwall being weathered by ice segregation, and as well as being eroded by plucking . The basin will become deeper as it continues to be eroded by ice segregation and abrasion. Should ice segregation, plucking and abrasion continue,

240-491: A less common usage, the term cirque is also used for amphitheatre-shaped, fluvial-erosion features. For example, an approximately 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) anticlinal erosion cirque is at 30°35′N 34°45′E  /  30.583°N 34.750°E  / 30.583; 34.750  ( Negev anticlinal erosion cirque ) on the southern boundary of the Negev highlands . This erosional cirque or makhtesh

288-771: A member of the USGS 1994-95 Antarctic field program. 76°47′S 162°28′E  /  76.783°S 162.467°E  / -76.783; 162.467 . An island 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) north of Lion Island on the north side of Granite Harbor. The New Zealand Northern Survey-Party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1956-58) established a survey station on its highest point in October 1957. They named it in analogy with nearby Lion Island. 76°51′S 162°33′E  /  76.850°S 162.550°E  / -76.850; 162.550 . A small island lying east of

336-412: A mountainside near the firn line , they are typically partially surrounded on three sides by steep cliffs . The highest cliff is often called a headwall . The fourth side forms the lip , threshold or sill , the side at which the glacier flowed away from the cirque. Many glacial cirques contain tarns dammed by either till (debris) or a bedrock threshold. When enough snow accumulates, it can flow out

384-772: A party of the British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13 led by Taylor. The name was suggested by Frank Debenham. 77°00′S 162°32′E  /  77.000°S 162.533°E  / -77.000; 162.533 . A low, gravel-covered point marking the west limit of Botany Bay, in the south part of Granite Harbor. Charted and named by the Western Geological Party of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13, who established their base here. 77°00′S 162°35′E  /  77.000°S 162.583°E  / -77.000; 162.583 . Small bight between Cape Geology and Discovery Bluff in

432-643: Is a broad ice sheet occupying the low-lying coastal platform between Tripp Island and Cape Archer in Victoria Land , Antarctica. Evans Piedmont Glacier was circumnavigated in 1957 by the New Zealand Northern Survey Party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (CTAE), 1956–58, and was named after Petty Officer Edgar Evans , Royal Navy , of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13 , who

480-440: Is formed by intermittent river flow cutting through layers of limestone and chalk leaving sheer cliffs. A common feature for all fluvial -erosion cirques is a terrain which includes erosion resistant upper structures overlying materials which are more easily eroded. Glacial cirques are found amongst mountain ranges throughout the world; 'classic' cirques are typically about one kilometer long and one kilometer wide. Situated high on

528-479: Is most often overdeepened below the level of the cirque's low-side outlet (stage) and its down-slope (backstage) valley. If the cirque is subject to seasonal melting, the floor of the cirque most often forms a tarn (small lake) behind a dam, which marks the downstream limit of the glacial overdeepening. The dam itself can be composed of moraine , glacial till , or a lip of the underlying bedrock . The fluvial cirque or makhtesh , found in karst landscapes,

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576-416: Is open on the downhill side, while the cupped section is generally steep. Cliff-like slopes, down which ice and glaciated debris combine and converge, form the three or more higher sides. The floor of the cirque ends up bowl-shaped, as it is the complex convergence zone of combining ice flows from multiple directions and their accompanying rock burdens. Hence, it experiences somewhat greater erosion forces and

624-536: Is straight, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) long and rises 200 metres (660 ft) above the sea. Named after Alan R. Stevens, Chief, Science and Application Branch, National Mapping Division. As chief of the Science and Application Branch, he was instrumental to United States Geological Survey (USGS) Antarctic mapping and geodesy programs during the 1990s. He worked in the McMurdo Sound area as

672-459: The British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13, because he walked around a bluff and saw a glacier where none was expected, in the corner of Granite Harbor. 77°02′S 162°24′E  /  77.033°S 162.400°E  / -77.033; 162.400 . A small, heavily crevassed icefall descending the steep west slopes of Mount England and forming a southern tributary to New Glacier, close west of its terminus at Granite Harbor. Charted and named by

720-413: The British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13, under Scott. 77°01′S 162°22′E  /  77.017°S 162.367°E  / -77.017; 162.367 . Small hanging glacier at the head of Devils Punchbowl between The Flatiron and Devils Ridge, at the southwest side of Granite Harbor. Charted by the British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13 under Scott, and named for its suggestive appearance, hanging on

