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59-603: Francis Stevens Greenlief was born in Hastings, Nebraska on July 17, 1921. He graduated from Hastings High School in the spring of 1938 and then played football as a guard for the University of Nebraska . He enlisted in his hometown Nebraska National Guard unit (Company G, 134th Infantry Regiment , 35th Division ) on July 6, 1940, and was given permission to attend weekly drills with Company I, based in Lincoln, while he

118-548: A brigadier general , and was succeeded by Charles L. Southward . On September 14, 1963, he became deputy director of the National Guard Bureau. On October 19, 1964, Greenlief was promoted to major general. In 1970 the position of director of the Army National Guard was created as a major general 's position, and Greenlief was selected, succeeding Leonard C. Ward , who had been serving as chief of

177-680: A consultant for several defense contracting firms, including United Defense of York, Pennsylvania . He retired to Oakton, Virginia . Greenlief died from cancer at Inova Fairfax Hospital in Falls Church, Virginia on December 19, 1999. His body lies in Arlington National Cemetery . The Nebraska National Guard's facility in Hastings is named the Francis S. Greenlief Training Site. The Army National Guard presents

236-426: A margin of error of +/- $ 3,112) and the median family income $ 72,458 (+/- $ 6,758). Males had a median income of $ 36,612 (+/- $ 2,682) versus $ 22,994 (+/- $ 2,354) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $ 29,221 (+/- $ 1,883). Approximately, 9.4% of families and 13.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.4% of those under the age of 18 and 8.5% of those ages 65 or over. As of

295-556: A narrower range of positions than in time of war and requires evidence of a conspicuously significant achievement. However, justification of the award may accrue by virtue of exceptionally meritorious service in a succession of high positions of great importance. Awards may be made to persons other than members of the Armed Forces of the United States for wartime services only, and only then under exceptional circumstances with

354-509: A way to remove the liquid from Fruit Smack, leaving only a powder; this powder was named Kool-Aid. Perkins moved his production to Chicago in 1931 and Kool-Aid was sold to General Foods in 1953. Hastings still celebrates a yearly summer festival called Kool-Aid Days on the second weekend in August in honor of their city's claim to fame. Kool-Aid is known as Nebraska 's official soft drink . Today, Heartwell Park and Central Hastings, two of

413-693: Is Adams Central Junior-Senior High School (public rural) Athletics Class C. Hastings College is a private liberal arts college, affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA) , and founded in 1882. Central Community College , a two-year technical college, began serving students in 1966, and it occupies the site of the old Naval Ammunition Depot. The Jacob Fisher Rainbow Fountain in Highland Park shoots continuously changing arrays of water jets (reaching heights of 67 feet) while green, yellow, orange, red, magenta, and blue lights illuminate

472-506: Is a military decoration of the United States Army that is presented to soldiers who have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious service to the government in a duty of great responsibility. The performance must be such as to merit recognition for service that is clearly exceptional. The exceptional performance of normal duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration. The Army's Distinguished Service Medal

531-738: Is equivalent to the Naval Service's Navy Distinguished Service Medal , Air and Space Forces' Distinguished Service Medal , and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal . Prior to the creation of the Air Force's Distinguished Service Medal in 1960, United States Air Force airmen were awarded the Army's Distinguished Service Medal. The Distinguished Service Medal is awarded to any person - effectively, general officers - who, while serving in any capacity with

590-610: Is housed in buildings of the former Naval Ammunition Depot. St. Michael's Elementary School (formerly the Lincoln Elementary School building), built in 1912, is now the police headquarters. The Clarke Hotel , built in 1914 and also on the National Register of Historic Places, is now the Kensington, a home for senior citizens. Spencer Park, an 840-unit "village" built to house workers in the 1940s,

649-466: Is land and 0.18 square miles (0.47 km ) is water. A National Weather Service Forecast Office is located in Hastings, serving central and south-central Nebraska and six counties in north-central Kansas . The data below are from the WRCC. Hastings has a humid continental climate ( Dfa ) with short, cold, and snowy winters and hot, rainy summers with mild nights. Hastings is the principal city of

