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60-678: Grass Valley Group was founded as a research and development company in 1959 by Dr. Donald Hare in Grass Valley, California , in the foothills of California's Sierra Nevada range. Hare chose Grass Valley after learning about it from his friend, Charles Litton Sr. In 1964, Grass Valley demonstrated its first video product, a video distribution amplifier in a hotel room at the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago. In 1965, Grass Valley officially attended

120-538: A capital expenditure to an operating expenditure . The process of migration to SaaS and supporting it can also be a significant cost that must be accounted for. A challenge for SaaS providers is that demand is not known in advance. Their system must have enough slack to be able to handle all users without turning any away, but without paying for too many resources that will be unnecessary. If resources are static, they are guaranteed to be wasted during non-peak time. Sometimes cheaper off-peak rates are offered to balance

180-441: A web browser as a publicly available web application . This means that customers can access the application anywhere from any device without needing to install or update it. SaaS providers often try to minimize the difficulty of signing up for the product. Many capitalize on the service-oriented structure to respond to customer feedback and evolve their product quickly to meet demands. This can enable customers to believe in

240-498: A wide area network . SaaS architecture varies significantly from product to product. Nevertheless, most SaaS providers offer a multi-tenant architecture. With this model, a single version of the application, with a single configuration ( hardware , network , operating system ), is used for all customers ("tenants"). This means that the company does not need to support multiple versions and configurations. The architectural shift from each customer running their own version of

300-615: A Canadian investment firm, announced the acquisition of Grass Valley's headquarters at 3499 Douglas B Floreani Street, Saint-Laurent (Montréal), in Quebec. On March 9, 2022, Grass Valley announced the appointment of Andrew Cross as chief executive officer. As of November 1, 2022, Andrew Cross is listed as advisor on the company's website. On March 3, 2023, Grass Valley completed the sale of its former U.S. headquarters facility located at 125 Crown Point Court in Grass Valley, California, to

360-531: A Pledge And Security Agreement with MGG Investment Group LP of New York, NY. Under the terms of the Agreement, Grass Valley assigned to MGG a security interest in substantially all of its global assets (including intellectual property) as collateral for a term loan made to Grass Valley. On November 9, 2021, Grass Valley announced the removal of former CEO Tim Shoulders and the appointment of Louis Hernandez as executive chairman. On January 10, 2022, Nicola Wealth,

420-452: A company, or can be out-sourced to a contract research organization, universities , or state agencies. In the context of commerce , "research and development" normally refers to future-oriented, longer-term activities in science or technology , using similar techniques to scientific research but directed toward desired outcomes and with broad forecasts of commercial yield. Statistics on organizations devoted to "R&D" may express

480-495: A definitive agreement with Belden Inc. to acquire Grass Valley. The transaction closed in the first half of 2020, following the receipt of regulatory approvals and other closing conditions. More recently, the Grass Valley logo is rendered without "A Belden Brand" byline, marking the company's departure from Belden. On July 2, 2020, Grass Valley announced the completion of its acquisition from Belden Inc. by private equity firm Black Dragon Capital. On July 2, 2020, Grass Valley entered

540-559: A higher price. Pooling all resources might make it possible to achieve higher efficiency, but an outage affects all customers so availability must be prioritized to a greater extent. Many systems use a combination of both approaches, pooling some resources and siloing others. Other companies group multiple tenants into pods and share resources between them. In the United States, constitutional search warrant laws do not protect all forms of SaaS dynamically stored data. The result

600-401: A per-tenant basis, rather than shared between all tenants. Routing functionality is necessary to direct tenant requests to the appropriate services. Some SaaS products do not share any resources between tenants—called siloing. Although this negates many of the efficiency benefits of SaaS, it makes it easier to migrate legacy software to SaaS and is sometimes offered as a premium offering at

660-400: A perpetual license for a certain version of the software. There are no specific software development practices that distinguish SaaS from other application development, although there is often a focus on frequent testing and releases. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is the most basic form of cloud computing , where infrastructure resources—such as physical computers—are not owned by

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720-441: A service Software as a service ( SaaS / s æ s / ) is a cloud computing service model where the provider offers use of application software to a client and manages all needed physical and software resources. Unlike other software delivery models, it separates "the possession and ownership of software from its use". SaaS use began around 2000, and by 2023 was the main form of software application deployment. SaaS

780-432: A service (SaaS). Research and development Research and development ( R&D or R+D ) is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products. R&D constitutes the first stage of development of a potential new service or the production process. Although R&D activities may differ across businesses, the primary goal of an R&D department