768-402: The British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13, under Scott. So named by the expedition's Granite Harbor party because several avalanches were heard while sledging in this locality. 77°01′S 162°48′E  /  77.017°S 162.800°E  / -77.017; 162.800 . Granite cliffs, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) long and from 30 to 60 metres (98 to 197 ft) high, at

816-411: The British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13. Features to the south of the mouth of Mackay Glacier are, from northwest to southeast: 76°59′S 162°21′E  /  76.983°S 162.350°E  / -76.983; 162.350 . A dark rock point emerging from the icy coast of Victoria Land, immediately south of Mackay Glacier. Mapped by the British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13 and so named because

864-431: The British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13. A snow filled cleft along the east face of the peak separates two dark rock exposures, suggesting the origin of the name. 76°54′S 162°12′E  /  76.900°S 162.200°E  / -76.900; 162.200 . A whaleback-shaped mountain, 1,245 metres (4,085 ft) high, standing at the north side of Kar Plateau, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) north of

912-458: The British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–09 which named this feature for Sir James Clark Ross , the discoverer of the Ross Sea and Victoria Land. 76°49′S 162°58′E  /  76.817°S 162.967°E  / -76.817; 162.967 . A small island lying just off the east coast of Victoria Land, 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km; 2.9 mi) northeast of Cape Archer. Discovered by

960-682: The British National Antarctic Expedition (1901-04), at which time it was thought to be a coastal point and was named "Gregory Point," for John W. Gregory, director of the civilian staff of the expedition. It was determined to be an island by the British Antarctic Expedition (1910-13). [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey . Cirque A cirque ( French: [siʁk] ; from

1008-726: The Fry Glacier and Evans Piedmont Glacier, draining northeast toward Tripp Bay. First charted by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–09 which named this feature for Albrecht Penck, Director of the Institute of Oceanography and of the Geographical Institute in Berlin. 76°42′S 162°58′E  /  76.700°S 162.967°E  / -76.700; 162.967 . A small granite island lying 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) northwest of Cape Ross, off

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1056-637: The Granite Harbor Geological Party, led by Taylor, of the British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13. 77°02′S 163°12′E  /  77.033°S 163.200°E  / -77.033; 163.200 . Cape at the south side of the entrance to Granite Harbor on the coast of Victoria Land. Discovered by the South Magnetic Pole Party, led,by David, of the British Antarctic Expedition (BrAE) (1907-09) and named for William C. Roberts, assistant zoologist and cook for

1104-456: The Latin word circus ) is an amphitheatre -like valley formed by glacial erosion . Alternative names for this landform are corrie (from Scottish Gaelic : coire , meaning a pot or cauldron ) and cwm ( Welsh for 'valley'; pronounced [kʊm] ). A cirque may also be a similarly shaped landform arising from fluvial erosion. The concave shape of a glacial cirque

1152-492: The Ross Sea area, Operation Deep Freeze I, 1955-56. 76°38′S 162°42′E  /  76.633°S 162.700°E  / -76.633; 162.700 . An island in the south part of Tripp Bay. Discovered by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–09, which named this feature for Leonard O.H. Tripp of Wellington, N.Z., a friend and supporter of Shackleton. 76°40′S 162°20′E  /  76.667°S 162.333°E  / -76.667; 162.333 . A glacier between

1200-451: The bergschrund changes very little, however, studies have shown that ice segregation (frost shattering) may happen with only small changes in temperature. Water that flows into the bergschrund can be cooled to freezing temperatures by the surrounding ice, allowing freeze-thaw free mechanisms to occur. If two adjacent cirques erode toward one another, an arête , or steep sided ridge, forms. When three or more cirques erode toward one another,

1248-578: The central part of Devils Ridge, just west of Granite Harbor. Charted and named by the British Antarctic Expedition1910-13, under Scott. 77°02′S 162°24′E  /  77.033°S 162.400°E  / -77.033; 162.400 . A small glacier flowing east-northeast from the low ice-covered plateau at the south side of Mackay Glacier, terminating at the southwest extremity of Granite Harbor, immediately north of Mount England . Charted and named by G. Taylor, of

1296-592: The coast of Victoria Land formed by a recession in the ice between the Gates Piedmont Glacier and Evans Piedmont Glacier. The bay was first charted by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–09 . The name appears to have been first used by the BrAE (1910-13) and derives from Tripp Island which lies within the bay. 76°34′00″S 162°45′00″E  /  76.5666667°S 162.75°E  / -76.5666667; 162.75 . An ice tongue that occupies