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708-467: Is located within the museum. The Naval Ammunition Depot, constructed on 49,000 acres (200 km ) southeast of Hastings and in operation from 1942 to 1946, was the largest United States World War II naval munitions plant, encompassing over 2,200 structures valued at $ 71 million. Hastings was chosen as the location for the plant because of its central location. In 1945 it employed 6,692 civilians in addition to 125 officers and 1,800 enlistees. The plant

767-681: Is now Good Samaritan Retirement Village. In 2000, there were 200 African Americans living in Adams County, with almost all living in Hastings. According to the U.S. Census , in 2022 African Americans comprise .6% of the city's population. On June 24, 2007, Hastings won Yahoo's Greenest City in America competition. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 13.66 square miles (35.38 km ), of which 13.48 square miles (34.91 km )

826-679: The 34th Infantry Division and acting assistant adjutant general of Nebraska. On September 21, 1953, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College in 1955. Greenlief was a colonel when he began his career at the National Guard Bureau on January 1, 1960, as executive officer of the Army Division. He served as chief of the Army Division from November 3, 1962, to September 13, 1963, as

885-888: The European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with four battle stars, and the Croix de Guerre of France . Greenlief left active duty as a captain on January 5, 1946, and held a commission in the Officers' Reserve Corps as a captain from October 29, 1945, to February 6, 1948. On November 3, 1947, Greenlief returned to the Nebraska National Guard as a captain and company commander of Company G, 134th Infantry Regiment. Greenlief continued to advance through command and staff assignments in Nebraska, including Chief of Staff of

944-520: The census of 2010, there were 24,907 people, 10,110 households, and 6,160 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,847.7 inhabitants per square mile (713.4/km ). There were 10,847 housing units at an average density of 804.7 per square mile (310.7/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 90.4% White , 1.0% African American , 0.5% Native American , 1.7% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 5.0% from other races , and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.8% of

1003-636: The 134th Infantry at his own request. He served as a platoon leader , and later company commander of Company L, 134th Infantry. He participated in the liberation of Saint-Lô during Operation Overlord , the Battle of the Bulge , and the American advance into Germany . During the war, Greenlief earned a Silver Star , a Bronze Star Medal , four Purple Hearts , the Combat Infantryman Badge ,

1062-485: The 1860s. In 1876, Horace G. Newsom started the first Black-owned newspaper in Nebraska . Hastings saw renewed growth from 1900 to 1930, which is reflected by buildings in the Craftsman , Prairie , Colonial Revival , and American Foursquare styles. The leading Arts and Crafts architect was Claude W. Way . Hastings had four brickyards and in 1911 was producing more bricks than any other city in Nebraska, and all

1121-426: The 1870s, railroads lured European immigrants to the new state of Nebraska with advertisements. Hastings' first settlers were English, from Liverpool , and were quickly joined by other English, Irish, Germans, Danes, and Germans from Russia . Between 1872 and 1880, when the population had grown to 2,800, Hastings was a boomtown. Settlers first built sod houses, dugouts, and shanties, then houses and stores. The city

1180-723: The Aquacourt Water Park, the City Auditorium, Lake Hastings, Chautauqua Pavilion, Duncan Field, the Pioneer Spirit Trail, Smith Softball Complex, Brickyard Park Amphitheater, and Heartwell Lake. The principal newspaper in Hastings is the Hastings Tribune , published six days a week. KNHL 's studio is located north of Hastings on U.S. 281 . Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army) The Distinguished Service Medal ( DSM )

1239-740: The Army Douglas MacArthur and Dwight Eisenhower are tied with five awards each received of the Army Distinguished Service Medal. They also each received one award of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, for a total of six DSMs each. General Lucius D. Clay (Four Star) received three Army DSM awards for his service that included Commanding General, U.S. Army Forces (European Theater) and Military Governor of Germany. During his tenure, Gen. Clay solved his greatest challenge:

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1298-731: The Army DSM and five awards of the Defense DSM for a total of nine DSMs. Among notable recipients below flag rank are: X-1 test pilot Chuck Yeager and X-15 test pilot Robert M. White , who both received the DSM as U.S. Air Force majors; director Frank Capra , decorated in 1945 as an army colonel; actor James Stewart , decorated in 1945 as an Army Air Forces colonel (later Air Force Brigadier General); Colonel Wendell Fertig , who led Filipino guerrillas behind Japanese lines; Colonel (later Major General) John K. Singlaub , who led partisan forces in