840-498: A variable number of users while providing the instant and continual availability that customers expect. Most end users consume only the SaaS product and do not have to worry about the technical complexity of the physical hardware and operating system. Because cloud resources can be accessed without any human interactions, SaaS customers are provided with the abstraction of limitless computing resources, while economy of scale drives down

900-445: A way of amortizing the high overhead. They often reuse advanced manufacturing processes, expensive safety certifications, specialized embedded software, computer-aided design software, electronic designs and mechanical subsystems. Research from 2000 has shown that firms with a persistent R&D strategy outperform those with an irregular or no R&D investment program. Research and development are very difficult to manage, since

960-660: Is appealing to bidders because they could gain technologies from acquisition targets. Therefore, firms may gain R&;D profit that co-moves with takeover waves, causing risks to the company which engages in R&D activity. Global R&D management is the discipline of designing and leading R&D processes globally, across cultural and lingual settings, and the transfer of knowledge across international corporate networks. Former President Barack Obama requested $ 147.696 billion for research and development in FY 2012, 21% of which

1020-810: Is called " R&D intensity ". A high technology company, such as a computer manufacturer, might spend 7% or a pharmaceutical companies such as Merck & Co. 14.1% or Novartis 15.1%. Anything over 15% is remarkable, and usually gains a reputation for being a high technology company such as engineering company Ericsson 24.9%, or biotech company Allergan , which tops the spending table with 43.4% investment. Such companies are often seen as credit risks because their spending ratios are so unusual. Generally such firms prosper only in markets whose customers have extreme high technology needs, like certain prescription drugs or special chemicals, scientific instruments , and safety-critical systems in medicine, aeronautics or military weapons . The extreme needs justify

1080-475: Is commonly used to support this release schedule. Many SaaS developers use test-driven development , or otherwise emphasize frequent software testing , because of the need to ensure availability of their service and rapid deployment. Domain-driven design , in which business goals drive development, is popular because SaaS products must sell themselves to the customer by being useful. SaaS developers do not know in advance which devices customers will try to access

1140-483: Is followed by textiles (19%), digital (18%), and aerospace (15%). Other sectors allocate less than 10% of their total investment to R&D. While 17% of the world’s top R&D investors are based in the European Union, they accounted for only 1% of acquisitions involving EU-based companies between 2013 and 2023. In 2015, research and development constituted an average 2.2% of the global GDP according to

1200-424: Is in charge of directing the system and covers functionality such as tenant onboarding, billing, and metrics, as well as the system used by the SaaS provider to configure, manage, and operate the service. Many SaaS products are offered at different levels of service for different prices, called tiering . This can also affect the architecture for both planes, although it is commonly placed in the control plane. Unlike

1260-578: Is lower than the EU average of 18%. In 2022, 67% of enterprises in the same region deployed at least one sophisticated digital technology, and 69% EU firms did the same. As of 2023, European enterprises account for 18% of the world's top 2 500 R&D corporations, but just 10% of new entrants, compared to 45% in the United States and 32% in China. As of 2024, the electronics sector leads in R&D investment, with 28% of its total investment dedicated to it. This

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1320-447: Is often a crucial factor in the survival of a company. In a global industrial landscape that is changing fast, firms must continually revise their design and range of products. This is necessary as well due to the fierce competition and the evolving preferences of consumers. Without an R&D program, a firm must rely on strategic alliances , acquisitions , and networks to tap into the innovations of others. A system driven by marketing

1380-435: Is one that puts the customer needs first, and produces goods that are known to sell. Market research is carried out, which establishes the needs of consumers and the potential niche market of a new product. If the development is technology driven, R&D is directed toward developing products to meet the unmet needs. In general, research and development activities are conducted by specialized units or centers belonging to

1440-465: Is responsible for software updates , including security patches , and for protecting the customers' data. SaaS systems inherently have a greater latency than software run on-premises due to the time for network packets to be delivered to the cloud facility. This can be prohibitive for some uses, such as time-sensitive industrial processes or warehousing. The rise of SaaS products is one factor leading many companies switched from budgeting for IT as

1500-415: Is to develop new products and services. R&D differs from the vast majority of corporate activities in that it is not intended to yield immediate profit, and generally carries greater risk and an uncertain return on investment . R&D is crucial for acquiring larger shares of the market through new products. R&D&I represents R&D with innovation. New product design and development