1344-438: The coast of Victoria Land. Discovered by the South Magnetic Pole Party of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–09, and so named by them because they put a depot of rock specimens on this island. 76°44′S 163°01′E  /  76.733°S 163.017°E  / -76.733; 163.017 . A granite headland 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) north of Cape Archer on the coast of Victoria Land. First charted by

1392-545: The dark rock resembles a hand extending from a snowy cuff. 77°01′S 162°23′E  /  77.017°S 162.383°E  / -77.017; 162.383 . Rocky, triangular-shaped headland which overlooks the SW part of Granite Harbor. Charted by the British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13 under Scott, who so named it because of its distinctive shape. 77°00′S 162°26′E  /  77.000°S 162.433°E  / -77.000; 162.433 . Narrow rocky point forming

1440-406: The dimensions of the cirque will increase, but the proportion of the landform would remain roughly the same. A bergschrund forms when the movement of the glacier separates the moving ice from the stationary ice, forming a crevasse. The method of erosion of the headwall lying between the surface of the glacier and the cirque's floor has been attributed to freeze-thaw mechanisms. The temperature within

1488-512: The east extremity of The Flatiron, in Granite Harbor. Mapped and descriptively named by the British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13 under Scott. 77°01′S 162°24′E  /  77.017°S 162.400°E  / -77.017; 162.400 . Bowl-shaped cove (an empty cirque , the floor of which is below sea level) in the southwest corner of Granite Harbor, between Devils Ridge and the south side of The Flatiron. Charted and named by

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1536-465: The east side of Avalanche Bay in Granite Harbo. Named by the Granite Harbor Geological Party, led by Taylor, of the British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13, because these cliffs have numerous chimneys and couloirs. 77°01′S 163°03′E  /  77.017°S 163.050°E  / -77.017; 163.050 . A small point between Cape Roberts and Avalanche Bay in Granite Harbor. Named by

1584-515: The edge of Devils Punchbowl. 77°01′S 162°22′E  /  77.017°S 162.367°E  / -77.017; 162.367 . Rocky, sickle-shaped ridge extending from the south end of The Flatiron and forming the north wall of New Glacier, close west of Granite Harbor. Charted and named by the British Antarctic Expedition1910-13, under Scott. 77°01′S 162°22′E  /  77.017°S 162.367°E  / -77.017; 162.367 . Rocky knob, 245 metres (804 ft) high, marking

1632-685: The expedition. 76°49′S 162°21′E  /  76.817°S 162.350°E  / -76.817; 162.350 . A rock peak, 1,060 metres (3,480 ft) high, surmounting the bold rock mass between the lower Benson Glacier and lower Hunt Glacier. Its east face is an immense cliff of red granite. Mapped and given this descriptive name by the 1957 New Zealand Northern Survey Party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1956-58. 76°53′S 162°15′E  /  76.883°S 162.250°E  / -76.883; 162.250 . A peak about 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) inland from Granite Harbor, just northeast of Mount Marston. Named by

1680-457: The mouth of Hunt Glacier in Granite Harbor. Named by the British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13. 76°52′S 162°25′E  /  76.867°S 162.417°E  / -76.867; 162.417 . A small, deeply entrenched glacier on the east coast of Victoria Land, entering Granite Harbor north of Dreikanter Head. Mapped by the British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13. Probably named for H.A. Hunt, Australian meteorologist who assisted in writing

1728-680: The north half of Tripp Bay. The feature is nurtured by several glaciers ( Fry Glacier , Hedblom Glacier, as well as ice from Oates Piedmont Glacier ). It could be misleading to name this tongue in association with one of these partial sources. It is therefore named for its geographic location in Tripp Bay. 76°34′00″S 162°24′00″E  /  76.5666667°S 162.4°E  / -76.5666667; 162.4 . A glacier between Mount Creak and Tito Peak that flows east from Endeavour Massif to Tripp Ice Tongue. Named after Captain E.E. Hedblom, U.S. Navy (USN), Medical Officer of Task Force 43 in

1776-463: The north side of the entrance to Granite Harbor. Named by the Northern Party of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13 for W.W. Archer, chief steward of the expedition. 76°50′00″S 162°40′00″E  /  76.8333333°S 162.6666667°E  / -76.8333333; 162.6666667 . A cliff between Tiger Island and Cape Archer along the north side of Granite Harbor. The cliff