1357-515: The Army Distinguished Service Medal is principally awarded to general officers, a list of notable recipients would include nearly every general, and some admirals, since 1918, many of whom received multiple awards, as well as a few civilians and sergeants major prominent for their contributions to national defense. General Martin Dempsey , former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , holds

1416-837: The Army Division. The position of deputy director was also created as a brigadier general's assignment, and Ward was selected In 1969, Greenlief qualified in the Aviation branch and received the Army Aviator Badge . He served as chief of the National Guard Bureau from 1971 to 1974. During his time as chief, Greenlief pushed for a more active role for the National Guard within the United States Army , better benefits and equipment for National Guard soldiers, and for increased minority recruitment. The number of African-American guardsmen more than tripled during his tenure. In addition to his World War II combat awards, Greenlief

1475-547: The Department of the Army stopped publishing awards of the DSM in Department of the Army General Orders, over 2,800 further awards were made. Prior to World War II the DSM was the only decoration for non-combat service in the U.S. Army. As a result, before World War II the DSM was awarded to a wider range of recipients than during and after World War II. During World War I awards of the DSM to officers below

1534-646: The Hastings, Nebraska Micropolitan Statistical Area , which consists of Adams and Clay counties. The 2020 United States census counted 25,152 people, 10,137 households, and 6,139 families in Hastings. The population density was 1,691.5 per square mile (653.1/km ). There were 11,103 housing units at an average density of 746.7 per square mile (288.3/km ). The racial makeup was 83.16% (20,917) white , 0.99% (250) black or African-American , 0.66% (167) Native American , 1.62% (408) Asian , 0.04% (9) Pacific Islander , 5.88% (1,480) from other races , and 7.64% (1,921) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race

1593-530: The Korean War; and Major Maude C. Davison , who led the " Angels of Bataan and Corregidor" during their imprisonment by the Japanese, and Colonel William S. Taylor, Program Manager Multiple Launch Rocket System. Among notable civilian recipients are Harry L. Hopkins , Robert S. McNamara and Henry L. Stimson . Samuel W. Koster received a DSM, but this was rescinded due to his involvement in covering up

1652-543: The President to any person who, while serving in any capacity with the Army shall hereafter distinguish himself or herself, or who, since 04-06-1917, has distinguished himself or herself by exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a duty of great responsibility in time of war or in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United States." The Act of Congress on July 9, 1918, recognized

1711-813: The Soviet Blockade of Berlin, which was imposed in June 1948. Gen. Clay triggered the Berlin Airlift, which served the city residents during the harsh winter of 1948–1949. He is also a recipient of the Legion of Merit. General Norman Schwarzkopf received two awards of the Army DSM and one award each of the Defense DSM, Navy DSM, the Air Force DSM and the Coast Guard DSM, for a total of six DSMs. General Lloyd Austin received four awards of

1770-491: The United States Army, has distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a duty of great responsibility. The performance must be such as to merit recognition for service which is clearly exceptional. Exceptional performance of normal duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration. For service not related to actual war, the term "duty of a great responsibility" applies to

1829-650: The annual Francis S. Greenlief Award for Excellence in Aviation. Hastings, Nebraska Hastings is a city and the county seat of Adams County , Nebraska , United States. The population was 25,152 at the 2020 census , making it the 8th most populous city in Nebraska . Edwin Perkins invented Kool-Aid in Hastings in 1927; the town celebrates the invention with the Kool-Aid Days festival every August. During World War II , Hastings operated

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1888-406: The average family size was 2.98. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 12.8% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males. As of 2000 the median income for a household in

1947-470: The bay from San Francisco . Hastings is served by major highways, including east-west U.S. Highways 6 and 34 , and north-south U.S. Highway 281 . Burlington Avenue is the main street running from south to north in Hastings; northward it leads to U.S. 281. Hastings is approximately 14 miles (23 km) south of Interstate 80 . Hastings Municipal Airport , owned and operated by the City of Hastings, serves