1560-508: Is usually accessed via a web application . Unlike most self-hosted software products, only one version of the software exists and only one operating system and configuration is supported. SaaS products typically run on rented infrastructure as a service (IaaS) or platform as a service (PaaS) systems including hardware and sometimes operating systems and middleware , to accommodate rapid increases in usage while providing instant and continuous availability to customers. SaaS customers have

1620-451: The Europe 2020 strategy which will run from 2014 to 2020, a multidisciplinary effort to provide safe, economically feasible, environmentally sound and socially acceptable solutions along the entire value chain of human activities. Firms that have embraced advanced digital technology devote a greater proportion of their investment efforts to R&D. Firms who engaged in digitisation during

1680-628: The Office of Chief Scientist In the 1980s to 1992, the Chief scientist of Israel significantly expanded R&D subsidies in the Israeli industrial sector. Israel invested in the creation of clusters of startups in the high-tech sector as well as venture capital investments. In 1993, Israel initiated the Yozma program , which led to the doubling of value of Israel's 10 new venture capital funds in 3 years. In

1740-626: The UNESCO Institute for Statistics . By 2018, research and development constituted an average 1.79% of the global GDP according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics . Countries agreed in 2015 to monitor their progress in raising research intensity (SDG 9.5.1), as well as researcher density (SDG 9.5.2), as part of their commitment to reaching the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. However, this undertaking has not spurred an increase in reporting of data. On

1800-596: The 1965 National Association of Broadcasters convention in Washington, D.C. On display were its processing amplifier , video distribution amplifier , Synac processing module, and sync generator . By 1968, the Grass Valley Group had introduced its first production switcher , or vision mixer, that "came to define the industry standard." The company merged with Tektronix in 1974. When Tektronix divested its printing, video, and networking divisions it sold

1860-418: The abstraction of limitless computing resources, while economy of scale drives down the cost. SaaS architectures are typically multi-tenant ; usually they share resources between clients for efficiency, but sometimes they offer a siloed environment for an additional fee. Common SaaS revenue models include freemium , subscription , and usage-based fees. Unlike traditional software, it is rarely possible to buy

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1920-559: The advantages include reduced upfront cost, increased flexibility, and lower overall cost compared to traditional software with perpetual software licenses . In some cases, the steep one-time cost demanded by sellers of traditional software were out of the reach of smaller businesses , but pay-per-use SaaS models makes the software affordable. Usage may be charged based on the number of users, transactions, amount of storage spaced used, or other metrics. Many buyers prefer pay-per-usage because they believe that they are relatively light users of

1980-459: The application plane, the services in the control plane are not designed for multitenancy. The application plane—which varies a great deal depending on the nature of the product—implements the core functionality of the SaaS product. Key design issues include separating different tenants so they cannot view or change other tenants' data or resources. Except for the simplest SaaS applications, some microservices and other resources are allocated on

2040-469: The business can be placed in jeopardy. The ease of canceling a subscription and switching to a competitor leave customers with the leverage to get concessions from the seller. While recurring revenues can help the business and attract investors, the need for customer service skills in convincing the customer to renew their subscription is a challenge for providers switching to subscription from other revenue models. SaaS products are typically accessed via

2100-450: The company was acquired from Francisco Partners by Belden Inc. and merged with Miranda Technologies, which Belden acquired on July 27, 2012. The merged company operates as Grass Valley. In 2018, Belden acquired SAM (re-badged from Quantel ) and merged it into Grass Valley. On October 30, 2019, Belden Inc. put Grass Valley up for sale, listing it as a "discontinued operation" on its books. On February 4, 2020, Black Dragon Capital signed

2160-707: The continued improvement of the product and help the SaaS provider get customers from an established traditional software company that likely can offer a deeper feature set. Although on-premises software is often less secure than SaaS alternatives, security and privacy are among the main reasons cited by companies that do not adopt SaaS products. SaaS companies have to protect their publicly available offerings from abuse, including denial-of-service attacks and hacking. They often use technologies such as access control , authentication , and encryption to protect data confidentiality . Nevertheless, not all companies trust SaaS providers to keep sensitive data secured. The vendor

2220-454: The contrary, a total of 99 countries reported data on domestic investment in research in 2015 but only 69 countries in 2018. Similarly, 59 countries recorded the number of researchers (in full-time equivalents) in 2018, down from 90 countries in 2015. UNESCO Institute for Statistics is the global custodian of these R&D data; data can be freely obtained from the UIS database . Software as