1824-536: The opening of the bowl and form valley glaciers which may be several kilometers long. Cirques form in conditions which are favorable; in the Northern Hemisphere the conditions include the north-east slope, where they are protected from the majority of the Sun's energy and from the prevailing winds. These areas are sheltered from heat, encouraging the accumulation of snow; if the accumulation of snow increases,

1872-491: The scientific reports of the British Antarctic Expedition1907-09. 76°53′S 162°30′E  /  76.883°S 162.500°E  / -76.883; 162.500 . A dark triangular headland between the mouths of Hunt Glacier and Marston Glacier, on the west side of Granite Harbor. The triangular appearance of the feature when viewed from the southeast suggests the name; "Dreikantig" is

1920-472: The snow turns into glacial ice. The process of nivation follows, whereby a hollow in a slope may be enlarged by ice segregation weathering and glacial erosion. Ice segregation erodes the vertical rock face and causes it to disintegrate, which may result in an avalanche bringing down more snow and rock to add to the growing glacier. Eventually, this hollow may become large enough that glacial erosion intensifies. The enlarging of this open ended concavity creates

1968-537: The south include Cuff Cape, The Flatiron, Devils Punchbowl, Finger Point, New Glacier, Discovery Bluff, Avalanche Bay, Couloir Cliffs, First View Point and Cape Roberts. Prominent nearby peaks include Red Buttress Peak, Doublefinger Peak, Mount Marston, Mount England and Haystack Mountain . Download coordinates as: Features to the north of the mouth of Mackay Glacier are, from northeast to southwest: 76°51′S 162°52′E  /  76.850°S 162.867°E  / -76.850; 162.867 . Cape which marks

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2016-433: The south part of Granite Harbor, Victoria Land. Mapped by the Western Geological Party of the British Antarctic Expedition under Scott, who explored the Granite Harbor area in 1911-12. Named by T. Griffith Taylor and Frank Debenham, Australian members of the party, after Botany Bay, Australia. 77°01′S 162°37′E  /  77.017°S 162.617°E  / -77.017; 162.617 . Conspicuous headland forming

2064-475: The tallest volcanic structure in the Indian Ocean . The island consists of an active shield-volcano ( Piton de la Fournaise ) and an extinct, deeply eroded volcano ( Piton des Neiges ). Three cirques have eroded there in a sequence of agglomerated, fragmented rock and volcanic breccia associated with pillow lavas overlain by more coherent, solid lavas. A common feature for all fluvial-erosion cirques

2112-475: The terminus of Mackay Glacier. First mapped by the British Antarctic Expedition 1907-09 and named for George E. Marston, artist with the expedition. Not: Whaleback. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey . Evans Piedmont Glacier Evans Piedmont Glacier ( 76°44′S 162°40′E  /  76.733°S 162.667°E  / -76.733; 162.667 )

2160-444: The west side of Granite Harbor, just north of the terminus of Mackay Glacier. The plateau rises gently toward the northwest to the heights of Mount Marston. Mapped and named by the British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13. "Kar" is a Turkish word meaning snow. 76°55′S 162°33′E  /  76.917°S 162.550°E  / -76.917; 162.550 . A point at the east extremity of the Kar Plateau, in Granite Harbor. Named by

2208-544: The west side of the entrance to Avalanche Bay in Granite Harbor, Victoria Land. Discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition 1901 under Scott, who referred to the feature as Rendezvous Bluff. It was renamed for the ship Discovery by Scott's second expedition, the British Antarctic Expedition1910-13. 77°01′S 162°44′E  /  77.017°S 162.733°E  / -77.017; 162.733 . Bay 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) wide, lying just southeast of Discovery Bluff in Granite Harbor. Mapped by

2256-603: Was formed by intermittent river flow in the Makhtesh Ramon cutting through layers of limestone and chalk, resulting in cirque walls with a sheer 200 metres (660 ft) drop. The Cirque du Bout du Monde is another such feature, created in karst terraine in the Burgundy region of the department of Côte-d'Or in France . Yet another type of fluvial erosion-formed cirque is found on Réunion island , which includes

2304-740: Was one of the South Pole Party under Captain Robert Falcon Scott , and who lost his life on the Beardmore Glacier on the return journey. The Evans Piedmont Glacier is on the west coast of the Ross Sea between Fry Glacier to the north and Granite Harbour to the south. Named coastal features include Tripp Bay, Tripp Island, Albrecht Penck Glacier, Depot Island, Cape Ross, Gregory Island and Cape Archer . 76°37′S 162°44′E  /  76.617°S 162.733°E  / -76.617; 162.733 . A bay along

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