2006-542: The city was $ 35,461, and the median income for a family was $ 44,688. Males had a median income of $ 29,633 versus $ 21,262 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,941. About 5.6% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 10.6% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over. Amtrak , the national passenger rail system, provides service at station in Hastings , operating its California Zephyr daily in each direction between Chicago and Emeryville, California , across

2065-537: The city. The school district is the Hastings Public Schools . Hastings has several elementary schools. The largest public elementary is Alcott. Others include Hawthorne, Watson, and Lincoln. Zion Classical Academy serves students in grades Preschool–8. There was a new middle school that opened in the fall of 2008. The high schools are Hastings High School (public) Athletics Class B and St. Cecilia's (Catholic) Athletics class C–2. Just outside town

2124-430: The city. The population density was 2,448.5 inhabitants per square mile (945.4/km ). There were 10,333 housing units at an average density of 1,051.4 per square mile (405.9/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 93.39% White , 0.79% African American , 0.42% Native American , 2.02% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 2.39% from other races , and 0.96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.58% of

2183-410: The depot eventually closed. The NAD also significantly increased the city's African American population, which went from 70 Black residents in 1940 to more than 1,000 by 1943. Kool-Aid was invented by Edwin Perkins in Hastings. All of his experiments took place in his mother's kitchen. Its predecessor was a liquid concentrate called Fruit Smack. To reduce shipping costs, in 1927, Perkins discovered

2242-406: The express approval of the president in each case. The Distinguished Service Medal was authorized by Presidential Order dated January 2, 1918, and confirmed by Congress on July 9, 1918. It was announced by War Department General Order No. 6, 1918-01-12, with the following information concerning the medal: "A bronze medal of appropriate design and a ribbon to be worn in lieu thereof, to be awarded by

2301-466: The first practicing architect in Adams County and also mayor for ten years. Thanks to the railroads, the city enjoyed great prosperity during the Gilded Age . The population grew to 13,500. This period of expansion ended with the drought and agricultural depression of the 1890s; the town's population fell to 7,000 and would not reach 15,000 until 1930. African Americans have lived in Hastings since

2360-647: The largest Naval Ammunition Depot in the United States, and for this reason was awarded the distinction of American World War II Heritage City by the National Park Service in 2023. Hastings was founded in 1872 at the intersection of the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad and the St. Joseph and Denver City Railroad. It was named for Colonel D. T. Hastings of the St. Joseph and Grand Island Railroad , who

2419-548: The museum in 1926 and provided it with many exhibits, including Indian relics, fossils, and the largest private collection of mounted birds in the US, was buried in the basement in 1946. The museum currently houses the Lied Super Screen Theatre, McDonald Planetarium, and local and regional exhibits including the largest diorama of whooping and sandhill cranes in the world. The Adams County Historical Society

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2478-524: The need for different types and degrees of heroism and meritorious service and included such provisions for award criteria. The current statutory authorization for the Distinguished Service Medal is Title 10 , United States Code , Section 3743. More than 2,000 awards were made during World War I, and by the time the United States entered World War II, approximately 2,800 awards had been made. From July 1, 1941, to June 6, 1969, when

2537-678: The oldest neighborhoods, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The Hastings Symphony Orchestra performs in the Chautauqua Pavilion , built in 1907 and on the National Register of Historic Places, while the Hastings Community Theatre performs in the auditorium of the former Spencer Park School, built during the housing shortage of the 1940s. The city has adapted several of its historic buildings to new uses. Central Community College

2596-541: The paving bricks. During this period, the city also became known as the cigar-making capital of Nebraska. The largest cigar factory, the Kipp Cigar Company, was by 1921 hand-rolling one-fifth of all cigars produced in Nebraska; in 1925 it produced half, a total of 10 million. Cigars lost their popularity to cigarettes between the two World Wars, and in the 1930s the Great Depression again brought

2655-414: The population was under the age of 18, 13.0% from 18 to 24, 22.6% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.0 years. For every 100 females, the population had 96.1 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 95.5 males. The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $ 52,747 (with