2280-439: The cost. Another key feature of cloud computing is that software updates can be rolled out and made available to all customers nearly instantaneously. In 2019, SaaS was estimated to make up the plurality, 43 percent, of the cloud computing market while IaaS and PaaS combined account for approximately 25 percent. In the 1960s, multitasking was invented, enabling mainframe computers to serve multiple users simultaneously. Over

2340-411: The defining feature of research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result. As a result, "higher R&D spending does not guarantee more creativity, higher profit or a greater market share". Research is the most risky financing area because both the development of an invention and its successful realization carries uncertainty including the profitability of

2400-811: The financial crisis of 2008, Thomson defaulted on its financial covenants and was forced by its creditors to divest its Grass Valley business, PRN, and other manufacturing entities. On January 29, 2009, Thomson announced it was putting the Grass Valley division up for sale. In 2010, the Grass Valley business unit, not including the head-end and transmission businesses, was acquired by private equity firm Francisco Partners and resumed operating as an independent company with offices in San Francisco, California , on January 1, 2011. The company announced in August 2013 it would move its headquarters to Hillsboro, Oregon , later that year to an existing office. On March 31, 2014,

2460-874: The first SaaS products to be mass-marketed to consumers. The market for SaaS grew rapidly throughout the early twenty-first century. Initially viewed as a technological innovation, SaaS has come to be perceived more as a business model. By 2023, SaaS had become the primary method that companies deliver applications. Popular consumer SaaS products include all social media websites, email services like Gmail and its associated Google Docs Editors , Skype , Dropbox , and entertainment products like Netflix and Spotify . Enterprise SaaS products include Salesforce 's customer relationship management (CRM) software, SAP Cloud Platform , and Oracle Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning . Some SaaS providers offer free services to consumers that are funded by means such as advertising , affiliate marketing , or selling consumer data. One of

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2520-445: The high risk of failure and consequently high gross margins from 60% to 90% of revenues. That is, gross profits will be as much as 90% of the sales cost, with manufacturing costing only 10% of the product price, because so many individual projects yield no exploitable product. Most industrial companies get 40% revenues only. On a technical level, high tech organizations explore ways to re-purpose and repackage advanced technologies as

2580-782: The invention. One way entrepreneurs can reduce these uncertainties is to buy the licence for a franchise, so that the know-how is already incorporated in the licence. In general, it has been found that there is a positive correlation between the research and development and firm productivity across all sectors, but that this positive correlation is much stronger in high-tech firms than in low-tech firms. In research done by Francesco Crespi and Cristiano Antonelli, high-tech firms were found to have "virtuous" Matthew effects while low-tech firms experienced "vicious" Matthew effects, meaning that high-tech firms were awarded subsidies on merit while low-tech firms most often were given subsidies based on name recognition, even if not put to good use. While

2640-555: The late 1990s, Israel was second only to the US in private equity as a share of the general economy. The high tech sector in Israel, known as Silicon Wadi , which earned Israel the nickname - Start-up Nation , was ranked the 4th leading startup ecosystem in the world by Startup genome with a value of $ 253billion in 2023. Europe is lagging behind in R&D investments from the past two decades. The target of 3% of gross domestic product (GDP)

2700-403: The load and reduce waste. The expectation for continuous service is so high that outages in SaaS software are often reported in the news. There are not specific software development practices that differentiate SaaS from other application development. SaaS products are often released early and often to take advantage of the flexibility of the SaaS delivery model. Agile software development

2760-428: The most popular models for Internet start-ups and mobile apps is freemium , where the company charges for continued use or a higher level of service. Even if the user never upgrades to the paid version, it helps the company capture a higher market share and displace customers from a rival. However, the company's hosting cost increases with the number of users, regardless of whether it is successful at enticing them to use

2820-463: The next decade, timesharing became the main business model for computing, and cluster computing enabled multiple computers to work together. Cloud computing emerged in the late 1990s with companies like Amazon (1994), Salesforce (1999), and Concur (1993) offering Internet -based applications on a pay-per-use basis. All of these focused on a single product to seize a high market share . Beginning with Gmail in 2004, email services were some of

2880-508: The non-profit organization InConcert Sierra. The buyer's agent reported the final sell price was less than the original list price of US$ 3.1 million. Grass Valley manufactures television production and broadcasting equipment. Its product line includes cameras, live production switchers, replay and highlights products, media storage, editing, asset management, modular infrastructure, routing, conversion equipment, control, monitoring, and automated playout, sold as hardware, software, and software as