2714-443: The population. There were 10,110 households, of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.1% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

2773-408: The population. There were 9,610 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and

2832-574: The rank of brigadier general were fairly common but became rare once the Legion of Merit was established in 1942. Until the first award of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal in 1965, United States Air Force personnel received this award as well, as was the case with several other Department of the Army decorations until the Department of the Air Force fully established its own system of decorations. Because

2891-587: The record for receiving the greatest number of awards of the Army Distinguished Service Medal, at six. He also received three awards of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal as well as one award each of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal , the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal , and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal , for a total of twelve Distinguished Service Medals. Generals of

2950-542: The town's expansion to a halt. In 1942, the Naval Ammunition Depot (NAD) was constructed, initiating explosive growth: Hastings' population grew from 15,000 to 23,000 in under a year and there was a critical shortage of housing, which prompted both alteration of existing housing stock and rapid construction of new neighborhoods. Once World War II ended, staff was reduced at the ammunition depot, bringing Hastings' last growth period to an end in 1950, and

3009-586: The water in varying patterns. Fisher Fountain was originally a temporary exhibit at the 1932 Adams County Fair, called the Electric Fountain. It was invented by Edward R. Howard and became a symbol of hope during the Great Depression and Dust Bowl . Because of its popularity, it was moved to the park and made permanent. A competition among schoolchildren to rename it resulted in two winning names that were combined: Rainbow Fountain, and Fisher Fountain after Mayor Jacob Fisher. According to Spilinek, it

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3068-401: Was 13.0% (3,343) of the population. Of the 10,137 households, 28.1% had children under the age of 18; 44.1% were married couples living together; 30.1% had a female householder with no husband present. 33.6% of households consisted of individuals and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.3 and the average family size was 3.0. 23.3% of

3127-439: Was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.97. The median age in the city was 36.8 years. 23.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.8% were from 25 to 44; 25.1% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.4% male and 50.6% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 24,064 people, 9,610 households, and 5,948 families residing in

3186-649: Was a recipient of the Army Distinguished Service Medal and Air Force Distinguished Service Medal . In 1999 the Governor of Nebraska announced that Greenlief had received a state promotion to lieutenant general to acknowledge his long service and superior performance of duty. From 1974 to 1984, Greenlief served as executive vice president of the National Guard Association of the United States . He later worked as

3245-476: Was attending school. He was unable to compete in the 1941 Rose Bowl when the Nebraska National Guard was mobilized in December 1940 prior to World War II . By the spring of 1942, Greenlief had been promoted to company first sergeant and was accepted to attend Infantry Officer Candidate School at Fort Benning, Georgia . After graduating on 25 August 1942, he served as an instructor, and was then reassigned to

3304-512: Was incorporated in April 1874, and in September 1878, after a five-year county seat war , the county seat was transferred to Hastings from Juniata . However, a fire in 1879 destroyed 33 buildings downtown. The city was rebuilt between 1880 and 1890 in fireproof materials and in a more planned fashion, with characteristically ornate Victorian buildings , many designed by Charles C. Rittenhouse ,

3363-573: Was instrumental in building the railroad through Adams County. The area was previously open plain: the Donner party passed through on its way to California in 1846 and a pioneer cemetery marker in Hastings bears an inscription taken from Tamsen Donner's journal: "The country between the Blue and the Platte is beautiful beyond compare. Never have I seen so varied a country so suitable to cultivation." In

3422-413: Was reactivated in the Korean War but decommissioned between 1958 and 1966, and the site now houses a US Department of Agriculture research station, training facilities for the National Guard and Reserves, an industrial park, Central Community College, and a golf course. Hastings has twenty parks and recreational facilities throughout the city. The city offers recreational and leisure programs and operates

3481-463: Was set up on the grounds of Hastings Utilities. Fisher Fountain was renovated in 1982 but was then dynamited by vandals in 1984. Its destruction aroused a strong community response. $ 63,000 was raised to rebuild it, and it was rededicated on Mother's Day in 1985. The Hastings Museum of Natural and Cultural History is in an art deco building funded by $ 75,000 from the Works Progress Administration and completed in 1939. Albert Brooking , who founded

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