2940-605: The paid version. Another common model is where the free version only provides demonstration ( crippleware ). Online marketplaces may charge a fee on transactions to cover the SaaS provider costs. It used to be more common for SaaS products to be offered for a one-time cost, but this model is declining in popularity. A few SaaS products have open source code, called open SaaS. This model can provide advantages such as reduced deployment cost, less vendor commitment, and more portable applications. The most common SaaS revenue models involve subscription and pay for usage. For customers,

3000-478: The pandemic report spending a big portion of their expenditure in 2020 on software, data, IT infrastructure, and website operations. A 2021/2022 survey found that one in every seven enterprises in the Central, Eastern and South Eastern regions (14%) may be classed as active innovators — that is, firms that spent heavily in research and development and developed a new product, process, or service — however this figure

3060-406: The product from—such as a desktop computer, tablet, or smartphone—and supporting a wide range of devices is often an important concern for the front-end development team. Progressive web applications allow some functionality to be available even if the device is offline. SaaS applications predominantly offer integration protocols and application programming interfaces (APIs) that operate over

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3120-496: The software on their own hardware affects many aspects of the application's design and security features. In a multi-tenant architecture, many resources can be used by different tenants or shared between multiple tenants. The structure of a typical SaaS application can be separated into application and control planes. SaaS products differ in how these planes are separated, which might be closely integrated or loosely coupled in an event- or message-driven model. The control plane

3180-402: The software, and the seller benefits by reaching occasional users who would otherwise not buy the software. However, it can cause revenue uncertainty for the seller and increases the overhead for billing . The subscription model of SaaS offers a continuing and renewable revenue stream to the provider, although vulnerable to cancellation. If a significant number are cancelled, the viability of

3240-433: The state of an industry , the degree of competition or the lure of progress . Some common measures include: budgets , numbers of patents or on rates of peer-reviewed publications . Bank ratios are one of the best measures, because they are continuously maintained, public and reflect risk. In the United States, a typical ratio of research and development for an industrial company is about 3.5% of revenues; this measure

3300-490: The strength of the correlation between R&D spending and productivity in low-tech industries is less than in high-tech industries, studies have been done showing non-trivial carryover effects to other parts of the marketplace by low-tech R&D. Business R&D is risky for at least two reasons. The first source of risks comes from R&D nature, where R&D project could fail without residual values. The second source of risks comes from takeover risks, which means R&D

3360-567: The user but instead leased from a cloud provider. As a result, infrastructure resources can be increased rapidly, instead of waiting weeks for computers to ship and set up. IaaS requires time and expertise to make use of the infrastructure in the form of operating systems and applications . Platform as a service (PaaS) includes the operating system and middleware , but not the applications. SaaS providers typically use PaaS or IaaS services to run their applications. Without IaaS, it would be extremely difficult to make an SaaS product scalable for

3420-670: The video business to a private investor, Terry Gooding of San Diego, California, who reincorporated it under the name Grass Valley Group, Inc. The sale closed on September 24, 1999. In 2002, the French electronics company Thomson Multimedia, now known as Technicolor SA , acquired Grass Valley Group. After coming under the ownership of Thomson, Grass Valley Group merged its product line with the existing professional and broadcast products of its new parent company. In 2005, Thomson purchased Canopus Corporation to add to Grass Valley's business, also adopting its video-editing software Edius . After

3480-477: Was destined to fund basic research. According to National Science Foundation in U.S., in 2015, R&D expenditures performed by federal government and local governments are 54 and 0.6 billions of dollars. The federal research and development budget for fiscal year 2020 was $ 156 billion, 41.4% of which was for the Department of Defense ( DOD ). DOD's total research, development, test, and evaluation budget

3540-528: Was meant to be reached by 2020, but the current amount is below this target. This also causes a digital divide among countries since only a few EU Member States have R&D spending. Research and innovation in Europe are financially supported by the programme Horizon 2020 , which is open to participation worldwide. A notable example is the European environmental research and innovation policy , based on

3600-508: Was roughly $ 108.5 billion. Israel is the world leader in spending on R&D as a percentage of GDP as of 2022, spending 6.02%. According to CSIS, During the 1970s and 1980s Israel initially built up Israel's research infrastructure through various programs, often in the defence industry. In 1984, a law for Encouragement of Research and Development in Industry encouraged the commercial sector to invest in R&D in Israel as well as empowered

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